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J. Wahl proved the existence of a scheme H parametrizing the plane curves of fixed degree having some fixed numbers of nodes and cusps as its only singularities. Wahl builts from Mumford's example, a family of plane curves with nodes and cusps whose general member is a singular point of the scheme H but smooth in the reduced scheme Hred. Using the same method as Wahl, S. Guffroy builts a family of plane curves with nodes and cusps whose general member is a singular point of the scheme H and singular in the reduced scheme Hred. In this work, we construct, like Guffroy, from Sernesi's example, a family of plane curves with nodes and cusps of lower degree than those of Wahl or Guffroy. This result is the best known and the singularity is different from that appearing in Wahl or Guffroy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: En nous inspirant des travaux de Haegeman (2004), nous montrons que les conjonctions de subordination du français écrit se partitionnent en deux classes, les conjonctions centrales et périphériques, et que cette partition dépend du sens des conjonctions. Ainsi, quand dans son sens temporel est centrale comme toute conjonction temporelle, et périphérique dans son sens contrastif comme toute conjonction contrastive. Cette partition s' appuie sur différents critères syntaxiques et sémantiques déjà étudiés dans la littérature, faisant intervenir la notion de contenu (sémantique) en jeu ou projectif, ainsi que sur un critère sémantico-discursif original qui met en jeu la distinction entre l' usage intensionnel et évidentiel d' un verbe d' attitude propositionnelle ou d' un verbe de dire Hunter (2016). Ensuite, nous montrons que cette partition s' étend aux autres connecteurs de discours du français écrit, d' où la notion de connecteurs centraux et périphériques. Cette partition respecte la règle suivante: si deux connecteurs, quelle que soit leur catégorie, ont le même sens, alors ils sont tous deux centraux ou tous deux périphériques. Nous pouvons par là-même introduire une nouvelle partition des relations de discours, qui s' accorde relativement bien (mais non entièrement) avec la classification sémantique du PDTB (Prasad et al., 2007) et qui est orthogonale aux autres partitions proposées dans la littérature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing use of internet, especially the proliferation of social networks has offered companies of all sectors the opportunity to keep in contact with their consumers; getting their feedbacks and complains on a daily basis and even to create short online chains enabling consumers to buy their products. This trend is found to be rather limited in the case of food products. The main objective of this article is to deal with consumer’s perceptions towards the potential use of social media to create online short supply chains for food. Projective techniques (Sentence completion tasks) have been used in this study. As, they allow researchers to uncover motivations, emotions and beliefs that drive consumer’s perception and behavior which may not be detected by straightforward questioning. The findings of this study have allowed to obtain insight into those aspects that consumers regard as opportunities or barriers of such potential short food chains. The main aspect is to put food enterprises in the picture about what is going on in consumer’s mind. This might open new possibilities for food businesses to develop a new short food chain.

Este artigo apresenta o diagnóstico estrutural de personalidade como prática clínica fundamentada na Psicopatologia Psicanalítica Estrutural. As concepções de Bleger, Bergeret e Winnicott são articuladas visando oferecer subsídios teóricos para o estabelecimento de tal diagnóstico, cuja finalidade principal é orientar decisões clínicas quanto à escolha de técnicas e estratégias psicanalíticas adequadas ao tipo de psicopatologia envolvido em cada caso particular. Procedimentos Projetivos, utilizados transicionalmente nas entrevistas clínicas, são especialmente mencionados, uma vez que possibilitam o acesso, num contexto lúdico e criativo, aos determinantes lógico-emocionais subjacentes às condutas humanas.This article presents the structural diagnosis of personality, as a clinical practice based on Psychoanalytic Structural Psychopathology and established from Bleger, Bergeret and Winnicott’s theoretical conceptions. The aim of this diagnosis consists on guiding the psychoanalyst through clinical decisions about peculiar techniques and strategies, depending on the kind of psychopathology of each particular case. Projective Procedures, transitionally used on clinical interviews, are specially mentioned, once they provide the access, in a ludic and creative basis, to the latent logical-emotional determinants related to human manifestations.

