88 results on '"landslides"'
Search Results
2. Effect of different vegetation roots on mechanical properties of soil stabilization on slope
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Paul Surovi, Swetha G., Kaliyaperumal Gopal, Singh Navdeep, Khan Irfan, Raed Rawya, and Kumar Tyagi Lalit
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soil stabilisation ,vegetation ,slope ,landslides ,compaction test ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
Soil bioengineering is concerned with the soil stabilisation with the reinforcing agent such as plant roots. This approach is extensively popular in developing countries. Most of the study conducted on soil bioengineering is carried out by ecological researchers, whereas there have been few geotechnical research studies in India that focus on using plant roots for reinforcing purposes. This research aims to investigate the changes in soil strength caused by landslides. The soil will be stabilised using plant roots from regionally common plants in the study region. The lemon roots were collected and planted in the soil, and the alterations in geotechnical properties were investigated. The reinforcing process can result in an increase in the values of MDD, UCS, SS, and OMC due to the improved compaction of soil particles. It was found that as the percentage of plant root added to the soil increases, the MDD, UCS, SS, and OMC also increases until 1% of plant root was added by weight. After that point, these properties decreases. Hence, the most favourable proportion for soil stabilisation is 1% of plant root by weight to the soil. Thus the presence of plant roots in the soil matrix enhanced the soil's stability. Therefore, the plant roots that were examined can serve as cost-effective materials for enhancing slope stability,” particularly in places that are susceptible to landslides.
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- 2024
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3. Caractérisation spatiale et temporelle du recul du sommet de falaises basques : recherche méthodologique
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Lisa Martins, Yannick Thiery, Lucie Guillen, Thomas Dewez, Clara Lévy, and Christophe Garnier
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Retreat rate ,Landslides ,Basque coast ,Coastal erosion ,Geography (General) ,G1-922 - Abstract
Rocky and cliffy coasts represent more than half of the world’s coastline. Their retreat varies spatially and temporally and threatens the safety of people and property. Qualifying and quantifying this recession in a representative way remains complex, as the different existing approaches give variable results. The French Basque rocky cliff coast, particular for its geomorphological diversity, is subject to a significant heterogeneity of retreat rates. The purpose of this study, carried out as part of the FEDER Ezponda project, is to conduct methodological research on the quantification of the retreat of this coast. It involves: (i) in spatializing and quantify the recession rates from aerial photographs, between 1938 and 2018, (ii) in performing a comparative analysis of the results from different methods. The cliff top was used as a reference indicator and the approaches used are based on: (i) area and (ii) baseline. These approaches allowed the quantification of different average annual retreat rates, but also to reflect the heterogeneity of this retreat along the coastal line. Thus, the average annual rate of recession of the French Basque cliff top is 11.5 cm from 1938 to 2018 according to the area-based approach which appears, as mentioned in previous studies in Normandy, to be the most appropriate of the methods tested in this context.
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- 2022
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4. The Landslides within the Lower Bic Plain (Republic of Moldova): Typology and Spatial Distribution
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Angela Canțîr
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landslides ,types of landslides ,spatial distribution ,Geography (General) ,G1-922 - Abstract
The Lower Bic Plain is located in the southeast part of Moldova, occupying a total area of 2663 km². Geology, relief, climate, hydrography, vegetation and especially human intervention, which occur in this region, led to the deployment of geomorphological processes on extremely large surfaces. Among processes prevailing on the territory of The Lower Bic are landslides, affecting about 2138,03 ha of the total area of the investigated territory. Typology analysis and spatial distribution of the landslides on the territory of the plain was conducted under a geomorphologic inventory of the affected areas by this process. For identification, mapping and analysing these processes topographic maps (scale 1:25 000), geological maps (scale 1:200 000) and ortophotoplans of 0,5 m resolution (2007 edition) were consulted, using MapInfo 9 and Arc GIS 9.3 software and also field observations. Spatial distribution of landslides reveals their higher prevalence in the NS direction with a rare spread to NV and SE. Even though many degraded areas were improved by anti-erosion work, which was performed until 1990, however, conditions have been created that led to the resumption of geomorphological processes.
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- 2020
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5. Reassembling disaster risk: towards a more self-reflexive and enabling geography
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Kewan Mertens
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landslides ,science and technology studies ,political ,power ,post-colonial ,Rwenzori ,Geography (General) ,G1-922 - Abstract
Physical and human geographers tend to look at the world as something that needs to be discovered and explained. Finding bits of nature or society, they further drive a wedge between their disciplines. By means of a case study I investigate how assemblage thinking, which does not hold the separation between nature and society, may be useful to make more conscious choices about which world we want to live in. I look back at a research project on landslide risk in Equatorial Africa in which I participated from 2014 till 2018. In this project, landslide risk as a scientific concept was used to productively enact a landslide risk assemblage in the case study area. It thereby unintentionally silenced other realities and identities. I show how the productive strength of the concept partially rests on its denial of alternative possibilities. By the end of the project the landslide risk assemblage nevertheless remained fragmentary and unfinished. This observation, I argue, is encouraging since it highlights that we may always maintain some agency regarding the world we want to live in. Towards the end of the manuscript I therefore make some, rather bold, statements about the way geographers could conceive their work.
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- 2022
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6. Avaliação da sensibilidade dos parâmetros do modelo de simulação de deslizamentos SINMAP
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Karen Estefania Moura Bueno, Gilson Bauer Schultz, and Irani dos Santos
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landslides ,SINMAP ,sensitivity analysis ,DEM resolution. ,Geography. Anthropology. Recreation - Abstract
This paper presents the evaluation of the parameters sensitivity and the description of translational landslides generation mechanisms using the Stability INdex MAPping (SINMAP) model. This model simulates areas of slope instability in which are likely to occur translational slips based on a variation of the equation of the factor of safety (FS), which considers the ratio of stabilizing to destabilizing forces of the relief for analyzing the system boundary balance. The simulated area is the Rio Sagrado watershed, located in the Serra do Mar Paranaense, which has slopes with high susceptibility of landslides. The methodology consisted in testing the model performance in different digital elevation model (DEM) resolutions and in the sensitivity analysis of SINMAP’s parameters, which are: the internal friction angle of the soil, T/R and the dimensionless soil cohesion; through values ranges which are established in the model calibration. The results demonstrated that the best DEM resolution for SINMAP simulations is 10m and that the most sensitive parameter is the dimensionless cohesion, which significantly influenced the results of simulations.
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- 2020
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7. UTILISATION DES SIG ET DE LA TELEDETECTION POUR LA CARTOGRAPHIE DE LA SUSCEPTIBILITE AUX MOUVEMENTS D'INSTABILITE DE VERSANT DANS L'OUEST MONTAGNEUX DE LA CÔTE D'IVOIRE.
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Kouadio, Boyossoro Hélène, Kouamé, Kan Jean, Brice, Sika, Aké, Gabriel Etienne, N'guessan Bi, Vami Hermann, and Yapi, Assa
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- *
REMOTE sensing , *GEOGRAPHIC information systems , *LANDSLIDES - Abstract
Slope instability phenomena, by their essentially random nature, generate risks for various elements of mountain heritage. In Man Mountains region of Man, located in the west of Côte d'Ivoire, the manifestation of these phenomena is made more and more because of the rugged terrain and climate change. This study aims to map potential areas of slope instability movements in the Man area to prevent natural damage and/or casualties. The method used in this work, is based on remote sensing, Geographic Information System (GIS) and Saaty's analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method. Six (6) factors involved in the occurrence of landslides such as slope, drainage density, fracturing density, regolith thickness, precipitation, and normalized vegetation index (NDVI) have been mapped. Their integration into a GIS has made it possible to map the region's susceptibility to slope instability movements. Indeed, using Saaty's analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method, a prioritization, a weighting and a classification of the different factors were made. This facilitated the linear combination of the different factors in the GIS. The resulting susceptibility map was field-verified to yield a susceptibility map to slope instability movements of Man area. This map shows classes of very low, low, moderate, high and very high susceptibility. Areas of high and very high instability represent 14.65%. They are located in the West Central of the study area. Majority of these areas are found on the slopes of the Tours and Dan, mountains located between Biankouma and Man, which are characterized by steep slopes and registrate rainfall of more than 1500 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
8. Statistical modelling of extreme rainfall, return periods and associated hazards in the Bamenda Mountain, NW Cameroon
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Roland Afungang and Carlos Bateira
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Extreme rainfall ,return periods ,landslides ,floods ,NW Cameroon ,Geography (General) ,G1-922 - Abstract
The Bamenda mountain region has one of the highest frequencies of landslides in Cameroon and the lowlands are prone to floods. The occurrence of these hazards is attributed to the estimated 2500 mm of rainfall that the area receives annually. The aim of this paper was to estimate the maximum rainfall the area is likely to receive in future and to examine some past extreme rainfall episodes that triggered landslides and floods and their return periods. The type I extreme value (Gumble) distribution was used to make these estimates through an Excel worksheet. From the model, it was predicted that the area could receive a maximum rainfall of about 87.7mm/day in 3 years, 116.97mm/day in 25 years, 126.13mm/day in 50 years and 135.23/day in 100 year. Seven extreme rainfall episodes were identified within the 43 year study period with rainfall amounts ranging from 99.5mm/day to 129.3mm/day. The extreme rainfall episodes initiated both landslide and floods and with return periods ranging between 7.3 years to 68.9 years. Predicting these extreme cases can be useful in the construction of dams and bridges and further research on rainfall thresholds for rainfall-induced hazards affecting the region.
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- 2016
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9. Les glissements de terrain dans les Westfjords et les fjords de l’Est d’Islande : inventaire, morphométrie et variables explicatives
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Portier, Émilie, Mercier, Denis, Decaulne, Armelle, and Mercier, Denis
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Deglaciation ,[SDE] Environmental Sciences ,[SDU.STU.GM] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geomorphology ,Paraglacial ,Iceland ,Landslides - Abstract
Les Westfjords et fjords de l’Est de l’Islande concentrent de nombreux glissements de terrain. Ces phénomènes visibles par observation à distance d’images satellites et d’un Modèle Numérique de Terrain (MNT) ont été inventoriés, puis mesurés et analysés. Au total, 251 et 290 glissements de terrain ont été recensés respectivement dans les Westfjords et les fjords de l’Est, au sein d’une base de données et dans un Système d’Informations Géographiques (SIG). Pour chaque glissement de terrain, sa localisation, sa morphométrie (longueur, largeur, superficie, épaisseur, volume estimé, …), ainsi que de potentielles variables de contrôle, notamment géologiques (lithologie, pendage), ou explicatives (orientation, âge de la déglaciation du versant affecté par le glissement de terrain) ont été relevées. Ces variables et la répartition des glissements ont été étudiées par analyse spatiale et statistique.Ce travail fournit un inventaire complémentaire des glissements de terrain pour ces deux secteurs. Cependant, les facteurs de déclenchement habituellement identifiés ne permettent pas une explication satisfaisante à leur répartition. Néanmoins, des pistes de réflexions se dessinent et l’élargissement de la base de données à l’échelle de l’Islande permet de les comparer d’un secteur à l’autre. Cette étude met en avant des foyers principaux de glissements de terrain : pour les Westfjords, une plus forte densité de glissements de terrain dans le nord-ouest de la zone étudiée et dans la partie la plus étroite de la péninsule ; et pour les fjords de l’Est, une plus forte densité dans le Nord de la zone étudiée. Ces foyers pourraient s’expliquer par les directions d’écoulement de la calotte glaciaire passée. D’autre part, un des constats est une surreprésentation des glissements orientés vers l’ouest et le sud pour les fjords de l’Est, et vers le sud et l’est pour les Westfjords. L’hypothèse proposée est un contrôle climatique : les versants davantage ensoleillés auraient subi une déglaciation plus rapide favorisant l’instabilité des versants. Les données recueillies suggèrent également que la lithologie (basaltes tertiaires) est une variable de contrôle et que la période pendant laquelle la zone de glissement de terrain est déglacée est une variable explicative de l'initiation du glissement de terrain. Les glissements de terrain observés s’inscriraient ainsi dans une dynamique paraglaciaire d’instabilité des versants après la phase de déglaciation
- Published
- 2023
10. Production des risques dits « naturels » dans les grands centres urbains du Cameroun.
- Author
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Saha, Frédéric, Tchio Nkemta, Dagobert, Tchindjang, Mesmin, Voundi, Éric, and Mbevo Fendoung, Philippes
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- *
ROCKFALL , *POPULATION , *COASTAL plains , *COASTAL changes , *LANDSLIDES ,DEVELOPING countries - Abstract
This paper looks into the causes of the production of so-called "natural" risks in major cities of Cameroon. From a historical approach, it appears that the establishment of settlements in uneven sites (steep slopes, swampy areas, rugged plateaus, coastal plains) is at the root of the problem. The lack of resources that characterizes the Least Developed Countries in general and Cameroon in particular, coupled with a high population growth are some anthropogenic factors expressing the high sensitivity to natural hazards. It also raises the problem of the ambiguity of the land tenure system with the intervention of non-institutional actors (population and traditional rulers) which does not help in a production of adequate plots for construction. The inability of urban authorities and the administrative services to take good care of the urbanization process multiply the vulnerability. Climate changes (increase of temperature and rainfall disturbances) reinforce hazards, increase the frequency, and reduce risk perception and acceptance of the population. Floods, landslides, rock falls, drought, coastal erosion and gullying are main natural hazards that cause important damages in Cameroonian cities every year. It is important to find adequate solutions including all key actors and parameters to minimize as far as possible losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2018
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11. Comparative analysis of large scale scenario-based landslides hazard zonation maps. A case study in Iasi City, Romania
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Cristina Magdalena COMAN, Sanda MANEA, Ernest OLINIC, and Ioan BOȚI
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Landslides ,hazard maps ,safety factor ,limit equilibriaum method ,infinite slope model ,GIS ,Geography (General) ,G1-922 - Abstract
Large-scale landslides hazard analysis is based, among other methods, on the numerical evaluation of the safety factor using physical and mechanical parameters measured in the field. The safety factor is determined as the ratio between the forces acting in the favor of sliding phenomenon and the resistance of the earthen massive. The main purpose of the paper is to create two bi-dimensional models of landslides hazard assessment based on the estimation of the stability factor, under different degrees of soil saturation and considering different scenarios of seismic acceleration. Slope stability analysis allows the simultaneity of two exceptional loads such as saturation and earthquake. The first model follows the methodology provided by the national law. In this case, the safety factor is determined by applying limit equilibrium methods using specific geotechnical engineering software. The second model aims to create a deterministic model for safety factor assessment implemented in a GIS system. This one is based on the infinite slope model. The secondary objectives of the paper are: providing theoretical principles, attaining the comparative analysis between the methodologies mentioned above, identifying the critical points of the created models and the reciprocal validation of the results. The study area is a hilly area located in the NorthWestern part of the Iasi City, Romania. The geotechnical parameters were obtained from the laboratory tests carried out on samples taken from 22 boreholes. The geomorphological parameters resulted from the high quality digital elevation model with 1m resolution. The final maps representing the spatial distribution of the safety factor values are reclassified using a common scale. Similarity analysis of the results indicates a good mutual validation.
