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Copyright of Revue Académique des Études Sociales et Humaines is the property of Hassif Benbouali University of Chlef and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Résumé Objectifs Les violences sexuelles constituent un problème social majeur pour lequel il est acquis que l’incidence et la prévalence sont largement sous-estimées. Par ailleurs, les études disponibles suggèrent que la grande majorité des violences sexuelles serait commise par des individus issus de la population générale, qui ne sont pas (et ne seront probablement jamais) identifiés par les autorités. En proposant d’étudier un spectre plus large de comportements que les seules infractions sexuelles, la notion de coercition sexuelle permet alors d’apprécier plus justement des violences sexuelles dans leur ensemble. Méthode Après avoir proposé une définition de la coercition sexuelle, certaines des principales données disponibles sont présentées et permettent d’illustrer l’ampleur du phénomène. Les implications, conceptuelle et pratique, de préférer la notion de coercition sexuelle aux infractions sexuelles sont discutées. Conclusion Cet article se termine avec une présentation des articles qui composent le numéro thématique « La coercition sexuelle : Penser et comprendre les violences sexuelles au-delà des seules populations judiciarisées ». Summary Aims Sexual violence is a major social problem for which the incidence and prevalence are largely underestimated. In addition, available studies suggest that the vast majority of sexual violence is committed by individuals from the general population who are not (and probably never will be) identified by the authorities. By proposing to study a broader spectrum of behaviours than sexual offenses alone, the concept of sexual coercion allows for a more accurate assessment of sexual violence as a whole. Method Following a proposed definition of sexual coercion, a selection of available key data is presented to illustrate the magnitude of the phenomenon. The conceptual and practical implications of favouring the notion of sexual coercion over sexual offenses are discussed. Conclusion This article ends with a presentation of the articles that are included in the thematic issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé L’exhibitionnisme sexuel est un comportement humain qui interpelle. Le Code Pénal punit cette infraction caractérisée dans la partie traitant des agressions sexuelles. Il s’agit en effet d’un passage hétéro-agressif sans contact avec la victime. Il correspond à environ un tiers des violences sexuelles recensées, pourtant l’exhibitionnisme est peu étudié et ne semble pas être une priorité dans les politiques de prise en charge, notamment médico-psychologiques. Pour le public, le sujet qui effectue de tels passages à l’acte est souvent moqué ou traité de « fou ». Le profilage de la personnalité de l’exhibitionniste ou celui de sa conduite particulière définit une structure toute autre, dans laquelle les fonctions scopiques (donner à voir et être vu) sollicitées découlent d’un trait commun chez ces individus : l’inhibition. Prendre en considération cet élément permettrait une prévention plus appropriée, tant au niveau primaire, en lien avec l’éducation affectivo-sexuelle dispensée par les parents, l’école ou encore les professionnelles de la santé spécialisés dans ce domaine, qu’au niveau secondaire, pour éviter la récidive grâce aux obligations (ou injonctions) de soins ordonnées par la Justice et réalisées par des psychothérapeutes. Tous ces intervenants mieux avisés des profils de personnalités de ceux dont ils s’occupent exerceront avec plus d’aisance leur mission. Summary Sexual exhibitionism is a form of human behavior that surprises and challenges us. The French criminal code punishes this offence in the section devoted to sexual aggressions. It is indeed a hetero-aggressive action without direct contact with the victim. In the eyes of the public, the perpetrator of such aggressions is often mocked or seen as “crazy”. In profiling the personality of an exhibitionist or of this particular behavior itself, a very different structure appears, where the scopic functions used (show something off to be seen), result from a common characteristic in all these individuals: inhibition. By realizing this and taking it into account, we can improve prevention at both a primary level (education) and secondary level (management to avoid repeat offences). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Objectifs L’auteur se propose de démontrer que la colère, manifestation émotionnelle négative, joue un rôle important dans la genèse des comportements violents. Il remarque que peu d’études scientifiques sont consacrées aux relations colère–crime. Méthode L’auteur passe rapidement en revue l’histoire des civilisations, du droit pénal et de la psychiatrie pour illustrer son propos. Il rappelle le rôle du système nerveux limbique dans le déclenchement de l’agressivité et du stress ainsi que les relations de la colère avec l’impulsivité, l’irritabilité, la frustration, la dépression, l’anxiété, la haine. Il fait part de sa longue expérience professionnelle en psychiatrie légale. Résultats L’auteur a observé de multiples formes cliniques de la colère chez les criminels violents et il décrit des « colères pathologiques » qui se différencient des colères « normales » comme les ivresses compliquées se différencient des ivresses simples. Dans le DSM-5, l’auteur note que le mot « colère » fait partie des critères diagnostiques, différentiels ou associés dans de nombreuses pathologies. Il cite les diverses catégories de crimes violents où la colère est impliquée dans le passage à l’acte. Discussion Cet état de fait nécessite une évaluation du comportement coléreux chez les agresseurs violents. Des échelles d’évaluation de la crise de colère ( anger-state ), du caractère coléreux ( anger-trait ) et du contrôle de la colère ( anger-control ) sont à la disposition des cliniciens et des experts judiciaires. Conclusion La colère, lorsqu’elle est impliquée dans les comportements violents, doit être diagnostiquée et traitée au moyen de programmes thérapeutiques spécifiques. La forte relation entre colère et violence intra- et extrafamiliale doit retenir l’attention des professionnels de la santé mentale. Objectives The author proposes to demonstrate that the negative emotional manifestation of anger plays an important role in the genesis of violent behaviour. He remarks that very few scientific studies have been carried out regarding the relationship between anger and crime. Methods The author touches briefly upon the history of civilization, criminal law and psychiatry to illustrate his point. He recalls the role of the limbic nervous system in the triggering of aggression and stress as well as the relationships between anger, impulsivity, irritability, frustration, depression, anxiety and hatred. The author refers to his extensive professional experience in forensic psychiatry. Results The author observed multiple forms of clinical anger in violent criminals and describes that “pathological anger” differs from “normal” anger in the way that complicated drunkenness can be distinguished from simple drunkenness. The author notes that in the DSM-V the word “anger” is part of the diagnostic criteria, differential or associated, in many pathologies. He cites the various categories of violent crime where anger is involved in the commission of an act. Discussion This situation calls for an assessment of angry behaviour among violent offenders. Assessment scales to facilitate the evaluation of the fit of “rage” (anger-state), the irascible character (anger-trait) an controlling anger (anger-control) are made available to clinicians and forensic experts. Conclusion Anger, when it is involved in violent behaviour, must be diagnosed and treated by means of specific therapeutic programs. The strong relationship between anger and violence, within and outside the family, requires the attention of mental health professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Cet article présente une application de l’évaluation thérapeutique (ET) dans le cadre de l’obligation/injonction de soins. L’évaluation est traditionnellement considérée comme particulièrement importante dans ce cadre spécifique. Suite à des travaux précédents (Chudzik & Aschieri, 2013) portant sur la relation thérapeutique en obligation de soins, nous montrons comment l’ET permet d’éviter les pièges de cette relation et rend un réel travail psychothérapeutique possible. Nous proposons de considérer la spécificité de chaque étape de l’ET dans le cadre de l’obligation de soin, que nous illustrons par un cas clinique. This article presents an application of therapeutic assessment in a mandatory treatment setting. Assessment has been traditionally considered as specially important in this setting. Following previous works (Chudzik & Aschieri, 2013) about the therapeutic relationship in this setting, we show that TA is useful to avoid some common pitfalls and make a real psychotherapeutic process possible. We consider the specificity of each step of TA in this setting and we illustrate it by a clinical case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Objectifs L’agression sexuelle commise par des adolescents demeure un courant de recherche relativement nouveau, caractérisé par l’absence d’un cadre théorique consensuel. L’approche d’Otto F. Kernberg sur la personnalité et ses troubles constitue un cadre conceptuel permettant de réfléchir aux relations entre la pathologie de la personnalité et la pathologie des conduites sexuelles. La présente recherche vise à étudier, dans une perspective exploratoire, les liens entre des dimensions de l’organisation de la personnalité et diverses caractéristiques du délit auprès d’adolescents ayant posé un geste abusif à caractère sexuel. Nous posons l’hypothèse d’une correspondance entre la maturité du développement psychique et la gravité des conduites sexuelles délictueuses, les conduites sexuelles les plus graves étant associées à un fonctionnement intrapsychique plus