Résumé: Ces dernières décennies, les techniques projectives ont été progressivement abandonnées au profit des questionnaires sous le prétexte qu’elles ne seraient pas valides. Ce fait est surtout dû à une utilisation trop large et vague du concept de la « projection » et de l’absence d’une théorie unique reconnue concernant le mécanisme de la projection. Le concept de la projection est considéré comme très utile à condition d’une nouvelle approche de celui-ci s’appuyant sur des données neurophysiologiques. La projection thématique est distinguée de la projection structurelle. Une théorie du mécanisme de la projection se basant sur des données psychophysiologiques est expliquée grâce au test pluridimensionnel de dessins, permettant de mesurer la tolérance vis-à-vis du stress. Attila Kirady a récemment démontré dans une vaste étude que la tolérance au stress pouvait être mesurée grâce à plusieurs variables d’un test projectif (MDZT, test pluridimensionnel de dessins). Précédemment, il avait été reconnu que ces variables quantitatives se trouvaient dans une corrélation significative avec différents paramètres physiologiques. Ces observations permettent la déduction que les variables projectives utilisées sont aussi bien une expression de certaines fonctions cérébrales que les paramètres physiologiques eux-mêmes. Les variables du MDZT représentent dans ce sens en même temps une projection de certaines caractéristiques psychologiques que de processus neurophysiologiques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: The authors have started a preliminary research to start the French validation of a new projective tool for children created by Coulacoglou (1996): The Fairy Tales test (FTT). Using tales to invite the child to tell a story is not rare in the field of child clinical psychology (Düss, 1949; Royer, 1978; de Tychey, 1993). FTT is a novel way of accessing the inner life of children through structured fantasy and storytelling. The FTT has the advantage of using stories that many children are familiar with (Little Red Riding Hood, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs). The FTT includes an interview guide (many questions ask about the thoughts and feelings of the characters) and is composed of seven sets of stimulus cards with three cards per set. The three pictures differ just enough to vary in emotional valence, usually by alteration in facial expressions and body postures of the characters. Methods: We have compared FFT responses of 80 children aged from 6 to 12years and divided into two groups (clinical group composed of children with learning disabilities versus control group). The aim of that exploratory study was to study three psychological important variables of the FTT: anxiety, depression and self-esteem levels. Results: FTT indicators allow us to differenciate significatively (using Chi Square Method) the two groups’ distributions. Anxiety and depression levels are higher in the clinical group and self-esteem level was lower in the same group. These data suggest the interest to develop further FTT validation since the usefulness of that tool has been demonstrated in other countries such as Greece (Coulacoglou, 1996, 2008), Russia (Savina, 2008), China (Li and Zhang, 2008), India (Sanyal and Dasgupta, 2008) and Turkey (Ikiz-Ertem-Vehid-Düsgor, 2008). Conclusion: Our preliminary study shows us FTT discriminant power to differenciate a group of children with learning disabilities compared to a control group for three important dimensions of personality: anxiety, depression and self-esteem levels. Now it is necessary to undertake further validation on FTT in France with several goals: larger samples, more contrasted clinical groups and evaluation of the other FTT indicators not studied in the present article. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This article presents the principal clinical, methodological and theoretical works carried out these past 30 years concerning the psychoanalytical interpretation of projective tests and their contribution to the psychological evaluation of children and adolescents. Emphasis is given to their function as an interface between the quantitative perspectives which prone objectivity obtained through the use of measurements, and respect for the originality and the singularity of the subject being examined from a clinical perspective. Their specific contributions to the study of psychic functioning are then exposed, making it possible to emphasize their pertinence in the field of diagnostic and prognostic evaluations in child and adolescent psychopathology, but also, their usefulness in the study of interactions between cognition and “affectivity”, perception and “fantization”. The complexities of interpretative modalities, quite different from the simple, haphazard reading of contents, are then recalled. The article ends with an homage to N. Rausch de Traubenberg, the founder of the discipline in France. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: When he is confronted with recurrent conduct disorders in adolescents, the clinical psychologist needs reliable tools, allowing him to make a differential diagnostic between the troubles linked to the identity quest and a borderline personality organization. In this context, the study of the disordered thinking appearing in the projective tests may be especially interesting. Together with the Rorschach and the TAT, we use the stories written under musical induction, which have proved to be a prolific tool in diagnosis, therapy and research. These tests reveal complementary features in the disordered thinking of borderline patients and they can be used as a part of an integrated psychotherapy. The results of some comparative studies make think about the action of music as a stimulus of fantasy and invite us to adopt an attitude of therapeutic optimism. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In order to protect the patient from violent actions against himself or against people around him it is absolutely necessary to make a synthesis of all parameters which can influence his behaviour. Within these parameters, the unconscious, which is difficult to detect, is very important. The psychiatrist must free himself from his own defence facing the discovery of his patient''s unconscious. Within this context a certain new kind of approach to the unconscious has been refused for decades and almost all psychiatrists still do so today. The Multidimensional Drawing Test (MDT) has brought important progress since its publication, as compared with the projective techniques to which it may said to belong. Some examples prove that the author of this test wanted to use them to try to foresee violence and that some tragic events could have been avoided if it had been possible to deepen the analysis of the “comic strip” (TPD). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A contribuição da perspectiva psicanalítica na compreensão do impacto do abuso sexual no funcionamento psíquico baseia-se na identificação da singularidade dos arranjos defensivos frente à angústia traumática. Assim, neste trabalho buscou-se compreender os processos mentais relativos ao funcionamento psíquico de vítimas dessa violência, a partir da perspectiva da teoria psicanalítica, além do impacto do processo traumático no funcionamento psíquico de dois casos de meninas em atendimento em um centro especializado para vítimas de abuso sexual. Para tal, foram utilizadas entrevistas de Hora de Jogo Diagnóstica e testes projetivos, como o Rorschach e o teste do desenho House-Tree-Person. Verificou-se que o funcionamento das meninas se caracterizava por uma dinâmica psíquica dissociativa de enfrentamento do trauma e por um processo identificatório ambivalente, que afetava a capacidade simbólica dos sujeitos. Em conclusão, o atendimento psicoterápico às vítimas de abuso sexual é um recurso indispensável no âmbito da saúde mental.