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- 2017
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12. Extreme geomorphic events in the contemporary evolution of forested slopes in a Central European mountain range, the Sudetes
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Piotr MIGOŃ
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Geomorphic system ,hillslope geomorphology ,debris flows ,landslides ,windthrow ,Geography (General) ,G1-922 - Abstract
Forested slopes of the Sudetes have long been implicitly considered as stable under contemporary environmental conditions, with little geomorphic change throughout the Holocene. This view is difficult to sustain and this review-type paper brings together evidence that infrequent but potent surface processes locally cause significant remodelling of slopes and regolith removal or redistribution. These processes are debris flows, shallow and deepseated landslides, episodes of efficient linear water erosion and windthrows. All are triggered by exceptional meteorological events such as heavy rain or strong wind, but additional factors of slope steepness and suitable lithology play a role. Scarce database does not permit to firmly establish recurrence intervals of such events but they seem to occur at least once per decade (within the entire mountain range) for rain-induced phenomena and two-three times per century for wind-induced phenomena.
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- 2017
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13. Landslide susceptibility assessment using Spatial Analysis and GIS modeling in Cluj-Napoca Metropolitan Area, Romania
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Bogdan Eugen Dolean
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landslides ,spatial analysis ,bivariate analysis ,geomorphology ,Geography (General) ,G1-922 - Abstract
In Romania, landslides together with the multitude geomorphological processes linked to them are some of the most common hazards which manifested in vulnerable areas with important human activities can induce many negative effects. From this perspective, identifying the areas affected by landslides, based on GIS spatial analysis models and statistical methods, is a subject frequently discussed in the national and international literature. This research was focused on the methods and practices of GIS spatial analysis, with a target of creating a complex model and a viable methodology of assessment the probability of occurrence of landslides, applicable within any territory. The study was based on the identification and analysis in a bivariate systemic manner of the numerous factors involved in the production of landslides, such as topography, morphology, hydrography, geological, lithology, weather, land use. The area in which the analysis has been conducted, The Metropolitan Area of Cluj-Napoca, was chosen due to the exacerbated urbanization of the recent years, coupled with a massive increase in the number of inhabitants, thus being a space of socioeconomic importance and a real challenge regarding spatial planning. Applying the model in this area has generated relatively good results, with a power of predictability of over 80%, measured in landslides sample areas used for the validation of the results, fact which attest the viability of the model and the fact that the model can be used in different areas with related morphometric and environmental characteristics.
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- 2017
14. La difficile gestion des risques naturels en Himalaya : une question d’échelle ? Le cas du Népal
- Author
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Monique Fort
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Floods ,Earthquakes ,Landslides ,Risk management ,Nepal Himalaya ,Geography (General) ,G1-922 - Abstract
In the Himalayas, natural hazards and risks are under the control of physical factors, hence are difficult to mitigate. More specifically in Nepal, they occur in a socio‑economic context of poverty and growing urbanization. Through several examples (floods in different topo-climatic contexts, seismic threats), we show how taking into account the past and present on the one hand, the local to global scale on the other hand, is more essential than ever for a good risk understanding. Governmental management structures are highly centralized and they mainly concern cities; their actions are complemented by those of more flexible structures supported by foreign aid (NGOs, ICIMOD), which often act at the level of village communities, while reasoning at the scale of entire Himalayan chain.
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- 2014
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15. Analyse et gestion du risque d’envasement autour de la baie d’Antonina, Brésil. L’apport d’une démarche d’accompagnement
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Frédéric Bertrand, Brice Anselme, and Nicolas Becu
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Silting ,Port planning ,Landslides ,Ecological restoration ,Companion modelling ,Geography (General) ,G1-922 - Abstract
The recent strengthening framework of law and regulation governing the activities of dredging in Brazil gives a new socio-environmental dimension to the crucial issue for both port activity and inhabitants of the siltation and the contamination of estuarine waters bodies, a topic that was rarely discussed openly until the early 2000s. Part one of the article redraws the emergence of the risk of accelerated siltation in Brazil, more particularly around the inner part of Paranaguá estuarine bay, in relationship with the recent transformations of the harbour system. The following part shows how the management of this risk was early directed to the control of the continental flows considered as a major source of danger for the security and the maintenance of port activities. A last part presents the difficulties to switch from a hazard-oriented to a territorial-oriented approach of risk management considering varying perceptions of risk among individuals and the unpredictable location of extreme rainy events that trigger landslides of various kinds resulting in silting up of the Antonina bay.
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- 2014
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16. Cartographie de la susceptibilité aux glissements de terrain dans la région de Nova Friburgo (État de Rio de Janeiro, Brésil). Une étape vers l’évaluation et la gestion du risque
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François Bétard, Nicolas Delbart, and Clément Piel
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Landslides ,Natural hazard ,Risk assessment ,GIS (Geographic Information System) ,Brazil ,Geography (General) ,G1-922 - Abstract
Landslides constitute a major natural hazard in Brazil, as recently shown by the disaster of January 2011 in the Rio de Janeira State that caused more than 1,500 deaths and extensive damage to the urban and rural infrastructures of the region. With the aim of improving risk management, stakeholders and policymakers must have access to landslide susceptibility maps, allowing them to identify areas of their territory where new landslides have a higher probability of being triggered in the future. This study proposes to test a method of landslide susceptibility mapping in the Nova Friburgo area - one of the most affected by the disaster of January 2011 - using an indirect approach based on a bivariate probabilistic model (weight of evidence). After a procedure of calibration/validation of the model, the results led to the completion of a final susceptibility map with five classes and also offer the opportunity to interpret the respective weight of predisposing factors used as predictive variables.
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- 2014
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17. Les risques naturels dans le gouvernorat d'Assouan (Égypte) : le rôle du Haut Barrage
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Mohamed Al Amrawy and Jean-Louis Ballais
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landslides ,Egypt ,natural hazards ,earthquakes ,floods ,moving sands ,Physical geography ,GB3-5030 ,Geography (General) ,G1-922 - Abstract
This research is an attempt to study natural hazards and their effects on the human occupation in the governorate of Aswan in Egypt. The main natural hazards are due to building of Aswan High Dam: seismic hazard, the most dangerous, linked to Nasser Lake, and flood hazard around Nasser lake that must have disappeared because of stocking of Nil waters and moving windblown sands on the western bank of the river at the expense of an Aswan outlying district. Flood risk has disappeared downstream but rare blocks collapses still threaten a lot of people on the eastern bank of the Nile.
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- 2014
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18. Community Vulnerability and Capacity to Landslides in South Babakan Madang Subdistrict, Bogor Districts
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Harist Muhammad Chaidir, Saraswati Ratna, and Rustanto Andry
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community vulnerability ,community capacity ,landslides ,south babakan madang subdistrict ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
Many countries in the world have various kinds of problems, such as disasters. Indonesia is one of the countries with high area and population affected by landslides, such as in several regions in Indonesia, namely Bogor Districts. The affected population can be caused by the increasing number of residents and built-up areas, as well as the low level of public knowledge about landslides. The high population affected can describe the level of vulnerability and capacity that exists in the community, such as in South Babakan Madang Subdistrict. The density of the population and the built-up area which includes settlements, public facilities and community knowledge related to landslides that are different in 3 Countryside namely Bojong Koneng, Cijayanti, and Karang Tengah make the people in South Babakan Madang Subdistrict vulnerable to landslides. The modified scoring method with reference to Perka BNPB No. 02 of 2012 can be used to determine the level of vulnerability and capacity of the community. The results show that South Babakan Madang Subdistrict is dominated by moderate vulnerability with an index between 0.34 - 0.67. The capacity in the South Babakan Madang Subdistrict tends to be homogeneous in the low capacity class with an index < 0.34.
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- 2019
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19. La datation des glissements de terrain paraglaciaires en Islande
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Mercier, Denis, Decaulne, Armelle, Portier, Emilie, Cossart, Etienne, Mercier, Denis, Laboratoire de géographie physique : Environnements Quaternaires et Actuels (LGP), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Université (SU), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - UFR Géographie (UP1 UFR08), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), Environnement, Ville, Société (EVS), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-École des Mines de Saint-Étienne (Mines Saint-Étienne MSE), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-Université Jean Moulin - Lyon 3 (UJML), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Lyon (ENSAL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Jean Moulin - Lyon 3 (UJML), Université de Lyon, IPEV (PR1266), Université Paris Saclay, Environnement Ville Société (EVS), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-École des Mines de Saint-Étienne (Mines Saint-Étienne MSE), and Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Lyon (ENSAL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
[SDU.STU.GM] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geomorphology ,Paraglacial adjustment ,[SHS.GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography ,Rock slope failures ,[SDU.STU.GM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geomorphology ,[SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography ,Holocene Climatic Changes ,Landslides - Abstract
International audience; La fonte des glaciers islandais à partir de 15ka a été suivi par des ajustements paraglaciaires dont les glissements de terrain représentent une des manifestations les plus emblématiques. Un travail d’inventaire de leur répartition spatiale permet de comptabiliser plusieurs centaines de glissements, dont 158 dans la région du Skagafjörður au Nord de l’île, 186 dans les Westfjords et 290 dans les fjords de l’est. Les logiques spatiales de leur répartition permettent de montrer un contrôle lithologique à l’échelle globale avec une surreprésentation des glissements dans les basaltes d’âge tertiaire dans des régions où les contrastes topographiques sont par ailleurs majeurs à l’échelle de l’île. Au-delà de ces éléments spatiaux, la question de l’âge de leur mise en place se pose. Si l’on compare la chronologie de la déglaciation de l’Islande avec la répartition spatiale des glissements, nous observons une décroissance de l’occurrence potentielle des glissements de terrain avec le temps. La majorité des glissements se localisent le long des versants qui ont été libérés au tout début de la déglaciation. A l’échelle des glissements eux-mêmes, des études ponctuelles permettent de préciser l’âge de leur mise en place. Différentes approches sont alors mobilisées. La première prédate les glissements en utilisant l’emboîtement des formes géomorphologiques et l’âge des plages soulevées par le rebond glacio-isostatiques sur lesquelles viennent mourir les dépôts des glissements de terrain. La seconde série de mesures postdate les glissements. En effet, des dépressions au sein des glissements ont piégé des cendres volcaniques datées et des végétaux piégés dans des tourbières. Ainsi, par téphrochronologie et datation radiocarbone, il est possible d’obtenir des dates pour caler les événements gravitaires. Les modèles âge-profondeur sont également utilisés pour affiner les résultats. Ainsi, les glissements de terrain islandais, datés avec plus ou moins de précisions, donnent des âges postglaciaires compatibles avec le schéma d’une mise en place paraglaciaire dans les tous premiers temps de l’Holocène.