pathologique. Méthode Les données recueillies auprès de quarante adolescents âgés entre 15 et 17 ans ayant commis une agression sexuelle ont été considérées. L’étude a été réalisée à partir de dossiers d’archives comprenant un protocole d’évaluation qui permet de dresser un portrait complet du fonctionnement psychologique, familial et psychosexuel de l’adolescent, ainsi que de rapports judiciaires permettant de cerner les principales caractéristiques du délit. Les variables psychologiques considérées ont été évaluées à l’aide du Personality Organization Diagnostic Form , ainsi que de sous-échelles de la Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale et du Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory . Résultats Des corrélations significatives ont été relevées entre, d’une part, le degré de diffusion de l’identité, l’utilisation de mécanismes de défense primitifs et la nature des relations objectales avec, d’autre part, certaines caractéristiques du délit (âge des victimes, type d’agression, utilisation de violence). Des analyses de régression multiple ont révélé que l’utilisation de défenses primitives parvient à expliquer une variance significative du type d’agression commise et du degré de violence utilisé au cours de l’agression. Discussion Les résultats obtenus sont cohérents avec la perspective psychodynamique sur l’agression sexuelle. Les corrélations obtenues appuient les hypothèses de Kernberg quant à la correspondance entre les pathologies des conduites sexuelles et de la personnalité : une pathologie sexuelle plus grave en termes du degré d’intrusion du geste abusif et de la violence utilisée est observée chez les individus présentant une organisation de la personnalité plus archaïque caractérisée par une identité plus diffuse, l’utilisation de défenses primitives, des relations interpersonnelles plus pauvres, ainsi que des difficultés à intégrer les pulsions agressives et libidinales. Des analyses de régression ont par ailleurs révélé que l’utilisation de défenses primitives (comme le déni, le clivage, l’omnipotence et le contrôle omnipotent) constituait le meilleur prédicteur afin d’expliquer le type d’agression commise et le degré de violence utilisé. Les résultats suggèrent que ces défenses pourraient constituer les mécanismes par lesquels procèdent la désactivation de l’empathie et la déshumanisation d’autrui dans les relations centrées su Objectives Adolescent sexual offending is still an understudied research domain, with no consensual explicative model. Otto F. Kernberg's model of normal and disordered personality functioning constitutes a sound theoretical framework allowing study of the relationships between personality pathology and sexual pathology. The aim of the present research is to explore the relationships between personality organization dimensions and offence characteristics among adolescent sexual offenders. We hypothesize that the more severe offences (in terms of frequency, degree of intrusion, and use of violence) should be associated with a more pathological or immature intrapsychic personality functioning. Method The study was based on retrospective analysis of archival data from 40 adolescents aged between 15 and 17 years old who had committed a sexual aggression. Files from which information was retrieved included an assessment protocol, which fully explores psychological, interpersonal and psychosexual functioning of adolescents, as well as police reports depicting offences and their main characteristics. Personality variables of interest were assessed using the Personality Organization Diagnostic Form, and subscales from the Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale and the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory. Results Significant correlations were found, on one hand, between identity diffusion, primitive defense mechanisms and type of object relations, and some offense characteristics (age of victims, type of offence, use of violence). Multiple regression analyses revealed that primitive defense mechanisms explain a significant proportion of variance for the type of offence and the use of violence during aggression. Discussion Results are coherent with psychodynamic formulations on sexual aggression. Bivariate correlations support Kernberg's formulations regarding the correspondence between sexual and personality pathologies: a more severe sexual pathology in terms of intrusion and use of violence is observed in adolescents showing a more immature personality organization characterized by more identity diffusion, a more pervasive use of primitive defenses, poorer interpersonal functioning, and a failure to integrate aggressive and libidinal drives. Regression analyses showed that primitive defenses (such as denial, splitting, omnipotence and omnipotent control) were the strongest predictor of the type of offence and use of violence during aggressions; this result suggests that primitive defenses may represent a mechanism that entails deactivation of empathy and dehumanization of the other in violent interpersonal encounters. Despite