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Robot Assisted Partial Nephrectomy (RAPN) is a standard of care for localized renal tumors. It allows a good carcinological control while limiting complications. Despite numerous benefits, the economic sustainability of robotic assistance remains a challenge in the French health care system. The introduction in our institution of two perioperative nurse-coordinated protocols for patients undergoing RAPN (Enhanced Recovery After Surgery: NP-RAAC in 2015 and Outpatient: Ambu-Rein in 2016) is associated with a shortening of the average length of hospital stay, thus reducing the cost of robotic assisted procedures. With the aim of improving efficiency of nursing support within these protocols, we have introduced digitalized nursing coordination by developing a urological perioperative application: UroConnect®. This device is offered to patients by the coordinating nurses during a preoperative visit. It provides information on the pathology and its surgical management. Self-completed questionnaires sent at key moments collect data from the first month after surgery and detect patients presenting difficulties or complications, allowing the nurses to respond with appropriate care. The application allows a secure discharge, a personalised follow-up and an increase in the patient's autonomy and compliance with care.

The objective of this article was to discuss the statistics of surgical complications in urology and the methods of collection and classification. In the absence of a comprehensive national registry of complications, we used statistics from insurance companies as indicators. They are limited by the exclusion of complications that did not result in a claim. Overall, urology is less exposed to claims than other surgical specialties. It comes far behind orthopedic surgery, gynecology-obstetrics and visceral surgery. The new techniques in urological surgery and in particular the rise of robotic surgery do not seem to have modified the number of claims handled by medical insurance companies. It is unfortunate that complications in urological surgery are not collected, reported, and discussed in order to develop prevention, treatment, and strategies for educational purposes. The lack of an established definition and classification of surgical complications, as well as methodological differences in the collection of related information, has hampered the evaluation of their public health and health economics impact. Awareness of this problem is growing among learned societies and practitioners. Complication reporting should be organized on a national basis and should respect the following points: - definition of the collection process according to a validated system. For urology, the Martin table revised by the EAU working group would be adapted; - classification of complications according to a validated system such as Clavien-Dindo or CCI.

Management of oropharyngeal cancer depends on several factors. Immediate surgery or radiotherapy may be considered. If the patient is operable, the choice depends on the extent of the disease, the contributing factors, and the expected functional results. For HPV-positive cancers, studies show comparable efficacy between surgery and radiotherapy. For early-stage cancers, unimodal treatment should be preferred. For HPV-negative cancers, the results of retrospective and observational studies are in favor of surgery. These studies have some limitations. In observational and/or retrospective studies, reclassification biases and the applicability of propensity scores weaken the validity of studies showing differences in management. Tumor and patient comparability are others majors interpretation biases. It is precipitate to conclude that surgery is superior for HPV-negative oropharyngeal cancers. Toxicity, therefore, becomes a criterion of choice for treatment. Unimodal management by surgery allows limited toxicity for the early stages. Surgery has less impact on salivation. Radiotherapy is rather less deleterious for swallowing in the early stages. For the advanced stages of HPV-induced tumors, the non-superiority of surgery should lead to the choice of radiochemotherapy. For oropharyngeal cancers, the possible benefit of surgery in HPV-negative oropharyngeal cancers must be confirmed in randomized studies. For the early stages of oropharyngeal cancer with unimodal treatment, management could be decided by shared decision making.

To assess the feasibility and safety of total hysterectomy by laparoscopic approach (± robot assisted) in ambulatory.French three-center retrospective study including 165 patients who had laparoscopic (± robot assisted) total hysterectomy scheduled as outpatients from January 2016 to December 2020. Clinical and perioperative data were collected. Factors associated with outpatient failure and rehospitalization were evaluated.The outpatient success rate was 92.7%. Factors associated with outpatient failure were incision time13:00, large volume of blood loss, intraoperative complications with Oslo score≥2, uterine weight≥250g, indication for benign pathology, and robot-assisted approach. Among patients managed as outpatients, 7.2% were rehospitalized at a mean of 10 days from surgery. The factors associated with rehospitalization were the use of an effective antiaggregant or anticoagulant treatment and the use of intraoperative adhesiolysis. Four patients (2.6%) underwent revision surgery.Minimally invasive hysterectomy can be performed as an outpatient procedure even in cases of malignant pathology. Age and body mass index are not associated with an increased risk of failure or re-hospitalization within one month.