- Published
- 2022
20. Landslide causes: Human impacts on a Himalayan landslide swarm
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Martin Haigh and Jiwan Singh Rawat
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landslides ,Himalaya ,Uttarakhand ,disaster mitigation ,applied physical geography ,highway engineering in mountains ,Geography (General) ,G1-922 - Abstract
Geographers are commonly called upon to diagnose the causes of natural disasters and provide guidance for policy makers. This case study concerns one of the landslide and flood disasters that afflicted the Himalaya in the later Monsoon of 2010, the Almora District (Uttarakhand), landslide swarm, which affected thousands of kilometres of roadway and caused damages >$ 125,000,000. Causes were sought on a 7.4km reach of roadway that had been part of a previous study. Individual landslides were surveyed along with a suite of potential environmental indicators. These results show that the numbers of landslides on the roadbed were not unusual, so research switched to exploring factors that may have enhanced their volumes. Local opinion considers that the major causes were human impacts, especially recent urban development, or geological weaknesses. However, results show that human impacts such as building construction, deforestation, and the collapse of agricultural terraces were associated with smaller landslides, while geological factors showed no significant correlations with landslide volume. Road engineering factors such as the location of another road upslope and the collapse of roadcut retaining wall also proved unimportant. However, the height of the roadcut, channel incision undermining the roadcut and, especially, the steepness of the hillside upslope proved significant. Despite the absence of any direct link between human activity and landslide volumes in Almora, a comparison of the 2010 results from this survey and that of another reach of hill road, which was also part of the 1985 survey, showed important differences in landslide numbers.In 1985, the Kilbury Road, which cuts through reserved forest, carried 153 landslides to the Almora Lower Mall’s 88. In 2010, there were only 9 landslides on the Kilbury Road but 108 on the suburban Almora Lower Mall. The conclusion is that human impacts in Almora have combined to prevent the landslides healing as they have in the undisturbed forest along the Kilbury Road. However, past surveys confirm that landslide numbers on the Almora Lower Mall have remained steady since 1985. Since, the impacts of this rainfall event were manifest only as increased landslide outfall, not increased numbers, the chief influences of outfall volume remain hillslope angle, height of the initial roadcut, undermining by channel incision and the fact that these hillsides exist close to criticality, their limits of stability.
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- 2012
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21. Landslides susceptibility assessment using AHP method in Kanyosha watershed (Bujumbura-Burundi): Urbanisation and management impacts
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Désiré Kubwimana, Lahsen Ait Brahim, Mahfoud Bousta, Olivier Dewitte, Abdellah Abdelouafi, and Tarik Bahaj
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Landslides ,ortho-photos ,remote sensing ,Kanyosha watershed ,susceptibility map ,Burundi ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 - Abstract
The Kanyosha watershed is unstable due to the presence of several landslides, which occupy about 3% of the study area. They are causing major damage which costs expensive to the Government of Burundi as well as to the population residing there and their properties. Roads, schools, irrigation canals, houses, crop fields, etc., are in danger of collapse. These landslides are mostly naturally occurring but can sometimes be reactivated by heavy rains or human activities during the excavation of building materials from the river bed.In order to carry out this study, we used the multivariate statistical classification with weighting of the responsible parameters of landslides risk to reach the susceptibility map of mass movements in the Kanyosha watershed. Remote sensing, geology, morphometry and bibliography were the data sources for the different parameters. Google Earth images, ortho-photos and field prospecting helped us to identify the landslides needed to validate the susceptibility map.During the fieldwork, we observed 34 landslides of different types, which were superimposed on the mass movements susceptibility map obtained using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and compared to previous studies in which the matrix indexing method was used. We found approximately similar results with the consideration of different scales of work. These reasons confirm the validity of the susceptibility map at the level of the Kanyosha watershed, a map which is an essential document for urban planning and land management.
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- 2018
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22. Weights of evidence method for landslide susceptibility mapping in Tangier, Morocco
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Bousta Mahfoud and Ait Brahim Lahsen
- Subjects
Weights of evidence ,landslides ,susceptibility map ,spatial analysis ,predisposing factors ,probabilistic modeling ,GIS ,urban planning ,Rif ,Northern Morocco ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 - Abstract
Tangier region is known by a high density of mass movements which cause several human and economic losses. The goal of this paper is to assess the landslide susceptibility of Tangier using the Weight of Evidence method (WofE). The method is founded on the principle that an event (landslide) is more likely to occur based on the relationship between the presence or absence of a predictive variable (predisposing factors) and the occurrence of this event. The inventory, description and analysis of mass movements were prepared. Then the main factors governing their occurrence (lithology, fault, slope, elevation, exposure, drainage and land use) were mapped before applying WofE. Finally, the ROC curves were established and the areas under curves (AUC) were calculated to evaluate the degree of fit of the model and to choose the best landslide susceptibility zonation. The prediction accuracy was found to be 70%. Obtained susceptibility map shows that 60% of inventoried landslides are in the high to very high susceptibility zones, which is very satisfactory for the validation of the adopted model and the obtained results. These zones are mainly located in the N-E and E part of the Tangier region in the soft and fragile facies of the marls and clays of the Tangier unit, where landuse is characterized by dominance of arable and agricultural land (lack of forest cover). From a purely spatial point of view, the localization of these two classes of susceptibility is completely corresponding to the ground truth data, that is to say that all the environmental and anthropogenic conditions are in place for making this area prone to landslide hazards. The obtained map is a decision-making tool for presenting, comparing and discussing development and urban scenarios in Tangier. These results fall within the context of sustainable development and will help to mitigate the socio-economic impacts usually observed when landslides are triggered.
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- 2018
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23. Landslide susceptibility mapping using AHP method and GIS in the peninsula of Tangier (Rif-northern morocco)
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Ait Brahim L, Bousta M, Jemmah I A, El Hamdouni I, ElMahsani A, Abdelouafi A, Sossey alaoui F., and Lallout I
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Landslides ,remote sensing ,indexed parameters ,susceptibility map ,land-use planning ,peninsula of Tangier ,Rif ,Morocco ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 - Abstract
The peninsula of Tangier (Northern Morocco) is submitted to a significant number of landslides each year due to its lithological, structural and morphological complexity; which cause a lot of damage to the road network and other related infrastructure. The main objective of this study is to create a landslide indexed susceptibility map of Tangier peninsula, by using AHP (Analytical Hierarchical Processes) model to calculate each factor’s weight. The work is made via GIS by using an ArcGIS AHP extension. In the current research, First of all, the four main types of landslides were identified and mapped from existing documents, works and new data which came from either remote sensing or fieldwork. Lithology, land use, slope, hypsometry, exposure, fault density and drainage network density were used as main parameters controlling the occurrence of the selected landslides. Then, afterward, each parameter is classified into a number of significant classes based on their relative influence on gravitational movement genesis. The validity of the susceptibility zoning map which is obtained through linear summation of indexed maps was tested and cross-checked by inventoried and studied landslides. The obtained landslide susceptibility map constitutes a powerful decision-making tool in land-use planning, i.e. New highways, secondary highways, railways, etc. within the national development program in the Northern provinces. It is a necessary step for the landslides hazard assessment in the Tangier peninsula in northern Morocco.
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- 2018
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24. Mouvements de terrain et urbanisation le long du Criş Repede en amont de la ville d'Oradea (Roumanie)
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Christelle Sosson, Alain Marre, and Nicolae Josan
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geomorphology ,landslides ,hazard ,geomorphological mapping ,Physical geography ,GB3-5030 ,Geography (General) ,G1-922 - Abstract
A new residential district is under construction on the southern slope of Oradea Hills located in the eastern part of the town of Oradea and on right bank of the Cris Repede. The new houses are distributed according to two alignments: one on the top of the interfluve and the other, denser, at the bottom of the slope. Gardens and terrace cultivation can be found between these two developments. Therefore, this green slope in the vicinity of the urban center constitutes a place favourable for urban extension. Nevertheless, numerous landslides can be found on these slopes composed of late Tertiary detrital formations (sands, marls and sandstones) deposited by the Pannonic Sea. Several types of landslides were observed: rotational, muddy castings and side extensions locally known as "glimées". These landslides can be explained by the conjunction of favourable factors which can be permanent (topography, geology, hydrology) or occasional (precipitations). Chronological study made it possible to identify four generations of landslides. Signs such as cracks affecting walls or warped trees show that these movements are still active.
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- 2008
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25. Os hidratos de metano: fonte energética do futuro ou fonte de risco ambiental?
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Denise de Brum Ferreira
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Methane hydrates ,Energy resources ,Greenhouse gas ,Global warming ,Landslides ,Continental margin ,Permafrost. ,Geography. Anthropology. Recreation - Abstract
METHANE HYDRATES: ENERGY RESOURCE OR SOURCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD? Methane hydrates are a very interesting source of energy. Worldwide estimated resources of methane hydrates in oceans in 2001 are twice the amount of carbon contained in all fossil fuels on Earth. They occur in marine sediments along the continental margins and in polar continental environment; in permafrost. Both the increasing energy needs of the society and the high prices of petroleum challenge the research on gas hydrates recovery and on the possibility of using in the near future this huge resource of energy. The major environmental issues related to the exploitation of gas hydrates are rapid climate warming through emissions of methane from marine sediments and permafrost into the atmosphere and extensive mass failure in the sediments of the continental slopes.
- Published
- 2007
26. Diagnóstico de peligros geodinámicos en los parques arqueológicos de P’ísaq y Ollantaytambo-Cusco
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Raúl Carreño Collatupa
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Sacred Valley of Inkas ,P’ísaq ,Ollantaytambo ,hazard-vulnerability ,landslides ,rock falls ,Latin America. Spanish America ,F1201-3799 ,Social sciences (General) ,H1-99 - Abstract
The archaeological parks of P’ísaq and Ollantaytambo are the most important of the so-called Sacred Valley of Inkas, being one of the main tourist destinations of the country and of the continent. Due to their geological-geomorphological setting, they are threatened by geodynamic and torrential processes representing different hazard-vulnerability levels. In some cases the catastrophic episodes induced damage or destruction of some archaeological elements. The geodynamic and torrential phenomena that represent a danger for those monuments are: the permanent, slow and large scale landslides, Toppling and associate rock falls, the active talus cones, erosion, floods and debris flow (huaycos).
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- 2006
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27. Geodinâmica e perigosidade natural nas ilhas dos Açores
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António de Brum Ferreira
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Volcanic activity ,Seismicity ,Landslides ,Natural hazards ,Azores. ,Geography. Anthropology. Recreation - Abstract
GEODYNAMICS AND NATURAL HAZARDS IN THE AZORES ISLANDS. The central islands of the Azores archipelago exhibit significant volcanic and seismic activity. The most important tectonic structure responsible for this activity seems to be the leaky transform Terceira Rift, a branch of the Azores triple junction separating the Eurasia and Africa plates. In historical time (since the XV century), the most frequent volcanic eruptions were of the hawaiian and strombolian types, but the level of explosivity has occasionally reached subplinian magnitude, as it happened in the Fogo (1563) and Furnas (1630) volcanoes (hydromagmatic eruptions in the calderas). As in other volcanic regions of the world, effusive volcanism is not particularly dangerous in the Azores islands; explosive activity, however, can be catastrophic (ignimbrites formed in some islands over the last millennia). Still, throughout historical time, earthquakes have been the most dangerous natural phenomena in the Azores, sometimes bringing about tragic consequences: in 1757, an earthquake struck the São Jorge island, killing one thousand people (20% of the total population). But the most catastrophic seismic event of all occurred in the island of São Miguel in 1522: an earthquake triggered an earthflow that submerged the capital (Vila Franca do Campo) and killed nearly all of its inhabitants (several thousands). Whether or not they are triggered by earthquakes, mass movements are most common along the coast of the islands: huge falls and rotational slides are attested for by the so-called fajãs, detrital platforms on the foot of cliffs that are several hundred meters high; in death-defying fashion, some of these platforms are actually inhabitated.
- Published
- 2005
28. Patrimonio cultural prehispánico y peligro geodinámico en el valle del Huatanay - Cusco
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Raúl Carreño Collatupa
- Subjects
landslides ,rock falls ,erosion ,Cusco valley ,external geodynamics ,archaeological heritage ,Latin America. Spanish America ,F1201-3799 ,Social sciences (General) ,H1-99 - Abstract
Of the numerous Prehispanic archaeological complexes located in the Huatanay Valley Cusco, several are threatened or are being destroyed by external geodynamics phenomena (landslides, rock falls, lava flows, karstification and erosion). Most of these processes are slow, but many of them show signs of acceleration, due to their natural dynamics or by humain intervention: lack of maintenance, depredation, inappropriate agricultural and forestry activities, and uncontrolled urbanization and tourism.
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- 2005
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29. The use of the soil map of Belgium in the assessment of landslide risk
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Closson D., Engels P., and Demaret X.
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belgium ,landslides ,disasters ,risk ,cartography ,geographical-information-systems ,geology ,soil-sciences ,erosion ,europe ,information-systems ,western-europe ,Biotechnology ,TP248.13-248.65 ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
The analysis is based on a report from the Laboratory of Geomorphology and Remote sensing of the University of Liege concerning Mont-de-l'Enclus hill (Province of Hainaut, 20 kilometers north of the city of Tournai). After a landslide in a street of the hill, the regional administration ordered, in 1998, a detailed study of the hillside (7 square kilometres). The report is in three parts. The first one analyses the influence of human settlement on the landslide hazards. The second one studies all the environmental components in relation to the landslides. Finally, a synthesis map gathers the most important conclusions drawn from the first two parts. The Belgian soil map is very useful when combined with geological and geomorphological data. This is called geo-morpho-pedologic approach. Analysis and comparison have been made with the geographical information system Arc/Info-Arcview. The landslide of the ""rue du Renard"" is located at the interface between discontinuous layers of clay (5 to 15 meters) and sand. Geology gives us a global evaluation of the layer of clay responsible for the landslide. Geomorphology increases the accuracy of location for the clay layer through several elements of the landscape such as superficial landslides, water seepage, concavities and convexities. Pedology matches up previous information through different kinds of data such as texture, ""natural soil drainage"", soil profile and derived series. The geo-morpho-pedological approach is not always effective in foreseeing a landslide phenomenon such as in the case studied. The report from the Laboratoire de Geomorphologie et Teledetection (remote sensing) indicates, however, that the methodology gave better results than the geotechnical approach in this particular case, and it was also less expensive. The geotechnical approach had either not worked, or was too difficult to use because of the geological conditions (lateral variation of clay fades, absence of outcrops).