O artigo propõe o estudo das representações sociais a partir da perspectiva psicodinâmica. Considera que a utilização de métodos projetivos tem-se revelado uma alternativa promissora de pesquisa, abordando-os como metodologia clínica sofisticada, que consiste precisamente na aplicação do método psicanalítico ao campo transicional.

Abstract The ethical principles of psychological assessment include the need to use reliable tests to meet the demands of the emerging population. Therefore, the present study sought to provide evidence of validity of the Zulliger Comprehensive System (Zulliger Test in the Comprehensive System) considering the constructs: self-perception and interpersonal relationships. A total of 61 older adults of both sexes participated in the study; 30 had Parkinson’s disease (clinical group) and 31 were healthy (non-clinical group). The clinical group showed an increase in the following variables: Human detail (p = 0.02, d = 0.50); Morbid responses (p = 0.025, d = 0.62); Vista responses (p = 0.016, d = 0.72), Food Responses (p = 0.021, d = 0.61) and Decrease in human detail fictional (p = 0.012, d = -0.65) and in Personalized Responses (p = 0.003, d = -0.48). There was a positive relationship between the Zulliger Test in the Comprehensive System variables and age, income, and disease severity and a negative relationship between the Zulliger Test in the Comprehensive System variables and time since diagnosis. The results obtained confirm the validity of the Zulliger Test in the Comprehensive System and encourage further studies.

Introduction: At school, the migrant child has to face an intense symbolization that articulates the experience of migration, the family past and the availability of the school environment to accommodate beyond its primary mission of education. Migration is a potential source of trauma. This article aims to show the complexity of the processes involved in the psyche of the child and discusses aspects of latency as well as intercultural issues., Method: The study was conducted on the psychological examination of a 7-year old migrant child that we met at school. The meetings took place because of difficulties for the child, highlighted by the school. The data are from interviews with the child's teacher and the mother of the child, as well as the projective methods available to the child, the Rorschach test and the game Play Mobile. Both tools have been used as a method of investigation and as a support for mediation., Results: Media and projective interviews reveal the mother's lack of understanding of behavioral problems of children. The mother appeared to be emotionally unavailable for her son. She had a lot of difficulty in containing him. As for the child, he tried to maintain the presence of an absent father, portrayed the story of his immigration and his growing awareness of the processes involved. The child invested the clinical relationship and expressed every effort to symbolize the experience of pre-migration and migration times., Discussion: The analysis reveals different types of passages: family passage, institutional passage, and projective passage that requires a mental reorganization of previous experiences. It appears that the environment is very important in the psychological construction of the child. The difficulty of investing school knowledge comes from a lack of evidence of his personal history. The discussion raises some issues of migration latency period as well as some problems with changing cultural context. To symbolize and build an intercultural Me, the migrant child needs to rely on stable environments., (Copyright © 2012 L'Encéphale, Paris. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Cancer and its treatments induce important physical transformations, which could be source of psychological and social difficulties. Since about 15 years, interest for cancer and treatments consequences on body image had grown in oncology. Nevertheless studying body image remains complex because of conceptual and methodological limits. This article aims at a clarification about the methods employed in the field of cancer to assess body image, in order to make accessible reference marks about adapted instruments for every person who would like to study this theme.