Head and neck cancer surgery often has functional and aesthetic consequences. De-escalation surgery is a major concern for surgeons with a constant desire to develop surgical techniques with less invasive approaches and to preserve anatomical structures as much as possible. This was made possible by the appearance of minimally transoral and endonasal surgery as well as by the limitation of the surgical procedure by neoadjuvant treatments or by the limitation of surgical excision without compromising the oncological outcome and patient survival. This evolution continues with the arrival of new technologies such as virtual reality or artificial intelligence.

Radical cystectomy with urinary diversion is the surgical treatment of invasive bladder cancer. Functional impairment is another indication. Robotic technique slowly started 15 years ago but its benefit remains questionable. We present the results of around thirty patients who underwent robotic cystectomy (RC) between 2016 and 2019 and were compared to an open cystectomy (OC) group. While this series is finishing its implementation phase, the results show that RC is equivalent to OC in terms of oncologic control as well as for the overall complication rate. Moreover, blood loss and the hospital length of stay are inferior for RC patients. These results participate to the actual trend towards putative further validation of RC.La cystectomie radicale associée à la dérivation urinaire est le traitement chirurgical du cancer invasif de la vessie. L’atteinte fonctionnelle est une autre indication. La mise en route de la technique robotisée (cystectomie robotique (CR)) a lentement débuté il y a 15 ans, et son bénéfice reste questionné. Nous présentons les résultats de la première trentaine de CR opérées dans le service entre 2016 et 2019, et la comparons à une cohorte opérée à ciel ouvert (cystectomie ouverte (CO)). Alors que cette série représente la phase d’implémentation de la technique, les résultats montrent que la CR est équivalente à la CO tant pour le contrôle oncologique que pour les complications. De plus, elle occasionne moins de pertes sanguines et sa durée d’hospitalisation est inférieure à celle de la CO. Ces résultats participent à la tendance actuelle vers une possible validation future de la CR.

The development of robot-assisted urological surgery is held back by the lack of robust medico-economic analyses and their heterogeneity. We conducted a medico-economic study to evaluate the implementation of measures to optimize the transition to robotic surgery.We carried out a single-center, controlled study from the point of view of the public healthcare establishment for 4 years. Economic data collection was based on a micro-costing method and revenues from stay-related groups. Clinical data corresponded to mean lengths of stay, operating duration, complications and stays in intensive care. The measures to optimize the transition to robotic, implemented mid-study period, enabled before/after comparison.Altogether, 668 patients undergoing robotic surgery were included. Robotic activity increased significantly from periods 1 to 2 to 256% (P=0.001) as did the overall proportion of robotic by 45% to 85% (P=0.001). The mean lengths of stay fell significantly, 6.8 d vs. 5.1 d (P0.001). Costs and revenues increased significantly, resulting in a persistent deficit for the activity €226K vs. €382K (P=0.001). With increased volume of activity, the deficit per operation and the cost per minute of robotic operating room fell significantly, €3,284 vs. €1,474/procedure (P=0.001) and €27 vs €24/min (P=0.029), tending towards a break-even point (=zero deficit) at 430 operations per year.Robotic-assisted surgery can be significantly optimized by implementing measures for the robotic turn to reach a break-even point at 430 operations per year. A better multidisciplinary case mix could lower the break-even volume of activity in short term.3.

The purpose of this article is to explain the role of urology nurse in prehabilitation and same-day discharge programs for robotic radical prostatectomy.This article is based on the analysis of the literature and the experience of our center.In order to prepare patients for outpatient surgery, urology nurse plays a key role during prehabilitation journeys. Two weeks before the operation, the healthcare teams (nurses, anesthetists, physiotherapists, etc.) organize workshops to explain to patients the operation course and post-operative care in order to allay any anxieties. Individual and group interviews, in specific workshops (compression stockings, urinary catheter, sexology) are organized in particular with urology nurse to answer all patients' questions. In association with enhanced recovery after surgery pathway, these programs improve the patient experience and satisfaction as well as peri-operative outcomes, and allows the development of an outpatient surgery program which currently represents approximately one third of surgeries.The implementation of perioperative protocols including prehabilitation improves the early results of robotic total prostatectomy, but also the patient experience. The urology nurse has a key role to play during these patient education days and in the preparation, information, support and follow-up of the patient, since the prehabilitation journey until the patient leaves the outpatient clinic.