- Published
- 1999
30. Traitement automatique de time-lapses stéréoscopiques de milieux naturels : application à la sureveillance de glaciers alpins
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Hadhri, Héla and STAR, ABES
- Subjects
[INFO.INFO-TI] Computer Science [cs]/Image Processing [eess.IV] ,Computer Vision ,Géo-photogrammétrie proximale ,Vision par ordinateur ,Mouvements gravitaires ,Proximal geo-photogrammetry ,Landslides - Abstract
Over the past decade, multiview photogrammetry and object tracking techniques based on proximal imaging data have made it possible to generate, at relatively low cost, various types of data describing directly or indirectly the three-dimensional shape and dynamics of indoor, urban and natural environments.In natural environments, technological and methodological developments are still needed to prove the potential of such tools for precise, metric and automatic geomorphological applications. Most of the existing techniques are not particularly designed andthought out in order to process data of high spatial and temporal definition, marred by important photometric and atmospheric artifacts and characterized by variable visibility and a dense and semi-rigid displacement.In this thesis, we try to solve these problems by proposing an automatic processing chain of stereoscopic time-lapse images for the observation of landslides such as the flow of alpine glaciers. We first study the different possible strategies for processing stereoscopic time-lapses of natural environments according to a multi-level taxonomy of the available data : monoscopic and stereoscopic, monodate and bidate, temporal and multi-temporal. We then propose a complementary suite of robust automatic processings based on a justified choice of geometric and temporal representations and models governing the link between these different types of data.In particular, we evaluate the uncertainty via a geometric approach and maximize the coherence of the metric velocity estimates derived from the fundamental bricks of the processing chain via the optimization of a functional taking into account spatio-temporal descriptors, a temporal closure constraint of intra-timelapse displacement fields and finally the direction and stationarity of the flow of alpine glaciers.This work is motivated by the current context of global warming and its impact on the cryosphere.The continuous proximal monitoring of alpine glaciers via a dedicated observation system opens up new perspectives for the quantification of metric indicators correlated to the evolution of temperature and precipitation.We apply the proposed methods to data acquired on the Argentière glacier site in the Mont-Blanc Massif. Tracking time series of the geo-referenced metric velocity of part of this glacier are thus generated with an estimate of their uncertainties on the data set acquired in 2018.The results show that it is possible to develop robust geo-photogrammetric proximal monitoring applications in extreme and uncontrolled climatic environments, provided that the characteristics of the measurand and a-priori knowledge of the observed scene are taken into account., Au cours de la dernière décennie, la photogrammétrie multi-vues et les techniques de suivi d’objets basées sur des données d’imagerie proximale ont permis de générer, avec un coût relativement faible, divers types de données décrivant directement ou indirectement la forme et la dynamique tridimensionnelles de milieux intérieurs, urbains et naturels. En milieux naturels, des évolutions technologiques et méthodologiques restent nécessaires afin de prouver le potentiel de tels outils pour des applications géo-morphologiques précises, métriques et automatiques.En effet, la plupart des techniques existantes ne sont pas particulièrement conçues et pensées afin de traiter des données de hautes définitions spatiale et temporelle, entachées d’aléas photométriques et atmosphériques importants et caractérisées par une visibilité variable et un déplacement dense et semi-rigide.Nous essayons dans cette thèse de résoudre ces problématiques en proposant une chaîne de traitements automatique de séries temporelles d’images (time-lapses) stéréoscopiques pour l’observation de mouvements gravitaires tels que le déplacement de glaciers alpins.Nous étudions tout d’abord les différentes stratégies de traitement possibles selon une taxonomie à plusieurs niveaux des données à disposition : monoscopiques et stéréoscopiques, monodates et bidates, temporelles et multi-temporelles. Nous proposons ensuite une suite complémentaire de traitements automatiques robustes qui repose sur un choix justifié de représentations et de modèles géométriques et temporels régissant le lien entre ces différents types de données.En particulier, nous évaluons l’incertitude via une approche géométrique et maximisons la cohérence des estimations de vélocité métrique issues des briques fondamentales de la chaîne de traitements via l’optimisation d’une fonctionnelle tenant compte de descripteurs spatio-temporels, d’une contrainte de fermeture temporelle des champs de déplacements intra time-lapse et enfin du sens et de la stationnarité de l’écoulement de glaciers alpins.Ces travaux s’inscrivent dans le contexte du réchauffement climatique et son impact sur la cryosphère.La surveillance proximale continue de glaciers alpins via un système d’observation dédié ouvre en effet de nouvelles perspectives quant à une quantification d’indicateurs métriques corrélés à l’évolution des températures et des précipitations. Nous appliquons les méthodes proposées sur des données acquises sur le site du glacier d’Argentière dans le massif du Mont-Blanc.Les séries temporelles de suivi métrique géoréférencé de la vélocité d’une partie de ce glacier sont ainsi générées avec une estimation de leurs incertitudes sur l’ensemble des données acquises en 2018.Les résultats montrent qu’il est possible de développer des applications robustes de surveillanceproximale géo-photogrammétrique en milieux climatiques extrêmes et non-contrôléssous réserve de prise en compte des caractéristiques de la mesurande et des connaissances apriori sur la scène observée.
- Published
- 2020
31. Mapping of landslides susceptibility in Bafoussam. Approach by Hierarchical analytical process and Geography information system
- Author
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Francis Tangmouo Tsoata, Aristide Yemmafouo, Chrétien Ngouanet, Faculté des Sciences - Université de Dschang [Cameroun], Université de Dschang, Institut National de Cartographie, and Tangmouo Tsoata, Francis
- Subjects
Analyse multicritère hiérarchique ,Analytic hierarchy process ,Glissement de terrain ,[SHS.GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography ,Bafoussam ,[SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography ,GIS ,SIG ,susceptibility ,urban growth ,risque ,[MATH.MATH-ST]Mathematics [math]/Statistics [math.ST] ,[SPI.GCIV.RISQ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Civil Engineering/Risques ,[SPI.GCIV.RISQ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Civil Engineering/Risques ,[MATH.MATH-ST] Mathematics [math]/Statistics [math.ST] ,Landslides ,susceptibilité ,Hazard ,croissance urbaine - Abstract
Urban growth in Southern cities strengthens the mechanisms of production of natural risks. Bafoussam has seen its population double in the space of 15 years, from 293,000 in 2005 to 600,000 inhabitants in 2020. This spectacular urban growth is above all anarchic and produces natural disasters like the deadly landslide of October 29, 2019, in the Gouache IV district. The level of susceptibility of sites exposed to landslides can be modelled by observing and representing predisposing factors such as soil morphology, land use, geology, climate and hydrology. This study aims to develop an approach to modelling the level of susceptibility to landslides in urban areas by using analytical hierachic process of the various predisposing factors coupled with GIS. The hazard map identified five (5) levels of landslide susceptibility from which a summary assessment and recommendations are made. The insignificant hazard, 35.3% of the total urbanized area (403 km²), requires no recommendation for human settlements, the weak hazard requiring recommendations only for large-scale works (44.1%). From moderate hazard, human settlements are possible, but vigilance is recommended for medium-scale work (16.1%). For the strong hazard (2.9%), human settlements are weakly discouraged and vigilance is recommended in the rainy season while the very strong hazards (1.6%) are strongly discouraged for human settlements., La croissance urbaine des villes du Sud renforce les mécanismes de production des risques naturels. La population de Bafoussam a doublé en espace de 15 ans, de 293.000 en 2005 à 600.000 habitants en 2020. Cette croissance spectaculaire est surtout anarchique et produit des catastrophes naturelles comme le glissement de terrain meurtrier du 29 octobre 2019 au quartier Gouache IV. Le niveau de susceptibilité des sites exposés au glissement de terrain peut être modélisé en observant et en représentant les facteurs de prédisposition comme la morphologie des sols, l’utilisation du sol, la géologie, le climat et l’hydrologie. Cette étude vise à développer une approche de modélisation du niveau de susceptibilité au glissement de terrain en milieu urbanisé à partir d’une analyse multicritère hiérarchique des facteurs de prédisposition couplée aux SIG. La carte de risque a permis de distinguer cinq (5) niveaux de susceptibilité au glissement de terrain à partir desquels une évaluation sommaire et des recommandations sont faites. Le risque non significatif, 35,3% de la superficie totale urbanisée (403 km²), ne nécessite aucune recommandation pour les établissements humains, le risque faible n’exigeant de recommandations que pour des travaux de grande envergure (44,1%). À partir du risque modéré, les établissements humains sont possibles, mais de la vigilance est préconisée pour les travaux de moyennes envergures (16,1%). Pour le risque fort (2,9%), l’établissement humain est faiblement déconseillé et une vigilance est recommandée en saison de pluie tandis que le risque très fort (1,6%) est fortement déconseillé pour les établissements humains.
- Published
- 2020
32. Determinación de procesos y áreas de riesgos en los Andes centrales de Chile mediterráneo: Casos de estudio
- Author
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Víctor Quintanilla
- Subjects
natural hazards ,avalanches ,landslides ,debris flows ,andes ,Ecology ,QH540-549.5 - Abstract
[es] Durante la realización del proyecto de Cartografía de Riesgos de Montaña en los Andes Centrales de Chile (Proyecto FONDECYT nº 482- 91) se cartografiaron los riesgos naturales en la cuenca del Aconcagua, altos Andes (2.500 a 4.000 m). Varios riesgos geomorfológicos (avalanchas, caídas de piedras, erosión hídrica) fueron cartografiados a escala 1:50.000 con una leyenda simplificada. Las áreas de montaña parecen relativamente estables y el sustrato rocoso (principalmente granítico) es resistente a la meteorización. Los mayores riesgos son las avalanchas y los deslizamientos, que tienen un largo periodo de recurrencia y son difíciles de predecir, aunque sus áreas fuente pueden ser fácilmente identificadas. [fr] Durant la réalisation du projet de cartographie des risques de montagne dans les Andes Centrales du Chili (Projet FONDECYT nº 482-91 ) on a réalisé des cartographies des risques naturels dans le bassin de Aconcagua, Hautes Andes (2500 à 4000 m). Des risques géomorphologiques variés (avalanches, chutes de pierres, érosion hydrique) ont été représentés au 1:50.000ième avec une légende simplifiée. Les zones de montagne paraissent relativement stables et la roche mère (principalement granitique) est résistante à la désagrégation. Les risques majeurs sont les avalanches et les glissements, qui ont une vaste période de récurrence et sont difficiles à prédire, quoique leurs zones d'origine puissent être facilement identifiées.
- Published
- 1994
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33. Variabilidad de las precipitaciones y erosión episódica: evidencias a distintas escalas en Chile Central
- Author
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Guillermo A. Espinoza and Eduardo R. Fuentes
- Subjects
rainfalls ,suspended sediments ,erosion ,landslides ,mediterranean environment ,central chile ,Ecology ,QH540-549.5 - Abstract
[es] Se analizan los procesos erosivos generados por la concentración de las lluvias en Chile Central (32°-33° Lat. S). Mediante datos obtenidos en pequeñas parcelas experimentales, de sólidos arrastrados por cursos de agua en dos cuencas hidrográficas, y de grandes deslizamientos de tierras, se demuestra el carácter episódico de la erosión en áreas montañosas cubiertas por matorral. Sólo dos de las 23 lluvias medidas dan cuenta de más del 90% de la erosión en parcelas donde se excluyeron los arbustos, y de más de un 75% en parcelas con cubierta arbustiva. Esta variabilidad es coincidente con la que se desprende de los valores mensuales de sólidos en suspensión, expresados como pérdidas por km2 de cuenca, y con la fluctuación de las precipitaciones. [pt] Analisam-se os processes erosivos gerados pela concentracao das chuvas na regiao central do Chile (32º-33° Lat. S). A través de dados sobre sólidos arrastrados por cursos de agua en duas bacias hidrográficas, sobre grandes deslizamentos de terras, y dados obtidos em pequeñas áreas experimentais, se demonstra o carácter episódico da erosao em áreas montanhosas cobertas por arbustos. Apenas duas das 23 chuvas medidas respondem por mais de 90% da erosao em áreas de onde se retiraram arbustos, e por mais de 75%, em áreas com coberta arbustiva. Essa diferenca coincide com a que se pode observar a partir dos valores mensaisde sólidos em suspensao, expressados em termos de perdas por km2 de bacia hidrográfica, e com a flutuacao das precipitacoes. Se discutera o significado da concentracao e variabilidade das chuvas em ambientes mediterráneos, que marcam o caráter episódico da erosao.
- Published
- 1991
- Full Text
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34. Les glissements de terrain du quartier Bélouizdad, Constantine, Algérie.