Teenagers' suicidal gestures are a major problem of public health and it is important to understand its meaning. A global taking care of teenagers hospitalized after a suicide attempt or a suicidal threat by the pediatric teams and by the team of child psychiatry, having links with each department, is essential in the Necker - Enfants Malades hospital in Paris. The protocole of care has been recently strengthened by the integration of a deep psychological checkup with the projective tests Rorschach and Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) during the hospitalization, a psychological follow-up from a distance of the suicidal gesture and a second psychological checkup one year later in order to observe the evolution of the psychic functioning. The projective tests offer a special way to express the own intimate problematic while respecting the subject's need to remain hidden. These tests, analyzed with a psychodynamic interpretation, help the clinician to precise the psychic diagnosis, which is very important for the future therapeutic orientation, and offer to the patient a medium to express the hidden meaning of his gesture. To consider suicidal gesture not only as a dead end of identificatory process but also as an attempt to start up again this process may favor a therapeutic mobilization of psychic resources. Self-attack may signify a struggle against melancholy, the prospect of death appearing less frightening than those of madness. Suicidal gesture may express a transitory developmental breakdown but identificatory process may be revived if the suffering of the teenager may be listened, contented, elaborated and linked to meaning., (Copyright 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

When a child under age states he/she has been sexually abused, there seldom exists an objective certainty to support the allegation. Whereas clinicians know that a child who speaks spontaneously probably speaks the truth, it is nonetheless difficult to exclude the possibility of fabulating, lying or mistaking. The error probability is sharply increased when abuse is referred by a parent, specially in a context of parental separation. This article thus presents a review of criteria which help to better assess the truth or error of allegations. Criteria include analysis of the child's talk, application of projective techniques, observation of his/her behavior, etc. The author also describes some differential diagnoses based on the behaviors and sexual allegations of children under age.

Children with a strabismus feel often derided. Wearing spectacles is considered by them as an additional burden. The resulting emotional problems were apparent in a study of their drawings and accompanying interviews 12 years ago. Although interviews showed a year ago that the spectacles were better accepted, they still do not seem to be "interiorised". Therefore parents should emphasize the positive aspect of wearing spectacles, which should be considered as an ornament.

Some normally intelligent children succeed in school until they reach adolescence and start to fail in academic achievements. These adolescents display some features which confirm the role of adolescent changes in the phenomenon. This article presents the theoretical considerations, the hypotheses, the methods and the findings of a study exploring the impact of the narcissistic challenges on thought processes and on the mechanism of sublimation. The study involves two groups of adolescents, succeeding and not succeeding in school who underwent a psychological assessment including the WAIS or WISC-R, the Rey Figure, the Rorschach and the TAT. The relevant test factors are presented. Findings show that narcissistic disorders brought about by adolescence has a different impact according to the previous quality of narcissism. It can have a traumatic impact enabling creativity, with varied effects on academic achievement, or a paralyzing impact on thought. It is thus confirmed that adolescence is revealing of the past.

This study was conducted with 58 subjects (31 males and 27 females): a sample of 37 normotensives (NT) (mean age 36 +/- 11) and a sample of 21 hypertensives (HT) without any antihypertensive medication (mean age 46 +/- 9). Cardiovascular reactivity was measured during a sequence of 3 computer assisted mental stress tasks (visual-motor tasks, maze test). Before and following the stress tasks the subjects were asked to respond on the same computer to psychological test and questionnaires measuring anxiety, depression (H.A.D. inventory) type A behavior (impatience, competition and drive for success; Bortner's scale), locus of control (attribution of success or failure to internal or external factors; Levenson's scale), and coping mechanisms used in response to everyday life stresses (Rosenzweig Picture Frustration Test, adapted by S. Consoli and E. Albert). Measurements of systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate were obtained automatically every minute during the entire computer session with a Colin Press-Mate BP 8800 sphygmomanometer. Pressure reactivity (PR) was defined as the relative difference between BP measured during mental stress and BP measured during non-stress condition (the reference period). Our hypotheses were that PR would be greater in HT than in NT, and that PR would be correlated with various psychological and behavioral characteristics. During the stress session, SBP in NT increased from 119.8 to 123.7 mmHg (p < 0.001) and in HT from 147.4 to 152 mmHg (p < 0.05): there was no significant difference between the two samples but in HT, SBP elevation persisted after the stress session, contrary to the NT, whose SBP quickly decreased to the reference values.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)