Ventral hernia surgery has undergone major changes over the past decade with the emergence of new minimally invasive techniques. They merge fundamental concepts of parietal reconstruction of open surgery into a laparoscopic approach, aiming to reduce surgical site complications and to enhance recovery. The spread of robotic assistance systems in the field of abdominal wall surgery facilitates access to this type of procedures and allows their application in increasingly complex cases. Parietal relaxation techniques allow large hernial orifices to be closed without tension. They are now also performed with a minimally invasive approach and in a less aggressive manner. Even if the exact place of all these techniques still needs to be better defined depending on the different hernia types, these laparoscopic or robot-assisted approaches already tend to allow faster post-operative recovery.Avec l’apparition de nouvelles techniques minimalement invasives, la chirurgie des hernies ventrales connaît depuis une dizaine d’années de profonds remaniements. Elles ont en commun d’intégrer les concepts fondamentaux de reconstruction pariétale de la chirurgie ouverte à une voie d’abord laparoscopique, dans le but de réduire les taux de complication du site opératoire et de permettre une réhabilitation accélérée. La diffusion des systèmes d’assistance robotique en chirurgie de la paroi facilite l’accès à ce type de procédure et permet d’envisager leur application dans des cas de plus en plus complexes. Les techniques de relaxation pariétale permettent la fermeture sans tension d’orifices herniaires larges. Elles sont maintenant aussi réalisées par voie minimalement invasive et de manière moins délabrante. Même si la place exacte de l’ensemble de ces techniques doit encore être mieux définie en fonction du type de hernie, ces prises en charge laparoscopiques ou robot-assistées semblent déjà permettre une récupération postopératoire plus rapide.

The main objective was to report the intra-, post-operative and functional outcomes of living-donor robotic-assisted kidney transplantation (RAKT), performed by a surgeon skilled in robotic surgery. The secondary objective was to compare the results of RAKT, based on the surgeon's experience.For this retrospective cohort study, we analyzed data from consecutive patients who underwent living-donor RAKT from July 2015 to March 2020 and compared the results of RAKT according to the surgeon's experience (group 1: 1-14th RAKT versus group 2: 15-29th RAKT).Twenty-nine living-donor RAKT were performed. The median age and BMI of the recipients were: 57.0 (44.0-66.0) years and 32.7 (23.5-39.6)kg/mLiving-donor robotic-assisted kidney transplantation, performed by a surgeon skilled robotic surgery, ensures good functional results in the medium term.3.

The LACC (Laparoscopic Approach to Cervical Cancer Trial) study, released in 2018, described oncological findings in favour of open surgery compared to the minimally invasive pathway in the management of early stage cervical cancers. Our aim was to assess the impact of this study on surgical practices in France.Online questionnaire, consisting of 13 questions addressed to gynecology oncology french society (SFOG) surgeons.Forty questionnaires were collected. The median annual number of radical hysterectomy was 5 (0-20). Prior to the study, 92.5 % of cervical cancer patients had radical hysterectomy by minimally invasive surgery. In case of laparoscopy or robot, the uterine manipulator was used in 67.6 % and the colpotomy was performed intra-abdominally (78.4 %). After the LACC study, 60 % changed their practice. Open surgery was favored by 75 % of those who modified their practice. Among those continuing to perform minimally invasive surgeries, the manipulator and the intracorporeal colpotomy were discontinued. One-third of surgeons have changed their surgical practice for endometrial cancer in parallel.The results of the LACC study led to a change in surgical practices with an increase in open surgery and a stop in the use of the uterine manipulator and the laparoscopic/robotic intracorporeal colpotomy in the surgical management of early stage of cervical cancer.