- Author
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Bougdal, Rachid, Larriere, Alain, Pincent, Bernard, Panet, Marc, and Bentabet, Aïssa
- Subjects
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LANDSLIDES , *URBANIZATION , *INCLINOMETER , *CONGLOMERATE , *CLAY - Abstract
In Constantine, Belouizdad district landslides are extensive (Fig. 1). They occur along a hillside largely urbanized, and cover over 30 hectares. Dozens of houses were destroyed. The formations raised by these movements correspond to the alternating of thick Miocene clays and conglomerates. These contain several aquifers. The study of these landslides is conducted on the basis of recognition by deep boreholes equipped with piezometers and inclinometers. The inclinometric measurements have revealed failure surfaces sometimes deep (20 to 30 m) and north displacement, towards the Rhumel wadi. The use of a stability calculation software 'Talren' shows on the one hand, the high sensitivity of unstable Miocene formations in the presence of water and on the other hand, a significant revival of the safety factor by reducing the pore pressure. The recommended solutions are therefore a lowering of underground water levels. Two techniques are recommended : deep drainage trench or galleries combined with radiating drainage holes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2013
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35. Geomorphologic characteristics of catastrophic landslides during typhoon Morakot in the Kaoping Watershed, Taiwan
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Wu, Chun-Hung, Chen, Su-Chin, and Chou, Hsien-Ter
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LANDSLIDES , *GEOMORPHOLOGY , *CATASTROPHISM , *TYPHOONS , *WATERSHEDS - Abstract
Abstract: A high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) and field investigations are used to analyze the distribution and characteristics of rainfall-induced landslides in the Kaoping watershed of southwest Taiwan during Typhoon Morakot. The heavy rainfall brought by Typhoon Morakot is characterized as high intensity and long duration, with a return period well over 200years. The landslide distribution correlates well with the heavy rainfall distribution. Heavy rainfall and flood triggered 12,697 landslides, including four giant landslides. The cumulative area of the landslides was 183.1 km2. The landslide ratio in four sub-watersheds of the Kaoping watershed exceeded 6.5%. Analysis results indicate that the percentage of the downslope landslide areas is approximately 3.2–10.5 times higher than that of upslope landslide areas owing to serious scour of the riverside. The power–law exponent β for rainfall-induced landslide distribution during Typhoon Morakot is lower (β =1.3–1.4) than that for earthquake-induced landslide distribution in the comparison of self-organized criticality, because the heavy rainfall induced many new landslides at different scales. The Hsiaolin landslide, one of four giant landslides, was a deep-seated, dip-slope landslide with an area of 2.5km2 and a volume of 2.7×107 m3. A portion of the sediment slid into the original valley and dammed the Chishan River, while another portion buried Hsiaolin village. Based on the results, the extremely high intensity and long duration of rainfall caused numerous landslides with different scales near the downslope region. We recommend using the detailed topographic changes that occurred during the Hsiaolin landslide to identify and prevent similar deep-seated landslide disasters. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2011
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36. Caractérisation de l'évolution géomorphologique de la basse vallée de la Romanche (Isère, France) en relation avec les instabilités gravitaires de ses versants rocheux.
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Roux, O.
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- *
GEOMORPHOLOGY , *VALLEYS , *LANDSLIDES , *GEOLOGICAL time scales , *GEOPHYSICAL prospecting - Abstract
One of the most significant geomorphological consequences of deglaciation in mountainous valleys is the exposure of steepened rock slopes which have been identified as gravitationally unstable areas. Lateral stress release resulting from glacial oversteepening of the valley and ice melting (debuttressing) has been frequently recognized as a major cause triggering rock slope failure in deglaciated areas. A time lag between deglaciation and instabilities' initiation may however exist and depends on the mechanical characteristics of the rock mass which are controlled by its lithology and structural framework. External factors like tectonic stresses, earthquakes or climatic changes could also trigger them. The present work aims at understanding how geomorphological evolution of a glacial valley is linked to the initiation and localization of gravitational instabilities. To achieve such a goal, I focused on the lower Romanche valley, situated in the Southern part of the Belledonne massif. The Belledonne massif, one of the Paleozoic external crystalline massifs of the French Alps, extends over more than 120 km in a N30 direction. Its basement is constituted by a complex of different metamorphic rocks (gneisses, amphibolites and micaschists). This substratum is covered by non-metamorphic detrital sediments. The Belledonne massif is divided in two major tectonic domains, the external domain to the west and the internal one to the east. These two blocks are separated by a major Late Paleozoic sub-vertical fault so-called Belledonne Middle Fault (BMF). The southern part of the Belledonne massif is carved by the east-west trending lower Romanche River. The slopes of this glacial valley, which went through glaciation and deglaciation phases during Quaternary, show many signs of gravitational destabilization. Of major concern is the large Séchilienne landslide whose more active part corresponds to several million cubic meters. In order to evaluate the main processes controlling the localization and the initiation of the gravitational instabilities in this zone, a multidisciplinary study coupling geological, morphological, geophysical and chronological data was conducted at different spatial scales. The geomorphological and structural study of the massif, performed from surface morphological investigation and from outcrops' measurements, reveals that all the mass movements are localized in the micaschists which are characterized by lower mechanical properties and by a structural framework differing from the one observed in the amphibolites. Lithological and structural characteristics are thus significant factors in the localization of these instabilities. Moreover, an inherited N80 sinistral strike-slip fault zone so-called Séchilienne Fault Zone (SFZ) was identified on the right bank of the amphibolite gorges just upstream Séchilienne village. The extension to the West of the Séchilienne Fault Zone is confirmed by the Belledonne Middle Fault eastward shift determined by electrical tomography. Seismic and electrical data also revealed a significant glacial overdeepening of the valley in the micaschists which mainly results from the Quaternary glacial erosion across a major lithological contrast magnified by the intersection of these two inherited structures. This overdeepening created a major redistribution of stresses within the rock mass where the instabilities are localized, which shows the role of glacial erosive control. However, this erosive process, associated with the debuttressing of the massif and the litho-structural characteristics, has apparently not been sufficient to trigger gravitational instabilities. Indeed, cosmic ray exposure data acquired from vertical sampling profiles along the Séchilienne and Fau Laurent head scarp provide chronological constraints on the failure time of these major alpine landslides. Exposure ages at 1,100 m a.s.l. in the Mont Sec head scarp area indicate that the glacier retreated at least at 16.6 ± 0.6 Be ka and that the onset of theses landslides began between 5.0 and 7.8 Be ka. Comparing the date of the rock slopes' failure initiation to the estimated age of total downwastage of the valley yields a minimal pre-failure endurance of 5,400 years. High spatial resolution cosmic ray exposure data collected on vertical profiles also provide an innovative contribution to understand the Séchilienne landslide kinematics during the Holocene. Results show the Séchilienne head scarp exposure to be progressive from failure initiation to present with an increase of the exposure rate between 2.3 and 1 ka up to around 1.1 cm/year. After this acceleration phase, the exposure rates are similar to those obtained by present day monitoring. Moreover, the initiation phase of the Séchilienne and Fau Laurent landslides occurred during the Holocene Climatic Optimum, a warmer and wetter interval. This result suggests that the hydrological external factor seems to have played and still play a significant, triggering or worsening, role on the landslides' failure in the glacial Romanche Valley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2011
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37. La localisation et la magnitude du séisme du 5 février 1663 (Charlevoix) revues à l'aide des mouvements de terrain.
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Locat, Jacques
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EARTHQUAKES ,LANDSLIDES ,EMPIRICAL research ,PALEOSEISMOLOGY ,EARTHQUAKE intensity ,EARTHQUAKE magnitude - Abstract
Copyright of Canadian Geotechnical Journal is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2011
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38. Caractérisation de la structure interne et de l'état hydrique de glissements argilo-marneux par tomographie géophysique : l'exemple du glissement-coulée de Super-Sauze (Alpes du Sud, France)
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Grandjean, Gilles, Pennetier, Céline, Bitri, Adnan, Meric, Ombeline, and Malet, Jean-Philippe
- Subjects
- *
LANDSLIDES , *SEISMOLOGY , *SURVEYING (Engineering) , *EARTHFLOWS , *FRACTURE mechanics - Abstract
Abstract: Geophysical methods such as seismic surveying and electrical resistivity imaging appear to be well-adapted to investigate and understand landslide mechanisms. They allow direct and non-intrusive measurement of acoustic velocity and electrical resistivity, two fundamental parameters used to define the physical properties of the reworked moving materials. Both methods were applied at the Super-Sauze site in the French South Alps, where a typical example of an intra-material earthflow-mudslide can be observed. Measurements were taken simultaneously along two orthogonal profiles: one 325 m in length is perpendicular to the axis of the earthflow; the other 235 m in length is located along the axis of the earthflow. The results show a correlation between the seismic and electrical resistivity data, confirming that the simultaneous use of both methods gives complementary information about landslide mechanisms. The seismic data provide information on fracture density variations, whereas the electrical resistivity data provide information on water content variations. To cite this article: G. Grandjean et al., C. R. Geoscience 338 (2006). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2006
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39. Les dépôts morainiques holocènes de la zone axiale pyrénéenne: approche déterministe de leur instabilitéà Verdun sur Ariège, (Pyrénées centrales, France).
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Fabre, R., Lebourg, T., and Clément, B.
- Abstract
Copyright of Bulletin of Engineering Geology & the Environment is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2000
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40. Forçage sismique et déclenchement des mouvements de terrain : apport du suivi de glissements de terrain lents dans la vallée de la Colca, Pérou
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Bontemps, Noélie, Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Université Grenoble Alpes, Eric Larose, Pascal Lacroix, Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-PRES Université de Grenoble-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), and STAR, ABES
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Rainfalls ,Mouvements de terrains ,Séries temporelles ,Précipitations ,Sismologie ,[SDU.STU.AG] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Applied geology ,Time-Series ,Earthquakes ,Optical satellites ,Séismes ,[SDU.STU.AG]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Applied geology ,Seismology ,Landslides ,Satellites optiques - Abstract
Landslides are the first secondary effect of earthquakes. Statistical analysis of regional inventories of earthquake-triggered-landslides after large earthquakes (Mw> 6.6) reveal a complex interaction between seismic shaking and rainfall. The consequence of this interaction is an increase of the landslide triggering rate for several months and even years after a large event. Even though a large amount of observation are available, the identification and the quantification of the different processes impacting landslide kinematics during and after an earthquake are very limited, due mainly to a lack of in situ monitoring. The main goal of this thesis is to study these mechanisms in regions where earthquakes and precipitations can be interdependent. To this purpose, we focused on slow-moving landslides, on which we can monitor physical processes of the gravitational dynamic with time.The studied slow-moving landslides are located in the Colca Valley, south Peru. This area presents several advantages: (1) several active slow-moving landslides are active, (2) the region is seismically very active and (3) the precipitations are seasonal.The first approach consists in studying the kinematic response of several slow-moving landslides to the same forcings. A method coming from the InSAR data processing has been adapted to compute time series of displacement fields, thanks to the inversion of satellite optical images. This allows us to go back as far as 28 years in the past in terms of displacements in the Colca Valley. We show the possible impact of a local Mw 5.4 earthquake in 1991 on the kinematics of the Maca landslide. Our results suggest a double effect of the earthquake, with a co- and post-seismic acceleration (, Les mouvements de terrain sont le premier risque naturel secondaire lié aux séismes. L’analyse des inventaires de glissements de terrain rapides déclenchés par de larges séismes (Mw>6,6) a par ailleurs révélé une interaction complexe entre les secousses sismiques et les précipitations. Cette interaction s'exprime notamment par un nombre plus important de glissements déclenchés dans les mois voire les années qui suivent un séisme de forte magnitude. Malgré toutes les observations existantes, l’identification et la quantification des différents processus impactant la cinématique des glissements de terrain lors de séismes restent limitées par manque de données in situ. Le but principal de cette thèse est ainsi d'étudier ces mécanismes dans les régions où les forçages sismiques et pluviométriques peuvent être interdépendants. Pour répondre à cette problématique, nous nous sommes intéressés aux mouvements de terrain lents, sur lesquels on peut suivre des grandeurs physiques de la dynamique gravitaire au cours du temps.Ces travaux se centrent sur l'étude des mouvements de terrain dans la vallée de la Colca, au sud Pérou, qui présente divers avantages : (1) plusieurs glissements de terrain lents s’y sont développés, (2) la région est sismiquement très active et (3) les précipitations y sont saisonnières.Une première approche consiste à étudier la réponse cinématique de plusieurs glissements de terrain lents aux mêmes forçages. Une méthode provenant de l'InSAR a été adaptée pour restituer des séries temporelles de champ de déplacement du sol, grâce à l’inversion de corrélations d’images optiques satellitaires. Cela nous a permis de remonter à plus de 28 ans d’histoire de mouvement du sol dans la vallée de la Colca. Les résultats montrent un impact d’un séisme local de magnitude Mw 5,4 en 1991 sur la cinématique du glissement de terrain de Maca. Nos résultats suggèrent un double effet du séisme, avec une accélération des déplacements de manière co- et post-sismique (
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- 2019
41. Topographic site effects, weakening and erosion in seismically active mountain belt
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Rault, Claire, Laboratoire de géologie de l'ENS (LGENS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres, Hélène Lyon-Caen, and Patrick Meunier
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Effets de site ,Érosion ,Erosion ,Statistical analysis ,Earthquakes ,Site effects ,Analyse statistique ,Modèle de Coulomb ,[SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences ,Séismes ,Landslides ,Coulomb model ,Glissements de terrain - Abstract
Landslides are a major natural hazard that cause significant damages and casualties to people. Earthquakes are one of their main triggers in active mountain belts. In epicentral area, the passage of seismic-waves that disrupt the stress-field, leads the slope stability threshold to be exceeded. Co-seismic slope failure probability thus depends on complex interactions between the ground-motion and the slope geology and geometry. A few seismic data are available on mountain slopes and the resolution of ground-motion models is generally low. Yet strong variation of ground-motion from one ridge to another can be felt due to site effects. We document site effects across topography and show the complexity of slope responses to earthquakes using a seismic network set across a Taiwanese ridge. Six broadband seismometers were set along the profile of this 3km wide ridge. From March 2015 to June 2016, more than 2200 earthquakes (magnitude Ml>3 and hypocentral distance3, distance hypocentrale
- Published
- 2019
42. Étude du comportement post-rupture de versants instables par l’observation et l’instrumentation
- Author
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Palis, Édouard, Géoazur (GEOAZUR 7329), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Université Côte d'Azur, Thomas Lebourg, Emmanuel Tric, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA), STAR, ABES, and COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])
- Subjects
Suivi temporel ,Hydrogéologie ,Electrical tomography ,Multi-parameters ,Tomographie électrique ,Monitoring ,[SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences ,Hydrogeology ,[SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences ,Observation ,Landslides ,Glissements de terrain ,Multi-paramètres - Abstract
Gravity processes occur at many scales of time and space in the evolution of landforms’ morphology. Their understanding is subtle and complex and it is fundamental to consider the management of the risks associated with these destructive phenomena. Indeed, the intrinsic characteristics of the studied slopes are specific and the external factors acting on the dynamics of the destabilization present a wide range of temporalities and intensities. In order to understand how these forcings influence the behavior of slope instabilities, a systemic approach has been adopted in this work to put into perspective all the processes involved in the temporal evolution of their behaviors. Through two study cases located in the Alpes Maritimes (La Clapière at Saint-Etienne-de-Tinée and the Prat de Julian at Vence, France), real natural observatories with several years of multi-parameter monitoring, we were able to clarify the ability of instrumental observation to determine key behavioral parameters controlling the dynamic evolution of unstable slopes. Multivariate analyzes integrating the surface (displacements, deformations, disturbances) and internal state (groundwater level, electrical resistivity of the subsurface) allowed to quantify the links between the behavioral state of the studied slope and the meteorological contributions. This work finally highlights the importance of multi-parameter observational studies in the development of descriptive and predictive models, as well as the alert systems associated with these major risks., Les processus gravitaires dans l’évolution de la morphologie des reliefs se produisent à de nombreuses échelles de temps et d’espace. Leur compréhension, fondamentale pour envisager la gestion des risques associés à ces phénomènes destructeurs, est subtile et complexe. En effet, les caractéristiques intrinsèques aux versants étudiés sont spécifiques et les facteurs externes agissant sur la dynamique de la déstabilisation présentent des temporalités et des intensités très variées. Afin de comprendre comment ces forçages influencent le comportement des instabilités de versant, une approche systémique a été adoptée dans ce travail pour mettre en perspective l’ensemble des processus en jeu dans l’évolution temporelle de leurs comportements. A travers deux cas d’étude situés dans les Alpes Maritimes (La Clapière à Saint-Etienne-de-Tinée et le Prat de Julian à Vence), véritables observatoires naturels disposant de plusieurs années de suivi multi-paramètres, la faculté de l’observation instrumentale à déterminer des paramètres comportementaux clés contrôlant l’évolution dynamique des versants instables a été explicitée. Des analyses multivariées intégrant l’état de surface (déplacements, déformations, perturbations) et interne (niveau piézométrique, résistivité électrique de la subsurface) ont permis de quantifier les liens entre l’état comportemental du versant étudié et les contributions météorologiques. Ce travail met finalement en avant l’importance des études observationnelles multi-paramètres dans l’élaboration des modèles descriptifs et prédictifs, ainsi que les systèmes d’alerte associés à ces risques majeurs.
