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Although wheat can be crossed with a wide range of related species, most adapted bread wheat varieties are non-crossable because of the failure of pollen to fertilize the ovary, greatly restricting the germplasm that can be used for alien introgression. Inhibition to crossability between wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and related species such as rye (Secale cereale L.) is genetically controlled. A number of QTL have been identified to date, including Kr1 on chromosome 5BL and SKr, a strong QTL mapped previously in our group at the distal end of chromosome 5BS. In this work, we have used 50 recombinant SSD individuals originating from a cross between the poorly crossable cultivar Courtot and the crossable line MP98 to first characterize the effect of SKr. Two classes of crossability were observed with a 1:1 segregation as expected for a single major gene in a SSD population after 6 generations of selfing, thereby confirming the major dominant effect of SKr on crossability. Additional SSR markers were mapped at the proximal end of the gene on 5BS and new markers were developed from the colinearity with barley and rice. High disruption of colinearity between wheat and rice in the telomeric region of 5BS did not allow to use rice in the first place but the use of a high-density barley EST map allowed us to indentify a new marker at the distal end of SKr and establish a syntenic relationship with rice chromosome 12L in the region. New wheat SSR markers were also derived from a BAC sequence carrying the GSP locus that was identify in the vicinity of the SKr locus. In total, 6 additional markers were mapped at the SKr locus and 400 kb of physical contig were established on both sides of the gene after screening the Chinese Spring BAC library with flanking markers. Sequence comparisons showed that the region spanning SKr in wheat corresponds to a 54 kb region carrying 6 genes on rice chromosome 12L. New high-resolution mapping populations have been developped to achieve the map-based cloning of the SKr gene. Two SSR markers completely linked to SKr were further used to evaluate a collection of crossable wheat progenies originating from a primary triticale program developed in the institute. High association was observed between the crossability and the alleles from the crossable lines at the SKr locus. This confirmed the major effect of SKr on crossability in wheat and provided very useful markers for the efficient introgression of Skr alleles in elite varieties to increase genetic diversity in wheat and triticale breeding programs.; La plupart de variétés élites de blé tendre ne peuvent pas être croisées avec des espèces apparentées ce qui restreint considérablement la base génétique qui peut être utilisée pour l'introgression de nouveaux allèles dans les programmes de sélection. L'inhibition de l'hybridation entre le blé et les espèces apparentées (e.g. seigle, orge) est génétiquement contrôlée. Un certain nombre de QTLs ont été identifiés à ce jour, y compris les gènes Kr1 sur le chromosome 5BL et SKr, un QTL majeur identifié au laboratoire en 1998 sur le bras court du chromosome 5B, tous deux impliqués dans l'inhibition du croisement entre le blé tendre et le seigle. Dans cette étude, nous avons utilisé une population recombinante SSD provenant d'un croisement entre la variété Courtot non croisable et la lignée MP98 croisable pour caractériser l'effet majeur dominant de SKr. Le gène a ensuite été cartographié génétiquement sur la partie distale du chromosome 5BS à proximité du locus GSP (Grain Softness Protein) dont l'homéologue sur le chromosome 5D est impliqué dans la dureté du grain (locus Ha). Les relations de colinéarité avec l'orge et le riz ont été utilisées pour saturer la région de SKr par de nouveaux marqueurs et établir des relations orthologues avec une région de 54 kb sur le chromosome 12L de riz. Au total, 6 marqueurs moléculaires ont été cartographiés dans un intervalle génétique de 0,3 cM, et 400 kb de contigs physiques de BAC ont été établis des deux cotés du gène afin de jeter les bases du clonage positionnel de SKr. De nouvelles populations de grands effectifs ont été développées pour la localisation précise du gène SKr sur les cartes génétiques et physiques. 223 individus d'une population HIF (SSD254.14) ont été testés pour leur aptitude au croisement avec le seigle et génotypés avec les marqueurs proches du gène pour confirmer les données obtenues dans la population de départ. Les résultats montrent que SKr est localisé dans une région hautement recombinante et que les relations entre distances génétiques et distances physiques sont favorables aux dernières étapes de clonage positionnel du gène. Enfin, deux marqueurs SSR complètement liés au gène SKr ont été utilisés pour évaluer une collection de descendances de blé aptes au croisement avec le seigle originaires d'un programme de sélection de triticale primaire. Les résultats confirment l'effet majeur de SKr sur l'aptitude au croisement et l'utilité des deux marqueurs pour introgresser l'aptitude au croisement interspécifique dans des variétés élites de blé tendre.

Wheat flour is a basic foodstuff. Food allergy has been especially described in children, in the form of atopic dermatitis. Food allergy in adults is rare and especially described in the form of anaphylactic shock sometimes induced by effort. Four observations of adult food allergy are presented. The IgE dependent mechanism is documented. The positive oral provocation tests needed doses of 17 to 30 grams. One crossed sensitivity between rye and barley was seen. The major allergen was probably gluten, particularly gliadines. Sensitization was probably due to prolonged inhalation of wheat flour. The authors stress the possibility of food allergy to wheat flour by other mechanisms, the difficulty of diagnosis, needed for a diet without cereal and gluten that is now non reimbursable.

Coeliac disease is caused by prolamines, the storage proteins of some cereals, located in the endosperm. Cereals do not all have the same toxicity. The four wheat prolamine groups (alpha, beta, gamma and omega gliadins), visible in electrophoresis at acid pH, have been isolated and their toxicities compared by observing the morphological changes in intestinal biopsies cultured in vitro when peptic-tryptic digests of the studied proteins were added to the culture medium. The toxicity was found to be mainly located in the alpha and beta-gliadins and in peptides of 5 to 10 000 molecular weight. Peptides, resulting from peptic-tryptic hydrolysis, varied in length as a direct function of their proline content. In fact, peptide bond splitting by pepsin and trypsin is known to be blocked by proline. Thus, proline content determines peptide length and toxicity. Wheat, rye and barley toxicities were compared on the basis of a correlation between toxicity and the alpha- and beta-gliadin-like prolamine contents of these cereals. Electrophoretic estimation of alpha- and beta-gliadin-like prolamine content gave the following prediction of relative toxicity (in decreasing order): wheat, triticale, rye, barley and oats.