At the turn of the second decade of the 21st century, advances in urology are driven by technobiologic progress and the strive for minimally invasiveness. Prostate disease benefits above all, with significant improvement in benign prostatic hyperplasia mini-invasive surgery and metastatic prostate cancer imaging. Chronic micturition syndromes also benefit from this trend, so as robotic surgery, whose latest promising innovation, the single port model, will have to find its place and confirm its non-inferiority as compared with the current latest multi-arm da Vinci robot.À la fin de la deuxième décennie du 21

Minimal invasive surgery and reconstructive surgery tend to become the standard in France in the management of head and neck tumors. The use of endoscopic approaches (through endoscopic endonasal/transoral approaches±robot-assisted) instead of open surgery and the use of reconstructive surgery using autologous (flaps) or heterologous materials aim to reduce surgical morbidity by making-up for the loss of substance to restore the function. The impact of these substantial changes in surgical techniques has not been assessed with respect to postoperative radiotherapy practice. Endoscopic endonasal approaches result, however, in piecemeal resection, which, along the analysis of resection margins (a key prognostic factor), make the interpretation of the quality of resection more complex for radiation oncologists. The definition of tumour sub-volumes to be irradiated and doses to these sub-volumes then requires accurate histosurgical mapping and close multidisciplinary consultation between surgeons, pathologists, radiologists and radiation oncologists. Similarly, the increasing use of various types of flaps (of soft tissue or bone flaps), adapted to the patient and tumor anatomy, is associated with substantial modifications to the operating bed. The delineation of tumour volumes in postoperative radiotherapy is made more complex. Tremendous multidisciplinary efforts should now be initiated to fully take advantage of surgical advances and to further optimize the therapeutic index by making radiotherapy also less toxic, i.e. "mini-morbid".

Growing robotic surgery requires new skills for OR professionals. In the heart of the robotic surgery team, the Operating Room nurse has a preponderant role whether circulating, scrub nurse or surgical assistant. How does the OR robotic nurse train? Beyond the technique, what does robotic imply in the OR?Analysis of the literature with the terms "scrub nurse" and "robotic surgery" in the PUBMED search engine, and exchanges with OR nurses involved in robotic surgery.The definition of the different OR nurses' roles in robotic surgery shows specific skills to acquire. OR nurses' training is heterogeneous. Communication in the OR is a major stake in robotic surgery.Mastery of the robotic tool is essential and the expertise of the OR nurses must be sought to ensure a safe care of patients. Communication appears to be one of the major issues. OR staff training should be standardized, such as regular practice. OR nurses' work is evolving with technique.

The objective of this work is to report the first 6 months of a robotic program in a surgical gynecological team, trained in advanced laparoscopy, in terms of operating times, complication rate, analgesic consumption and average duration of hospitalization.This is a prospective observational study, intended to treat.During the study period, 98 women underwent laparoscopic robot assisted surgery. The average BMI was 27.2kg/mThe implementation of a robotic surgery program in a gynecological surgery department does not lead to an increase in complications for the patients, including for the first procedures. The learning curve mainly allows a reduction in the robot's installation time.

International audience; To analyze the medium-term results and complications of the artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) AMS 800 implanted using laparoscopic robot surgery in women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) due to intrinsic sphincter deficiency (ISD). Design, setting, and participants: We conducted a prospective cohort study, which included all procedures done in the CHU of Nîmes from July 2015 to January 2017. Patients with SUI by ISD needing an AUS or patients with a malfunctioning AUS needing to be changed were included. We collected data on intraoperative complications, length of hospitalization, postoperative complications, continence rate at twelve months and satisfaction of patients.Results: Nineteen patients were included, 10 for primo-implantation and 9 for AUS revision. There were 4 postoperative bladder injuries, of which 2 led to laparoconversions. The mean length of hospitalization was 4.1days. Three patients had postoperative complications, which needed an intervention without AUS removal. One patient with persisting SUI due to bladder weakness preferred AUS ablation rather than having a cuff change. There was a median follow-up of 22months (12 to 33months). Sixteen patients out of 19 were completely continent and were satisfied of their intervention and the improvement of their quality of life.Conclusion: The laparoscopic robot surgery for AUS implantation is safe and reproducible with good medium-term results.Level of evidence: 4.