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- 2017
43. STUDY OF THE RISKS OF GROUND MOVEMENTS IN THE SAFI REGION (MOROCCO): GEOMATIC, GEOPHYSICAL AND GEOSTATISTICAL APPROACH
- Author
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Boualla, Othmane, Université Chouaib Doukkali (UCD), Université Chouaïb Doukkali El Jadida (Maroc), Khalid Mehdi, and BOUALLA, OTHMANE
- Subjects
landslides ,Cartographie ,geophysics ,Mouvements de terrain ,[SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph] ,Safi region ,[SDU.STU.GP] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph] ,karst ,mapping ,Région de Safi ,Géophysique ,Karstification - Abstract
Safi region is part of the coastal Mesta. A Meso-Cenozoic sedimentary cover laying on a primary bedrock characterizes this region. These kinds of mainly carbonated and gypsiferous formations are susceptible to the karstification phenomenon. The latter represents a major geological risk in Safi region with respect to infrastructure, population and agricultural land. This issue has attracted the attention of policymakers to find the best methodologies and solutions to draw such prevention plans as susceptibility maps to ground movements, which can be taken into account in the future development plans.With regard to this problematic, the present thesis research aims at studying and mapping of collapses and landslides in relation to karst in Safi region. In order to achieve this objective, this work was based on two main approaches; mapping and geophysical prospection.The mapping approach was based firstly on mapping the inventory of landslides and collapse sinkholes. To do this, field missions were undertaken to identify different types of landslides. The movements thus identified were classified according to an internationally adopted classification. Next, a database of the different types of movements was created in a geographic information system (GIS) with the objective to determine the spatial distribution of non-flat surfaces susceptible to movements. In addition to the field missions, an establishment of inventory maps was based on visual and stereoscopic interpretation of aerial photographs as well as on the analysis of satellite images. Five types of inventory maps were generated: rockslides, rock falls, debris flow, topple maps and collapse sinkhole maps.The resulting inventory maps were then crossed with the predisposing factors for each of the spotted landslides. This operation was conducted using a bivariate statistical approach: the Matrix Method GIS (GMM). This method, being widely and internationally used, has established several susceptibility maps for different types of ground movements. One of the originalities of the present work is the application of this approach to the construction of the collapse sinkhole susceptibility map.The geophysical approach is based on performing multiple profiles of electric resistivity tomography in two sectors of the study area affected by collapse. The objective is to map the spatial extent and depth of underground cavities that could collapse. The results obtained show that the disorder observed in the surface is mainly due to the presence of underground cavities related to gypsiferous deep karst and carbonated surface karst in the south and north of the study area, respectively. On the basis of the obtained results in this thesis, the movements observed in the study area are mainly due to the presence of carbonated and gypsiferous karst formations. The morphology of the land accompanied by the neotectonic effect also plays a decisive role in the distribution of landslides and collapse sinkholes. Indeed, the coastal cliffs are the most likely areas to undergo different types of landslides. In addition, the boundary between the Sahel and the plains of Doukkala- Abda, in the north of the study area, is most likely to know collapse sinkholes.As for the south, the results show that the karst depressions, like poljes, are most likely to have collapse sinkholes. These collapses are aligned with preferred directions which usually coincide with the directions of the major tectonic accidents in the region; Alpine, to the south, and Hercynian, to the north., La région de Safi fait partie de la meseta côtière. Cette région est caractérisée par une couverture sédimentaire Méso-cénozoïque déposée sur un substratum primaire. Ces formations de nature principalement carbonatée et gypsifère sont susceptibles au phénomène de la karstification. Cette dernière représente un risque géologique majeur dans la région de Safi vis-à-vis les infrastructures, la population et les terrains agricoles. Cette problématique a attiré l’attention des décideurs de la région pour trouver les meilleures méthodologies et solutions en vue de tracer un plan de prévention sous forme de cartes de susceptibilité aux mouvements de terrains, qui peuvent être prises en considération dans les futurs plans d’aménagement.Au vue de cette problématique, l’objectif de ce travail de thèse s’est focalisé sur l’étude et la cartographie des effondrements et des glissements de terrain, en relation avec la karstification, dans la région de Safi (les Abda). Pour répondre à cet objectif, ce travail a été basé sur deux principales approches ; la cartographie et la prospection géophysique.L’approche cartographique s’est appuyée premièrement sur la cartographie de l’inventaire des glissements de terrain et des dolines d’effondrement. Pour ce faire, des missions de terrain ont été réalisées pour repérer les différents types de mouvements de terrain. Les mouvements ainsi repérés ont été classés selon une classification adoptée à l’échelle internationale. Ensuite, une base de données regroupant les différents types de mouvements a été créée dans un Système d’Information Géographique (SIG), l’objectif est de déterminer la répartition spatiale des terrains instables susceptibles aux mouvements. Outre les missions de terrain, l’établissement des cartes d’inventaire s’est basé sur l’interprétation visuelle et stéréoscopique des photographies aériennes ainsi que sur l’analyse des images satellites. Cinque type de cartes d’inventaires ont été générées : carte des glissements rocheux, carte des éboulements rocheux, carte des basculements rocheux, carte des écoulements de débris et enfin carte des dolines d’effondrement.Les cartes d’inventaire obtenues ont été, ensuite, croisées avec les facteurs de prédisposition pour chaque type de mouvements de terrain repéré. Cette opération a été conduite à l’aide d’une approche statistique bivariée appelée la Méthode de la Matrice par SIG (GMM). Cette méthode, largement utilisée à l’échelle internationale, a permis d’établir différentes cartes de susceptibilité aux différents types de mouvements de terrain. L’une des originalités de ce travail, est l’application de cette approche pour la construction de la carte de susceptibilité aux dolines d’effondrement.L’approche géophysique s’est basée sur l’exécution de plusieurs profils de Tomographie de Résistivités Electriques dans deux secteurs de la région d’étude, affectée par les effondrements. L’objectif est la cartographie de l’extension spatiale et en profondeur des cavités souterraines susceptibles de s’effondrer. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que le désordre observé en surface est dû principalement à la présence des cavités souterraines liées au karst gypsifère profond et au karst carbonaté superficiel respectivement au sud et au nord de la zone d’étude.A la lumière des résultats obtenus dans ce travail de thèse, les mouvements observés dans la région d’étude sont dû principalement à la présence de formations karstiques carbonatées et gypsifères. La morphologie du terrain accompagnée par l’effet de la néotectonique joue, également, un rôle déterminant dans la répartition des glissements de terrain et des dolines d’effondrement. En effet, les falaises côtières sont les zones les plus susceptibles aux différents types de glissements de terrain. En addition, la limite entre le Sahel et la plaine des Doukkala-Abda, dans le nord de la région d’étude, est la plus susceptible aux dolines d’effondrement. Tandis que vers le sud, les résultats obtenus ont montré que les dépressions karstiques, comme les poljés, sont les plus susceptibles aux dolines d’effondrement. Ces dernières, sont alignées selon des directions préférentielles qui coïncident généralement avec les directions des accidents tectoniques majeurs dans la région ; alpines vers le sud et hercyniennes vers le nord.