some limitations to the current study, mostly regarding generalization of the results, it opens various research avenues on sexual aggression within a psychodynamic framework, an angle too seldom explored of late. Conclusions Our observations, which highlight the relationships between intrapsychic personality dimensions and offence characteristics among adolescent sexual offenders, suggest a framework radically different from mainstream Anglo-Saxon literature, which tends to focus on manifest characteristics of the offence, its victim or its perpetrator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Objectif: Les schémas précoces inadaptés (SPI) sont associés à diverses formes de psychopathologie. Les données actuelles de la recherche montrent également une relation entre SPI et agression sexuelle. De même, les auteurs de violence sexuelle (AVS) présentent souvent des problèmes psychopathologiques, principalement des troubles émotionnels. Le but de la présente étude était de comparer les étudiants avec et sans antécédents de comportement sexuel agressif quant à leur capacité d’adaptation psychologique, ainsi que d’explorer la relation entre SPI et fréquence des agressions sexuelles dans le groupe agresseur, en contrôlant l’effet des symptômes psychopathologiques. Patients et méthode: Un échantillon de 165 étudiants de sexe masculin, dont 37 rapportant des antécédents d’agression sexuelle contre les femmes, a complété l’enquête d’expériences sexuelles – version courte pour les auteurs (Sexual Experiences Survey-Short Form Perpetration [SES-SFP]), le Questionnaire des Schémas de Young (Young Schema Questionnaire [YSQ-S3]), et l’inventaire symptomatique abrégé (Brief Symptom Inventory [BSI]). Résultats: Les résultats ont montré que le groupe agresseur présentait des niveaux de symptômes psychopathologiques significativement plus élevés par rapport aux non agresseurs. De plus, le schéma dépendance/incompétence était positivement associée à la fréquence de l’agression sexuelle dans le groupe agresseur. Cependant, cette association n’apparaît pas significative après prise en compte de l’effet des symptômes psychopathologiques. Conclusion: Dans l’ensemble, nos résultats préliminaires indiquent que les symptômes psychopathologiques médiatisent la relation entre SPI agression sexuelle, jouant probablement un rôle déclencheur proximal de la perpétration d’une agression sexuelle. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Criminologie is the property of Presses de l'Universite de Montreal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: The analysis of clinical case of authors of violence shows that they present sometimes post-traumatic disorders which can lead to interpret acting out behavior as an attempt of elaboration of the trauma and which the release of the act is less ritual than compulsive. This dimension is particularly locatable in the repetitive acts, of which sexual attacks or repeated rapes. Which consequences we can understand about of “dangerous behavior”? In this article, authors study the psychic dynamics of several rapists and sexual aggressors, and notably a case known for the literature (Balier [1988]) who notably introduce compulsive characteristics, and tendency to the repetitiveness. It is more traits than of organization of the personality. The origin of acting out is associated by the subject himself to a rehearsal of one or several previous moments which, in a sense, crystallize in these acts. The trespass appears as taking place in a scenario of reviviscence and could be defused only by analyzing with the subject with kind of secondary profits he obtain from this scenario. But existence of this base which induce to repeat trespass interrogates about concept of “series” applied to these rehearsals. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: After presenting the rationale behind behavioural analysis of sexual crimes beyond the family circle (Ann Med Psychol 2008;166:552–7), the authors have adapted and automated this test to the working practices of the Department of Behavioural Sciences of the French Gendarmerie. The missions of the latter encompass author profiling and criminal case comparisons. This new search tool, aka PRACTIS, is based on the fundamental components of violent crimes as well as the reconstruction of events. It enables the scientific quantitative and qualitative analysis of sexual assaults beyond the family circle, whether these are committed by a single offender or different ones. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This article takes back the main part of our intervention in the fourth French-speaking International Congress on the Sexual Aggression in Paris. We describe our device of care intended for the authors of sexual attacks there, which consists in a group of psychodrama. Illustrated with clinical logos, the rules of functioning of the group and the mechanisms of the psychodrama in the work are developed, which explain the effective of the device. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: After developing a standard protocol for the behavioral analysis of homicides and other violent crimes, the authors present the general medicopsychological and criminological principles of a new test that is specific to sexual aggression committed outside the family circle, such as pedophilia, rape and sexual homicide. Four analytic grids are proposed: modus operandi (technicity), modus operandi (spatiotemporal), relational component (verbal and behavioral), and circumstantial component. This new method of analyzing the crime scene and information from the criminal file may be used to improve criminal profiling, the quality of the legal inquiry, the quality of psychiatric assessments and scientific research into sex offenders. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Bénézech organised sexual homicide into two distinct categories — psychopathic and psychotic — but warned that this taxonomy has only an indicative value, since certain sexual homicides fall in-between these categories. Therefore forensic experts must determine which of the two components (psychopathic or psychotic) dominate as the risk of recidivism as well as the measures that should be taken are determined by the subjective structure of the perpetrator. Given this need, criminal analysis could benefit greatly from a thorough clinical analysis. The author presents a mixed case of sexual psychotic homicide with criminal nocturnal arson. The difficulties in diagnosing of such a case are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The sex criminality seems a self calming process front of threats of collapse of the psychotic or anaclitic type. Following work of C. Balier about the concept of “recourse to the act”, we propose a contribution to a theorization of the sexual criminality which rests on the failure of the transitionnality space and hallucinatory satisfaction. The sexual aggression concerns a “homo-erotism” with body or sex of the victim. The victim plays the part of “utilitarian object” against an invasion of excitation impossible to bind to a representation. Paradoxical, the temporary appeasing obtained after the criminal act is connected with anti traumatic regulation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Reporting on the clinical characteristics of adolescent sex offenders treated in a specialised outpatient unit of the Parisian region, the authors describe the clinical and psychodynamic profiles of this population. They develop a theoretical model based on the notion that sexual offences in minor adolescents are produced by a conjunction of three processes: 1) difficulties in integrating sensations due to puberty; 2) problems in modulating emotions and 3) dysfunctions in the normal ability for action. The authors develop a treatment model associating group and individual therapy, together with a thourough netting of the family and social context. The group focuses on a common creative activity (the making of a movie for instance) leading the adolescents to interact and team work, and individual sessions are focused on the expression of their thoughts and feelings. The main objectives are to help the adolescents in overcoming their inhibitions of action, better monitoring their emotions and developing a better sense of self. This intervention model seems to yield good results. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Introduction: Acceptance of the rape myths (ARM) refers to a set of attitudes, beliefs and stereotypes that tend to make women responsible for rapes or sexual assaults, and to rationalize, minimize or justify the behaviors of sexual offenders. ARM can also promote intimate partner violence (spousal rape). Domestic violence is generally associated with an insecure attachment style (avoidant or ambivalent) in both perpetrators and victims. The attachment insecurity of perpetrators of spousal violence can favor the use of violence against partners. The perpetrators also have a tendency to attribute the responsibility of their acts to their partners. Gerger, Kley, Bohner and Siebler (2007) developed the "Acceptance of Modern Myths about Sexual Aggression Scale" to measure the ARM in a more subtle way, in particular by reducing social desirability bias. The aim of this study is both to explore the psychometric qualities of the French version of the AMMSA and to study the relationships between the ARM, attachment styles and spousal violence in young adults and perpetrators of domestic violence (with the hypothesis that the latter have a greater ARM and a more insecure attachment style with the intimate partner)., Methods: Participants. The participants (n=275) were divided into two samples: sample 1 comprised 243 French psychology students and psychiatry residents, mean age 26.94years (±4.06years, range 19 to 38), with 79 % females (173 women and 50 men). The majority (69%) were in a relationship, and their level of study ranged from 13th grade to 19th grade; sample 2 comprised 32 men treated in a therapy center for perpetrators of spousal violence (in the "Centre-Val-de-Loire" region in France). They had a mean age of 40.84years (±11.06years, range 22 to 61). The majority (59%) was in a relationship and their level of study ranged from 5th grade to 18th grade (mean level=11)., Instruments: To measure the ARM Myths, we used the AMMSA, which is composed of 30 items structured into a single overarching factor. To assess the styles of attachment to the partner, we used the Experiences in Close Relationships (ECR) scale, which comprises 36 items structured in two dimensions: (i) attachment-related anxiety, and (ii) attachment-related avoidance in the couple. The tools were self-administered. Students completed the questionnaire via the Internet using the Sphinx software during an online survey. Clinical subjects completed the questionnaire in their therapy center. All participants were volunteers and gave their informed consent before anonymously completing the paper or online self-assessment questionnaire., Results: We carried out a principal components factor analysis using Varimax rotation on the data obtained from the answers to the 30 items of the AMMSA of all respondents. The analysis identified a single factor with an eigenvalue of 9.04 and which explained more than 30% of the total variance. This factor saturated (>0.30) 29 of the 30 items of the AMMSA, and the Cronbach alpha (which assesses internal consistency) was 0.91. The comparison of AMMSA scores between the clinical group (men with a history of spousal abuse) and male and female students showed differences, while there were no significant gender differences in the non-clinical group. The mean level of insecurity of attachment to the partner was also higher for the men in the clinical group than those in the non-clinical group (students). Results found correlations between the ARM and ECR for attachment-related anxiety in the non-clinical group (both men and women), a weak and negative correlation between age and attachment-related anxiety, and a correlation between age and AMMSA only for women., Discussion: The results concerning the qualities of the AMMSA are consistent with previous work. In addition, perpetrators of spousal violence have a stronger ARM. The links between (a) older age and a low level of education and (b) the ARM have already been highlighted. However, psychology students and psychiatry residents are probably more likely than others to develop pro-social, egalitarian, sensitive and tolerant attitudes, and therefore to be less in touch with rape myths. Both men and women have sexist representations and acceptance of the rape myths. The ARM is associated with common negative gender stereotypes, notably ambivalent sexism (with its two dimensions: hostile and benevolent sexism). This study has limitations linked both to the small clinical sample and the recruitment of non-clinical subjects from psychological and medical academic fields (with a specialty in psychiatry). Nonetheless, it is also one of the interests of this study to show that the ARM concerns everyone, including students, regardless of their academic or professional orientation., Conclusion: The AMMSA, which has been validated in different languages and in different contexts, has always shown good psychometric qualities. This French adaptation shows the same characteristics in terms of unifactorial structure, saturation of scale items and internal consistency. Further studies are needed to confirm external validity and test-retest reliability. It would also be desirable to conduct studies with larger and more representative samples. The AMMSA could be an excellent prevention tool by raising awareness of the continuing extent of negative gender stereotypes, violence against women and rape myths., (Copyright © 2021 L'Encéphale, Paris. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Abstract: The genital self-mutilation is not rare in women. Risk factors found in these cases are: mood disorders, food behavior anomalies and antecedents of sexual aggression. However, surgical repair is not done in emergency: we find no similar report to our clinical case describing an added up bilateral reduction nymphoplasty carried out in emergency after hemorrhagic genital self-mutilation. We discuss psychological risk factors, psychiatric diagnosis and optimal treatment, studied from medico-ethical point of view, for this surgical emergency. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Women's sexual offending has long been unknown or denied, now it is slowly rising in the collective consciousness. This article provides a literature review, both Anglophone and Francophone, on various aspects of women who commit sexual abuse. According to the studies reviewed, it appears that these women are on average 30 years old at the moment of the abuse and that the vast majority of the victims are prepubescent children who belong to the aggressor's family circle. Different typologies are presented in order to better understand the profile and the psychopathology of women sex offenders, and to develop our understanding of this problem so that better prevention may be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]