Indications for hip and knee replacement will continue to grow over the next few years. Robotic systems have been developed since the early 1990s in order to optimize implant positioning, to potentially improve clinical results, and to reduce perioperative morbidity. Currently, the different available systems certainly improve the accuracy and reproducibility of prosthetic components placement. However, the cost of robotic surgery remains very high. Early results in terms of implant survival, postoperative pain, mobility, and length of stay are encouraging. Long-term studies are needed to validate the clinical efficacy and to perform a medico-economic evaluation of robots in orthopedic surgery.Les indications de mise en place des prothèses de hanche et de genou ne cesseront de croître au cours des prochaines années. Afin de parfaire la technique d’implantation, d’améliorer les résultats cliniques et de réduire la morbidité périopératoire, l’emploi de systèmes robotiques fait l’objet d’un intérêt grandissant depuis le début des années 90. Actuellement, les différents systèmes disponibles permettent assurément d’améliorer la reproductibilité et la précision de l’implantation des prothèses aux dépens de coûts encore élevés. Les résultats précoces en termes de survie des implants, de douleur et de mobilité post-opératoires sont encourageants. Des études au long terme seront nécessaires afin de confirmer ces derniers et valider l’efficacité clinique ainsi que l’intérêt médico-économique des robots en chirurgie orthopédique.

Minimally invasive surgery has recently gained popularity. This paradigm shift involves a series of potential difficulties from the surgeon's perspective. With recent developments these obstacles are gradually being overcomed. Recent navigation systems offer major improvements in the way information is acquired, displayed, and integrated into the surgical workflow through augmented reality. Finally, the progress of robotics has helped to improve the minimally invasive dexterity and competence of the surgeon. This article sumarizes the main and most recent developments in the areas mentionned above, analyzes the current limits that still need to be addressed, and suggests possible future directions.La réalité augmentée en urologie a gagné en popularité ces dernières années. Des systèmes de navigation récents offrent des améliorations majeures en termes d’information acquise, qui est affichée et intégrée dans le flux de travail chirurgical, grâce à la réalité augmentée. De même, le progrès de la robotique a contribué à améliorer la dextérité et la compétence mini-invasives du chirurgien. Cet article résume les principaux et les plus récents développements dans les domaines susmentionnés, analyse les limites actuelles qui doivent encore être abordées et suggère des orientations futures possibles.

Open radical cystectomy (ORC) is the gold standard technique for carcinologic cystectomies. Robotic-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) was introduced in 2003 and its development is booming.To compare ORC and RARC with totally intracorporal (IC) orthotopic neobladder (ONB) reconstruction, in terms of perioperative outcomes, morbidity, functional results and quality of life (Qol).From February 2010 to February 2017, a French multicentric, prospective study on patients who had a RC and ONB reconstruction for bladder cancer was performed. All patients completed the following questionnaires: the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) generic (QLQ-C30) and the bladder cancer specific instruments (QLQ-BLM30). To assess urinary symptoms, patients also completed the Urinary Symptom Profile questionnaire (USP) and a three-day voiding diary. Patients were divided in two groups: ORC and RARC.We included 72 patients: 55 in the ORC group (76,4%) and 17 (33,6%) in the RARC group. Operative time was longer in RARC group (median 360 vs 300min; P0.001) but length of stay was 5 days shorter (median 12 vs 17 days; P0,05). Patients in RARC group had less blood transfusion (0 vs 23.6%; P0.05), but a higher rate of uretero-ileal anastomosis stenosis and eventration at long term (respectively 25.5 vs 3.6% et 23 vs 2%; P0.05). No statistical differences were found concerning quality of life items and functional results between the groups.RARC with totally IC ONB reconstruction lead to less perioperative morbidity with a reduced rate of blood transfusion and a reduced hospital length of stay. At long term, RARC could provide higher rates of uretero-ileal stenosis and eventration. RARC and ORC do not have any differences in terms of functional outcomes and Qol at long term after ONB reconstruction.3.