- Published
- 2016
44. L’érosion et l’altération en Himalaya et leur évolution depuis le tardi-pléistocène : analyse des processus d’érosion à partir de sédiments de rivière actuels et passés au Népal central
- Author
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Morin, Guillaume, Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lorraine, Christian France-Lanord, and Jérôme Lavé
- Subjects
Glissements de terrains ,Weathering ,Climate ,Altération ,Climat ,Hydratation ,Hydration ,Météorisation (géomorphologie) ,[SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences ,Human impact ,Sédiments (géologie) -- Transport ,Transport sédimentaire ,Transition climatique ,Erosion ,Climatic transition ,Glaciers ,Impact anthropogénique ,Landslides ,Sedimentary transport - Abstract
Accès restreint aux membres de l'Université de Lorraine jusqu'au 2017-02-26; Chemical weathering and physical erosion of the continental crust mobilise huge amounts of both solid and dissolved material. As the first sediment generator on the Earth, the Himalayan range releases around 1 Gt/y of sediment into the ocean. The relative influence of the different factors that control the eroded fluxes and the importance of the erosion processes (such as landslides, glaciers, soils) are as yet poorly understood. The same is true of the climatic factors, especially regarding their impact during climatic transition periods. In order to address those questions, this work focuses on comparing the geochemical composition of erosion products to the composition of present river sediment and of sedimentary records in the Ganga Plain. A first budget of the erosion processes was done on a small scale in the Khudi catchment of Higher Himalaya. The total present-day erosion is considerable, at around 3 mm/y and takes place during the monsoon. It is mainly linked to the soils erosion and more importantly to the intense activity of a landsliding area. The development of a new method for the destruction of organic matter enabled the use of silicates hydration as a tracer for soils. Based on this method, a mathematical inversion of the sediment compositions was performed. It highlights that the landslide is responsible for ~80% of the overall physical erosion. The soil erosion is minor and is comparable to the erosion rates measured in the neighbouring catchments. The chemical erosion leads to a dissolved flux of 7.9 kt/y (corresponding to an erosion rate of 0.02mm/y) and seems to come from the bedrock deep weathering. Nevertheless, the dissolved fluxes also appear to be linked with the particles fluxes during the monsoon. This suggests an additional weathering of the sediment during the fluvial transport. A similar approach was used on a larger scale in the Narayani catchment that drains the whole of Central Nepal. Through ADCP-based current measurements combined with deep sediment sampling, a model for sedimentary transport was used to integrate the deep sediment fluxes. The average catchment-scale erosion rate was then corrected to a value of ~1.7 mm/y, close to the long-term erosion rates. A geochemical system that combines the measurement of the [delta]D of silicates and the concentrations of carbonates was found to be a diagnosis tracer for glacial erosion in the northern part of the catchment. The organic matter ratio was used as a tracer for soils. The temporal analysis of sediment fluxes, as well as the sediment composition and granulometry showed that only a small fraction (< 20%) of the sediment comes from glacial and soils erosion. Over the whole Central Nepal, the physical erosion seems also to be dominated by the landslides that are triggered during the monsoon. The large Narayani-Gandak alluvial fan is located at the river mouth and can be used as a record of the recent history of Central Nepal erosion. Three drillings were done in this fan to enable the study of the evolution of Himalayan weathering and erosion during the Late Pleistocene. The sedimentary deposits display a surprising stability in their geochemistry, their sources and their weathering stage for the last ~45 ky. The erosion intensity derived from cosmogenic nuclides is the only feature that seems to have risen during Holocene. However, the very recent evolution of the erosion distribution in the range is characterised by an increase (x3) of the proportion of products coming from the lower, more densely populated areas. This shows that the anthropogenic activities have had a larger impact on the erosion than the last Pleistocene-Holocene transition, especially through the rapid growth of the road network during the last decade.; L’altération chimique et l’érosion physique de la croûte continentale mobilisent de grandes quantités de matière sous formes solide et dissoute. Première productrice de sédiments sur le globe, la chaîne Himalayenne délivre ~1 Gt/a de sédiments aux océans. L'importance des différents facteurs qui contrôlent les flux érodés et celle des processus d’érosion (glaciers, glissements de terrain, sols) sont pourtant encore mal définies. Il en va ainsi des facteurs climatiques, en particulier de leur impact au cours des transitions climatiques. Afin de répondre à ces questions, ce travail s’attache à comparer la composition géochimique des produits de l’érosion à celles des sédiments actuels de rivière et des archives sédimentaires de la plaine du Gange. Un premier bilan des processus d’érosion a été établi petite échelle dans le bassin Haut-Himalayan de la Khudi. L’érosion actuelle conséquente de ce bassin de ~3mm/a se produit lors de la mousson, correspond pour l'essentiel à l’érosion des sols et surtout à l'intense activité d'une zone de glissement de terrain. Grâce au développement d'une nouvelle méthode de destruction de la matière organique, la mesure de l’hydratation des silicates a pu être utilisée comme traceur inédit des sols. Sur cette base, l’inversion des compositions des sédiments de la rivière démontre que l’érosion physique est dominée à ~80% par le glissement de terrain, l’érosion de sols étant mineure et comparable aux taux d’érosion des autres bassins alentours. L’érosion chimique qui conduit à un flux d'éléments dissous de 7.9 kt/a (soit une érosion équivalente de 0.02 mm/a) semble dériver de l’altération profonde du substrat rocheux. Néanmoins les flux d'éléments dissous dessinent également une relation marquée avec les flux particulaires durant la mousson, suggérant une altération additionnelle des sédiments au cours du transport fluvial. Une approche similaire a ensuite été menée à l’échelle plus vaste du bassin de la Narayani drainant l’ensemble du Népal central. Grâce à des mesures de courant par ADCP combinées à l’échantillonnage de sédiments en profondeur, un modèle de transport sédimentaire a été utilisé pour intégrer les flux sédimentaires en profondeur et ainsi réviser le taux d’érosion moyen sur le bassin versant à une valeur de ~1.7 mm/a, proche des taux d'érosion long-terme. Un système géochimique associant la mesure du [delta]D des silicates associée aux concentrations en carbonate s’est révélé un traceur diagnostique de l’érosion glaciaire dans le Nord du bassin, tandis que la teneur en matière organique du sédiment a pu être utilisée comme traceur des sols. L’analyse temporelle des flux de sédiments, de leur composition et du signal granulométrique, a ainsi permis d’établir que seule une faible fraction des sédiments (
- Published
- 2015
45. Ressources en eau et glissements de terrain : exemple du bassin versant de la Semoigne (bassin de Paris, France)
- Author
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Bollot, Nicolas, Devos, Alain, Pierre, Guillaume, Groupe d'Étude sur les Géomatériaux et Environnements Naturels, Anthropiques et Archéologiques - EA 3795 (GEGENAA), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Maison des Sciences Humaines de Champagne-Ardenne (MSH-URCA), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), and Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)
- Subjects
landslides ,chronologie ,Semoigne catchment ,ressources en eau ,glissements de terrain ,Semoigne ,[SDU.STU.GM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geomorphology ,[SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology ,water resources ,chronology ,bassin versant - Abstract
International audience; The old landslides of the Semoigne catchment exhibit superficial reactivations, which mechanism is not well-known, in particular the water pathway within the internal body of the landslide. Hydrological approach is based on the identification of the aquifer levels, the cartography of the springs and the spatial characteristics of the water resources derived from serial hydrological measures. Cross-correlation of hydrological and geomorphological data points out the interactions between aquifer and mass movement. The draining of the aquifer essentially occurs in the lower Semoigne valley, where large inherited landslides remain. If cataglacial period account for hydrological excess leading to slope failure, Holocene reactivations are also linked with groundwater supply rather than with infiltration of rain water.; Dans le bassin versant de la Semoigne, les glissements de terrain anciens connaissent des réactivations superficielles, dont le fonctionnement, notamment en ce qui concerne la circulation de l'eau en leur sein, est peu connu. Une approche hydrologique, basée sur l'identification des niveaux aquifères, la cartographie des sources et la spatialisation des ressources en eau à partir de campagnes de mesures sérielles, croisée à une cartographie géomorphologique, permet de préciser les interactions entre aquifères et glissements de terrain. Les résultats montrent que la vidange aquifère s'effectue essentiellement dans la vallée de la Semoigne qui concentre, dans sa partie aval, les volumineux glissements de terrain hérités d'une période cataglaciaire à surplus hydrologique marqué. Les réactivations holocènes sont également corrélées à la vidange aquifère plutôt qu'à l'infiltration directe des précipitations. .
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Erosion and weathering in the Himalaya and their evolution since Late Pleistocene: Analysis of erosion processes from past and present river sediment in Central Nepal
- Author
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Morin, Guillaume, UL, Thèses, Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lorraine, Christian France-Lanord, and Jérôme Lavé
- Subjects
Glissements de terrains ,Weathering ,Climate ,Altération ,Climat ,Hydratation ,[SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences ,Hydration ,Météorisation (géomorphologie) ,Human impact ,Sédiments (géologie) -- Transport ,Transport sédimentaire ,Transition climatique ,Erosion ,[SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences ,Climatic transition ,Glaciers ,Impact anthropogénique ,Landslides ,Sedimentary transport - Abstract
Chemical weathering and physical erosion of the continental crust mobilise huge amounts of both solid and dissolved material. As the first sediment generator on the Earth, the Himalayan range releases around 1 Gt/y of sediment into the ocean. The relative influence of the different factors that control the eroded fluxes and the importance of the erosion processes (such as landslides, glaciers, soils) are as yet poorly understood. The same is true of the climatic factors, especially regarding their impact during climatic transition periods. In order to address those questions, this work focuses on comparing the geochemical composition of erosion products to the composition of present river sediment and of sedimentary records in the Ganga Plain. A first budget of the erosion processes was done on a small scale in the Khudi catchment of Higher Himalaya. The total present-day erosion is considerable, at around 3 mm/y and takes place during the monsoon. It is mainly linked to the soils erosion and more importantly to the intense activity of a landsliding area. The development of a new method for the destruction of organic matter enabled the use of silicates hydration as a tracer for soils. Based on this method, a mathematical inversion of the sediment compositions was performed. It highlights that the landslide is responsible for ~80% of the overall physical erosion. The soil erosion is minor and is comparable to the erosion rates measured in the neighbouring catchments. The chemical erosion leads to a dissolved flux of 7.9 kt/y (corresponding to an erosion rate of 0.02mm/y) and seems to come from the bedrock deep weathering. Nevertheless, the dissolved fluxes also appear to be linked with the particles fluxes during the monsoon. This suggests an additional weathering of the sediment during the fluvial transport. A similar approach was used on a larger scale in the Narayani catchment that drains the whole of Central Nepal. Through ADCP-based current measurements combined with deep sediment sampling, a model for sedimentary transport was used to integrate the deep sediment fluxes. The average catchment-scale erosion rate was then corrected to a value of ~1.7 mm/y, close to the long-term erosion rates. A geochemical system that combines the measurement of the [delta]D of silicates and the concentrations of carbonates was found to be a diagnosis tracer for glacial erosion in the northern part of the catchment. The organic matter ratio was used as a tracer for soils. The temporal analysis of sediment fluxes, as well as the sediment composition and granulometry showed that only a small fraction (< 20%) of the sediment comes from glacial and soils erosion. Over the whole Central Nepal, the physical erosion seems also to be dominated by the landslides that are triggered during the monsoon. The large Narayani-Gandak alluvial fan is located at the river mouth and can be used as a record of the recent history of Central Nepal erosion. Three drillings were done in this fan to enable the study of the evolution of Himalayan weathering and erosion during the Late Pleistocene. The sedimentary deposits display a surprising stability in their geochemistry, their sources and their weathering stage for the last ~45 ky. The erosion intensity derived from cosmogenic nuclides is the only feature that seems to have risen during Holocene. However, the very recent evolution of the erosion distribution in the range is characterised by an increase (x3) of the proportion of products coming from the lower, more densely populated areas. This shows that the anthropogenic activities have had a larger impact on the erosion than the last Pleistocene-Holocene transition, especially through the rapid growth of the road network during the last decade., L’altération chimique et l’érosion physique de la croûte continentale mobilisent de grandes quantités de matière sous formes solide et dissoute. Première productrice de sédiments sur le globe, la chaîne Himalayenne délivre ~1 Gt/a de sédiments aux océans. L'importance des différents facteurs qui contrôlent les flux érodés et celle des processus d’érosion (glaciers, glissements de terrain, sols) sont pourtant encore mal définies. Il en va ainsi des facteurs climatiques, en particulier de leur impact au cours des transitions climatiques. Afin de répondre à ces questions, ce travail s’attache à comparer la composition géochimique des produits de l’érosion à celles des sédiments actuels de rivière et des archives sédimentaires de la plaine du Gange. Un premier bilan des processus d’érosion a été établi petite échelle dans le bassin Haut-Himalayan de la Khudi. L’érosion actuelle conséquente de ce bassin de ~3mm/a se produit lors de la mousson, correspond pour l'essentiel à l’érosion des sols et surtout à l'intense activité d'une zone de glissement de terrain. Grâce au développement d'une nouvelle méthode de destruction de la matière organique, la mesure de l’hydratation des silicates a pu être utilisée comme traceur inédit des sols. Sur cette base, l’inversion des compositions des sédiments de la rivière démontre que l’érosion physique est dominée à ~80% par le glissement de terrain, l’érosion de sols étant mineure et comparable aux taux d’érosion des autres bassins alentours. L’érosion chimique qui conduit à un flux d'éléments dissous de 7.9 kt/a (soit une érosion équivalente de 0.02 mm/a) semble dériver de l’altération profonde du substrat rocheux. Néanmoins les flux d'éléments dissous dessinent également une relation marquée avec les flux particulaires durant la mousson, suggérant une altération additionnelle des sédiments au cours du transport fluvial. Une approche similaire a ensuite été menée à l’échelle plus vaste du bassin de la Narayani drainant l’ensemble du Népal central. Grâce à des mesures de courant par ADCP combinées à l’échantillonnage de sédiments en profondeur, un modèle de transport sédimentaire a été utilisé pour intégrer les flux sédimentaires en profondeur et ainsi réviser le taux d’érosion moyen sur le bassin versant à une valeur de ~1.7 mm/a, proche des taux d'érosion long-terme. Un système géochimique associant la mesure du [delta]D des silicates associée aux concentrations en carbonate s’est révélé un traceur diagnostique de l’érosion glaciaire dans le Nord du bassin, tandis que la teneur en matière organique du sédiment a pu être utilisée comme traceur des sols. L’analyse temporelle des flux de sédiments, de leur composition et du signal granulométrique, a ainsi permis d’établir que seule une faible fraction des sédiments (
- Published
- 2015
47. Cartographie de la susceptibilité aux glissements de terrain dans la région de Nova Friburgo (Etat de Rio de Janeiro, Brésil). Une étape vers l’évaluation et la gestion du risque
- Author
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Clément Piel, François Bétard, Nicolas Delbart, Pôle de recherche pour l'organisation et la diffusion de l'information géographique (PRODIG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Sorbonne (UP4)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), Bétard, François, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris-Sorbonne (UP4)-AgroParisTech-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris-Sorbonne (UP4)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
[SDU.STU.GM] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geomorphology ,[SHS.GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography ,Geography, Planning and Development ,glissement de terrain ,aléa naturel ,[SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography ,SIG ,[SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society ,évaluation du risque ,GIS (Geographic Information System) ,Brésil ,[SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences ,SIG (Système d’information géographique) ,Natural hazard ,13. Climate action ,glissements de terrain ,[SDU.STU.GM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geomorphology ,[SHS] Humanities and Social Sciences ,[SDE.ES] Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society ,Landslides ,Brazil ,susceptibilité ,Earth-Surface Processes ,Risk assessment - Abstract
Les glissements de terrain sont considérés comme un risque majeur au Brésil, comme en témoigne la catastrophe récente de janvier 2011 dans l’État de Rio de Janeiro, faisant plus de 1500 victimes et causant de nombreux dégâts aux infrastructures urbaines et rurales de la région. En vue d’une meilleure gestion du risque, les décideurs doivent pouvoir disposer de cartes de susceptibilité, leur permettant d’identifier les zones de leur territoire où de nouveaux glissements de terrain auront une plus forte probabilité de se déclencher dans le futur. Cette étude propose de tester une méthode de cartographie prédictive de la susceptibilité aux glissements dans la zone de Nova Friburgo – l’une des plus touchées par la catastrophe de janvier 2011 – en utilisant une approche probabiliste basée sur un modèle d’analyse spatiale bivariée (théorie de l’évidence). Après une procédure de calage et de validation statistique du modèle construit comme une combinaison de facteurs de prédisposition à l’occurrence de glissement de terrain, les résultats ont permis de réaliser une carte de la susceptibilité finale en cinq classes et d’interpréter le poids respectif de chacun des facteurs utilisés comme variables explicatives. Landslides constitute a major natural hazard in Brazil, as recently shown by the disaster of January 2011 in the Rio de Janeira State that caused more than 1,500 deaths and extensive damage to the urban and rural infrastructures of the region. With the aim of improving risk management, stakeholders and policymakers must have access to landslide susceptibility maps, allowing them to identify areas of their territory where new landslides have a higher probability of being triggered in the future. This study proposes to test a method of landslide susceptibility mapping in the Nova Friburgo area - one of the most affected by the disaster of January 2011 - using an indirect approach based on a bivariate probabilistic model (weight of evidence). After a procedure of calibration/validation of the model, the results led to the completion of a final susceptibility map with five classes and also offer the opportunity to interpret the respective weight of predisposing factors used as predictive variables.