Several enhanced recovery protocols after surgery showed a benefit for postoperative recovery and reduction of hospital lengths of stay. Very few studies evaluated patient's satisfaction about these enhanced recovery protocols. The aim of this study was to evaluate patient's satisfaction about our enhanced recovery protocol for robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN).A validated survey EORTC In PATSAT32 with a specific questionnaire about protocol was sent to the first patients included in the enhanced recovery protocol for RAPN. The survey was sent after the postoperative consultation at postoperative day 30. Responses were anonymous. Satisfaction's scores for EORTC questionnaire were calculated for each dimension with Likert's method. Scores were transformed linearly into a scale ranging from 0 to 100, where 100 represent the highest level of care satisfaction (EORTC method).A total of 21 patients (50%) returned the completed questionnaire. The overall satisfaction score was 75.1% (37.3; 100) in the EORTC survey. In total, 71.4% of patients (n=15) were satisfied with the discharge at postoperative day 2 (POD2) and 5 patients (23.8%) found this premature. None of the patients had a negative impression on the clinical pathway. The average overall evaluation on the protocol by patients, on a satisfaction scale of 1 to 10 was 8.9/10.In this study, patients included in the enhanced recovery protocol after RAPN were very satisfied with their pre-, per- and postoperative care. Given patients satisfaction, reduction of LOS, patient's safety and the medicoeconomic advantage, these enhanced recovery protocol have become a priority to develop and evaluate. More large studies are needed to assess the patient's experience with these clinical pathways.4.

To report a monocentric experience of outpatient management of robot-assisted radical prostatectomy using a rapid recovery protocol.In this retrospective observational study, thirty-two patients underwent a prostatectomy by the same surgeon between February 2017 and September 2018 as part of an outpatient hospitalization. The surgery was a transperitoneal robot-assisted prostatectomy with a urinary catheter duration of 7 days. A satisfaction questionnaire on outpatient care and functional results was sent to all patient during follow-up.Of the thirty-two patients initially planned for ambulatory care, two patients remained hospitalized overnight: the first at the request of his wife, the second because of severe nausea. Of the thirty ambulatory patients, nine (30%) required emergency attention in the days following their discharge, including one with Clavien complication IV. Seven patients would have preferred to be hospitalized one night, but twenty-six patients would recommend ambulatory care to one of their relatives, should they undergo prostatectomy. Oncological findings and functional are comparable to conventional hospitalization.Radical prostatectomy can be performed routinely in an outpatient setting with no increase in morbidity or decrease in functional and oncological results, with a high patient-family satisfaction rate.4.

Artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) is the treatment of last resort of stress urinary incontinence (UI) due to intrinsic sphincter deficiency (IS). The implantation procedure has been described by open surgery and laparoscopy with a significative rate of complication by Lucas et al. (2012) and Costa et al. (2001). We report our experience of implantation of SUA by robotic-assisted laparoscopy (R-SUA) in 17 patients among 3 revisions.Between 2012 and 2017, 17 patients have been consecutively included. The surgical technique was described by Fournier et al. The continence was defined by the absence of urine leakage.The median age at implantation was 66,8±7 years, in the primo-implantation (PI) group, one patient had a neurological acontractile bladder, and bladder was open in 11 patients (78,6%) to ensure the bladder neck dissection. In the revision group (R) 3 patients had a complete replacement of SUA for mechanical failure. One vaginal bound was reported, but did not compromise the implantation, and the survival of SUA. Duration of intervention, size of cuff, postoperative catheterization and hospitalization time were respectively 205±34 and 112±8min; 7,7±0.9 and 5.2±0.8cm; 5.9±2.1 and 4.3±4 days; 6.6±1.5 and 7±3.6 days for PI and R groups. At the end of a mean follow-up of 24.6±18.4 and 59±5 months, continence was respectively 86% and 100%, for the PI and R groups.The implantation of R-SUA was feasible and safe with encouraging results. Other studies must evaluate the place of R-SUA among the different enabled surgical techniques.4.