- Published
- 2014
48. Landslides and erosion of mountain ranges: Case study in Central Himalayas
- Author
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Gallo, Florian, UL, Thèses, Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lorraine, Jérôme Lavé, and Christian France-Lanord
- Subjects
Erosion ,Altération (géologie) ,Weathering ,Climate ,Altération ,Climat ,Glissements de terrain-Himalaya ,[SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences ,[SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences ,Géomorphologie-Effets du climat ,Landslides ,Glissements de terrain ,Érosion-Himalaya - Abstract
Landscape evolution is at the heart of a complex system of interactions between tectonics, climate and erosion. While the influence of climate on erosion rates is still debated, mountainous areas are a priori particularly sensitive to climatic changes. In order to better understand these interactions, it is of fundamental importance to quantify the importance of each erosion process, in addition to their sensitivity to rainfall. Among the erosion processes, landslides represent a major, unpredictable and often catastrophic, phenomenon that can involve considerable volumes of rocks. Many previous works have shown that landslides are the primary agent of hillslope erosion in the unglaciated valleys of the Himalayas. From this point of view, the aim of this work is to better constrain landslide evolution and dynamics in the central Himalayas, and their role in the erosion of this mountain range, on different timescales. The Khudi Khola catchment, in central Nepal, displays a large landsliding zone that has been active for several decades, in a context of intense erosion. This characteristic provides the opportunity to study this landslide in detail, from timescales ranging from an hour to several decades. The Saituti landslide history was reconstructed from analysis of satellite and aerial images. A continuous, but variable, activity of the landslide has been observed for almost a half century. Estimates of sediment volumes produced by the landslide highlight the dominant role this erosive structure plays in the overall catchment erosion over the last few years and possibly for the past few decades. Indeed, the landslide-induced erosion rates are in the same range as the total erosion rates, i.e. around 2.5 mm/y. The daily dynamics of the landslide were also studied, as well as the sediment export to the drainage network. The results highlight a decoupling between the displacements and the sediment production within the landslide, and the export of sediment to the river. The baseflow level primarily controls these displacements, while the export is more dependant on the runoff discharge that follows rainfall peaks. Once the slide is set in motion, it keeps moving during the whole monsoon period. However, only intense rainfall events result in an efficient transport of sediment to the river. The annual flux of suspended load were estimated at the Khudi mouth, these roughly agree with the volumes of landslide material. These results confirm the dominant role of the Saituti landslide in the overall catchment erosion and suggest rapid export of the landslide sediment to the river mouth. On the scale of the entire central Himalayas, landslide activity over the last decade highlights a deficit of landslides, compared to independent estimates of secular denudation rates. Nevertheless, this activity is dominated by major events, in the range of several millions cubic metres, such as the Saituti one. The stochastic nature of landslides influences the variability of sediment fluxes in the river. However, this study also highlights that, in medium-sized catchments (around a few hundred square kilometres) such landslides may strongly influence the median concentration of cosmogenic nuclides in river sands. This concentration seems to be primarily dependant on the date and on the magnitude of the last major slide event. In such environments, secular denudation rates estimated from cosmogenic nuclides need to be interpreted very cautiously. The (possibly) long-lasting activity of a few large landslides can then strongly influence the erosion of the Himalayan valleys. This parameter should be taken into account in studies of short- to mid-tem erosion processes as well as in landscape evolution models generally., L'évolution des paysages est au coeur d'un système complexe d'interactions entre les phénomènes tectoniques, climatiques et érosifs. Si le contrôle principal du climat sur les taux d'érosion est encore sujet à débat, les régions montagneuses restent un milieu particulièrement sensible aux modifications climatiques. Pour mieux appréhender ces liens en milieu montagneux et le contrôle des processus d'érosion, il est nécessaire de comprendre et de quantifier l'importance de chaque phénomène érosif dans l'évolution des paysages. Parmi ceux-ci, les glissements de terrain sont un phénomène brusque, imprévisible et souvent catastrophique pouvant mobiliser des volumes rocheux considérables. De nombreux travaux suggèrent d'ailleurs que les glissements constituent le principal agent de l'érosion des pentes dans les vallées non englacées de l'Himalaya. L'objectif de cette thèse est de mieux appréhender l'évolution et la dynamique des glissements de terrain de l'Himalaya central et leur rôle dans l'érosion de cette chaîne de montagnes, sur une large échelle de temps. Ces travaux ont été menés selon 3 axes principaux imbriqués spatialement et temporellement. Le bassin de la Khudi Khola, au Népal central, présente un large glissement de terrain, actif depuis plusieurs décennies. Cette particularité nous a permis d'étudier en détail ce glissement, dans un contexte d'érosion intense, au jour le jour, à l'échelle d'une mousson et sur plusieurs décennies. L'histoire du glissement de Saituti a été reconstituée grâce à l'analyse d'images satellite et aériennes. Une activité continue, bien que variable, du glissement depuis près d'un demi siècle a pu être observée. L'estimation des volumes de sédiments produits par le glissement a permis de mettre en évidence la place prépondérante de cette structure érosive dans l'érosion totale du bassin au cours des dernières années, voire des dernières décennies. La dynamique quotidienne des mouvements au sein du glissement associée à l'export des sédiments par le réseau de drainage ont également été observés. Il apparaît un découplage entre les mouvements de terrain, donc la production de sédiments, qui sont contrôlés par le niveau de nappe, et l'export du matériel par la rivière, dépendant du débit de surface. Une fois initiés, les mouvements se poursuivent durant toute la période de mousson, mais seuls les épisodes pluvieux importants permettent un transport efficace du matériel produit à la rivière. Les flux annuels de matière en suspension dans la rivière ont également pu être estimés et s'accordent au premier ordre avec les volumes créés par le glissement. Ces résultats suggèrent également le rôle principal du glissement de Saituti dans l'érosion de la vallée. A l'échelle de l'Himalaya central, l'activité des glissements au cours de la dernière décennie témoigne d'une domination de l'érosion par des événements majeurs, de l'ordre de plusieurs millions de mètres cubes, similaires à celui de Saituti. Cette étude montre qu'à moyen terme, de tels glissements peuvent influencer très fortement les concentrations en isotopes cosmogéniques des sables de rivières dans les bassins versants de taille intermédiaire (quelques centaines de km2). La concentration de ces sables apparaît principalement dépendante de la date et de l'amplitude du dernier événement majeur de glissement. Dans ces environnements, les taux de dénudation déterminés par l'utilisation des isotopes cosmogéniques doivent être interprétés avec beaucoup de précaution. Ainsi, l'activité, possiblement continue, de quelques glissements de terrain peut exercer une influence majeure sur l'érosion des vallées de l'Himalaya central. Ce facteur doit être pris en compte dans l'analyse des processus érosifs ainsi que dans les modèles d'évolution des paysages, à court et moyen terme
- Published
- 2014
49. In-situ experimental study of the seismic signatures of the role of fluids in the rupture of fault zones : application to large rockslides failure studies
- Author
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Derode, Benoît, Géoazur (GEOAZUR 6526), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Frédéric Cappa, and Yves Guglielmi
- Subjects
Unsaturated zone ,In-situ experiments ,Fluids ,Modélisations couplées ,Affaiblissement de la résistance ,Seismicity ,Transfert de contrainte ,[SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences ,Sismicité ,Zone non saturée ,Stress transfer ,Expériences in-situ ,Glissements de terrain ,Strength weakening ,Hydromechanics ,Failles ,Hydromechanical coupled modelling ,Fluides ,Hydromécanique ,Landslides - Abstract
This PhD dissertation focuses on the seismic signatures of the role of fluids in the deformation mechanisms of fractured rocks in the upper crust, mainly faults and landslides. While it is generally admitted that fluids are a triggering mechanism for rupture in the cases of episodic and major climate forcing events on shallow landslides, their role in the destabilization of large volumes of rocks, associated to weak forcing, is less understood. Thus, it is primordial to acquire new synchronous data of fluid pressure/flow, deformation and induced seismicity in the field, under controlled conditions of the hydraulic loading, in order to better understand the relationship between seismic and hydromechanical processes involved in the nucleation of rock ruptures, in part associated to the reactivation of existing fractures. Motivated by the need for new observations, this PhD thesis concerns the interpretation of the induced seismicity within unsaturated zones of deep rocky slopes, during original and controlled hydraulic stimulation experiments (0.3 to 3.5 MPa and from 10 to 3000 seconds) of small areas of decameter size. These experiments consisted in triggering rock deformations which lead to the activation of rock sliding along pre-existing fractures where deformation/pressure measurements and seismic sensors were distributed. These experiments were carried out in the Low Noise Underground Laboratory (France), which allows the access to fault zones within a rocky slope (at 250 m depth) and enables accurate geophysical measurements in conditions of very low environmental noise.; Cette thèse s’intéresse à la signature sismique du rôle des fluides dans les mécanismes de déformation des roches fracturées de la croûte supérieure, et plus précisément les failles et les glissements de terrain. S’il est admis que les fluides sont un facteur déclenchant de la rupture dans le cas d’épisodes de forçages climatiques importants ou de glissements très superficiels, leur rôle dans la déstabilisation des grands volumes associée à des forçages faibles est beaucoup moins bien compris. Ainsi, il apparaît nécessaire d’acquérir de nouvelles données synchrones des pressions/débits de fluides, de la déformation et de la sismicité sur le terrain dans des conditions de chargement hydraulique contrôlées pour progresser dans la compréhension des liens entre processus hydromécaniques et sismiques participant à la nucléation de la rupture des roches en partie associée à la réactivation de fractures existantes. Motivé par ce besoin de nouvelles observations, ce travail de thèse concerne l’interprétation de la sismicité produite lors d’expériences originales de stimulation hydraulique (0.3 à 3.5 MPa et 10 à 3000 secondes) de petites zones de faille ou de fractures de taille décamétrique, situées en zones non saturées profonde de versants rocheux. Ces expériences consistaient à produire des déformations menant à l’activation du glissement le long des fractures préexistantes. Le protocole expérimental combine des mesures de déformations/pressions distribuées dans les structures géologiques à des capteurs sismologiques proches (échelle métrique à décamétrique) des zones sources.
- Published
- 2013
50. Caractérisation du système d’écoulement à grande échelle des eaux souterraines dans des versants instables de marnes par observation et modélisation hydrochimique
- Author
-
V. Marc, C. Bertrand, J. P. Malet, CERVI, FEDERICO, V. Marc, F. Cervi, and C. Bertrand, J.-P. Malet
- Subjects
LANDSLIDES ,HYDROCHEMISTRY ,Hillslope hydrology - Abstract
Des prélèvements d’eau souterraine et de surface ont été réalisés sur 2 versants marneux ins-tables des alpes du sud afin de préciser l’origine des eaux par les moyens de la géochimie. Sur le grand glis-sement de Super-Sauze, une série d’éléments convergents montre l’intervention dans la recharge de la napped’une eau additionnelle profonde révélant ainsi une interaction complexe entre le système hydrogéologiquelocal et superficiel et un système profond régional. Sur le site de Draix, la chimie de l’eau indique quel’alimentation des petites nappes de versant est exclusivement locale. Cependant, une anomalie en sodium,détectée dans les eaux superficielles, pourrait indiquer, comme à Super-Sauze, une origine profonde de l’eauà l’échelle du bassin. Ces résultats montrent les fortes contraintes imposées aux réservoirs hydrogéologiquespar les pentes, la diversité des formations géologiques et la tectonique dans les secteurs de montagne où sedéveloppent ces glissements. En conséquence, les sources d’eau peuvent être diverses et les processusd’écoulement variés. L’investigation hydrochimique spatio-temporelle se révèle un outil complémentaireefficace pour préciser le schéma conceptuel de ces hydrosystèmes complexes.
- Published
- 2013
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