In the operating room, a high sound level is associated with a higher risk of complications and affects the communication between the various workers. The objective of this study was to assess the sound level at the operating room during urological procedures.A monocentric cross-sectional study was carried out in 100 procedures in urology. They were divided into four groups: open surgical procedures, endoscopic procedures, pure laparoscopic procedures, and robotic-assisted laparoscopic procedures. The sound level was measured with the Sound Metter by Examobile application (Bielsko-Biała, Poland) for i-phoneFor all procedures, mean sound level, mean minimum sound level and mean maximum sound level were 60.31±3.3 db, 52.42±2.6 db and 81.73±2.8 db, respectively. For endourological procedures, they were 61.6±4.1 db, 53.4±4.1 db and 81.3±3.1 db, respectively. For open surgery, they were 59.0±1.0 db, 51.6±1.8 db and 81.4±1.5 db, respectively. For laparoscopic surgery, they were 58.33±0.6 db, 50.66±1.2 db and 83.33±1.5 db, respectively. Robotic-assisted laparoscopic surgery, they were 60.0±2.4 db, 52.5±2.3 db and 83.56±1.8 db, respectively. No difference was found according to the type of surgical approach. However, the sound level in the operating room was increased for endourological procedures using the laser technology as compared to endourological procedures without laser used (58.7±1.1 vs. 66.3±0.1 db, P=0.01, respectively).The sound level in the operating room during urological procedures was high. For the endourological procedures, the sound level was the highest when the laser technology was used.3.

Deep endometriosis with colorectal involvement is considered one of the most severe forms of the disease due to its impact on patients' quality of life and fertility but also by the difficulties encountered by the clinicians when proposing a therapeutic strategy. Although the literature is very rich, evidence based medicine remains poor explaining the great heterogeneity concerning the management of such patients. Surgery therefore remains a therapeutic option. It improves the intensity of gynecological, digestive and general symptoms and the quality of life. Concerning the surgical approach, it appears that laparoscopy should be the first option; the laparoscopic robot-assisted route can also be proposed. The techniques of rectal shaving, discoid resection and segmental resection are the three techniques used for surgical excision of colorectal endometriosis. The parameters taken into account for the use of either technique are: the surgeon's experience, the depth of infiltration of the lesion within the rectosigmoid wall, the lesion size and circumference, multifocality and the distance of the lesion from the anal margin. In the case of deep endometriosis with colorectal involvement, performing an incomplete surgery increases the rate of pain recurrence and decreases postoperative fertility. In case of surgery for colorectal endometriosis, pregnancy rates are similar to those obtained after ART in non-operated patients. Existing data are insufficient to formally recommend first line surgery or ART in infertile patients with colorectal endometriosis. The surgery for colorectal endometriosis exposes to a risk of postoperative complications and recurrence of which the patients should be informed preoperatively.

Known for its significant morbidity, radical cystectomy must improve minimally invasively. Rapidly but sporadically initiated at the beginning of the robotic era 15 years ago, laparoscopic cystectomy-urinary diversion has slowly progressed technically. It is actually optimally standardized to be entirely performed intra-corporealy. Its technical difficulty remaining high, robotic cystectomy should remain in expert hands with a significant recruitement to remain performant.Connue pour sa morbidité significative, la cystectomie radicale se doit d’évoluer vers des techniques mini-invasives. Rapidement initiée sporadiquement, au début de l’ère robotique il y a 15 ans, la cystectomie-dérivation par laparoscopie sous assistance robotisée a lentement progressé dans sa mise au point technique, actuellement standardisée de manière optimale pour être réalisée intégralement intracorporellement. Sa difficulté technique restant élevée, la cystectomie robotisée doit donc rester en mains expertes disposant d’un recrutement suffisant pour demeurer performantes.

The management of malignant brain metastases becomes a main issue for the treatment of patients, because of the survival extension related to the improvement in systemic treatments. Robotic stereotactic radiosurgery (RSR) is a new approach in this indication. The purpose of this analysis was to define the efficacy of RSR, in order to determine prognostic factors of survival and factors of response.It was a retrospective, single center (polyclinique de Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine) analysis performed from 2012 to 2015, involving patients with malignant brain metastases treated by RSR using the CyberknifeA total of 72 RSRs were performed among 55 analyzed patients; 62 treatments were assessable with a median follow-up of 9.4 months. The main delivered dose on the 80%-isodose was 20Gy. A complete response was achieved in 40.3% of patients (stability or regression=83.9%). The overall survival was 13 months. The risk of failure was significantly correlated with the increase in metastasis size and non-adenocarcinoma histology. A performance status2 was the main prognostic factor of survival.The RSR allowed treating 3 to 5 brain metastases, avoiding an entire brain irradiation, and maintaining survival and quality of life.

Minimally invasive surgery is a technique frequently used in gynecologic surgery. The robot-assisted surgery is a recent approach, and the benefits are not yet proven. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility to use robot-assisted surgery for obese patient with endometrial cancer.All patients undergoing a robotic surgery for uterus malignant indication between March 2013 and May 2016 in our center were retrospectively included. Patients were divided in two groups, according to their body mass index (BMI). The group with BMI30kg/mSeventy-seven patients met inclusion criteria for analysis. The median robot operative time was 110minutes for all patients [21-341], without difference between the five groups (P=0.60). There was no difference for the total operative time (P=0.50). The median hospital stay was 3 days (P=0.92). There were ten intraoperative complications. One patient had a conversion (1.3%). There was no statistical difference for postoperative complications (P=1).Our study found few differences in the surgical management by laparoscopic robot-assisted between obese and non obese women. Robot-assisted surgery seems to be feasible for uterine cancer treatment of obese patients. Prospective and randomized studies are needed to assess the benefit of the robotic surgery.

To evaluate morbidity and renal function of the donor and recipient during a robotic-assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy procedure.It is a retrospective study of 155 consecutive patients by robot-assisted laparoscopy in the living donor. Mean operating time, warm ischemia time, blood loss, complications according to the Clavien classification and evolution of creatinine clearance were analyzed in the donors. Recovery of graft function, complications and changes in creatinine clearance were observed in recipients.The mean operating time was 176 (±23) minutes. The mean warm ischemia time was 4.8 (±0.6) minutes. Twenty seven complications were noted. The loss of renal function was 19% at 5 years in donors. Renal recovery was immediate for 153 recipients. Two were delayed due to sepsis. Two patients lost their graft at 15 and 18 months. Seventeen complications have been identified. The mean kidney function of the recipients is measured at 63ml/min at 5 years.Robotic-assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy procedure appears to provide the donor with low morbidity and a moderate decrease in creatinine clearance at 19% at 5 years. Morbidity is also low in recipients with very satisfactory 5-year mean renal function. The technique should promote donation.4.

Cardiac surgery has evolved towards less traumatic procedures. Minimal invasive cardiac surgery is a well-established technic offering patients the same level of excellence accomplished with open surgery. Technological evolution has lead to robotic assistance for minimal invasive cardiac surgery, helping surgeons to perform even better in cardiac repairs or reconstructions.La chirurgie cardiaque évolue vers des approches moins traumatiques pour les patients. La chirurgie cardiaque minimalement invasive est bien établie et offre aux patients le même niveau d’excellence que celui atteint avec les techniques ouvertes. L’avancée de la technologie permet de réaliser la chirurgie minimalement invasive assistée par le robot da Vinci Xi, améliorant les performances chirurgicales dans les réparations ou les reconstructions cardiaques.

Robot-assisted surgery is practiced more and more frequently in urology. Besides its place in prostatectomy for cancer, it also concerns partial nephrectomy (NP), in the treatment of renal tumors. The objective of this review is to compare the robot-assisted approach with laparoscopic or open approaches in partial nephrectomy in terms of functional or oncological outcomes and per- and postoperative complications.A systematic review of the literature published from 2009 was carried out on PubMed. Clinical studies or meta-analyzes comparing robot-assisted surgery versus laparoscopic or open surgery in the NP domain were used.The clinical data presented in this review of the literature are based mainly on meta-analyzes of comparative studies. Patients operated with robotic assistance (NPAR) had significantly fewer postoperative complications than patients operated by open (RR 0.61; P=0.0002) or laparoscopic surgery (RR 0.84; P=0.007). Positive margins, at equivalent pathological stages, are comparable to the open and appear to be lower than the laparoscopic surgery (RR 0.53; P0.001). After NP, the change in postoperative glomerular filtration rate (GFR) appears to be identical between the 3 pathways. Hot ischemia time is significantly shorter for NPAR compared to NPL. Finally, the estimated blood loss and length of stay are less severe in patients operated by NPAR compared to those operated by open surgery.Robot-assisted surgery offers the same oncological results (in the short and medium term) and appears to improve functional outcomes and morbidity. However, these findings need to be carefully analyzed, due to the low level of evidence from the studies presented and included in the meta-analyzes, and the lack of randomized clinical studies.