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This article discusses literary formation in school, considering the curricular guidelines that converge for the formation of readers not only from a pragmatic nature, but, above all, from an aesthetic and sensitive order. It discusses the subjective reading, the development of the capacity of fruition, the pedagogical practices and the policies of access to the dimensions of art. It also analyzes how the Common National Curricular Base (BRASIL, 2018; 2019), despite allocating a field to literature, fails to give a more consistent reflection on the specificities surrounding the reading of literary text and what can be developed in practice for the formation of readers of literature. Finally, we analyze a short story by Guimarães Rosa, studying the possibilities of mediation for the teaching of literary reading.

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The introductory part of the paper discusses the changed reading habits of children and young people, conditioned by various factors - the development of modern technologies, the use of the Internet, constant reading of various content from numerous screens, changed thought patterns, "accelerated" time, etc. Such a context leaves little room for reading books and other printed publications, especially the so-called fine literature (fiction). For this reason, our research focus is on the attitude of high school students towards books and reading within the framework of teaching literature, and beyond, in the sphere of private life. The aim is to examine their reading habits and attitudes about books and reading in order to - by comparing the obtained data with the results of the similar research - determine the nature of the changes that have occurred in the meantime, and that new knowledge can be used to create serious, fact-based, methodological strategies for improving the current analyzed situation. The central part of the paper offers the presentation of the research conducted on a sample of 1177 students from 13 high schools in the area of the cities of Niš and Novi Pazar, conducted in late 2018 and early 2019. An anonymous questionnaire was used to collect and then interpret the data on students' family and school habits related to books and reading, their attitude towards school compulsory reading lists, libraries, e-books and online literature, as well as creativity and literature studies.

Psychological research shows that children start thinking about death, as well as developing their concepts related to it, quite early. On the other hand, there are findings indicating the ambivalent attitudes of teachers and parents when it comes to initiating conversation about death with the youngest. In this paper, we investigated the opinions of the preschool teachers about the thematization of death in preschool education and, more specifically, about the presence of literary texts with the motif of death in their work with children. A questionnaire was designed to collect the opinions of 60 preschool teachers, and the answers we obtained show, among other things, the following: a) more than a half of preschool teachers talked with children about death, b) 85% of preschool teachers had a case where a member of a child’s close or extended family, or a pet, had died, c) more than a half of the preschool teachers claim that the children have shown interest in talking about death. When it comes to literary texts, it turned out that: a) preschool teachers prefer fairy tales with the motif of death over fables, even though the death of a man (even a child) occurs in them, b) that the death of the main character in a text is not an obstacle for selecting the text for teaching, c) that preschool teachers ask a wide range of questions about death related to a literary text, but also that they use questions to connect the text with the life experience of children.

Identification and development of interest for reading at younger school age is important for developing affinity towards literature as a form of art. In the paper, the author focuses on the evaluation of Serbian language teaching as one of the factors that contribute to motivating, guiding and encouraging pupils to improve their reading skills. Teaching literature as an important factor in developing not only motivation for reading, but also reading skills, continually gives rise to the issue of finding the ways in which pupils will gradually grow to like books and learn from them. The influence of teaching literature in the lower grades of primary school on pupils’ reading interests was tested by interviewing primary school teachers (N=312) from 33 schools in the city of Belgrade and 10 administrative districts of the Republic of Serbia. The research tasks were designed to examine teachers’ attitudes towards: (a) the influence of literature teaching on pupils’ reading interests; (b) the contribution of text localization to fostering pupils’ reading interests; (c) the contribution of the analyzing the genre particularities of texts to the development of pupils’ reading preferences. The research results show the following: (a) teaching literature, in the opinion of teachers, affects pupils’ reading interests to a lesser extent; (b) text localization contributes to a greater extent to encouraging pupils’ interest in reading; (c) the interpretation of the genre particularities of the text contributes to a lesser extent to the stimulation of pupils’ reading interests. Bearing in mind that the efficiency of educational work is assessed by the level of development of reading interests, it is necessary that all participants in the teaching process pay special attention to designing a creative and challenging environment which will, by knowing, encouraging and developing pupils’ reading interest, satisfy their needs for development by reading and through reading.

Intersemiotic poetics and teaching literature The article is devoted to intersemiotic poetics derived from the theory of translation, that is the principle of translation described by Roman Jakobson (the interpretation of linguistic signs by means of non-verbal signs). From the reconstruction of research stances, changes in the concepts of the mind, and a new understanding of the processes of perception and metaphor, the Author relates the mechanisms of intersemiotic translation to borderline forms (ekphrasis and audio description) and the principles of teaching. By analyzing selected examples (Jacek Kaczmarski’s ekphrasis and editorial notes to Wisława Szymborska’s poem Utopia), she proves that after rejecting the principles of equivalence and similarity, while simultaneously maintaining the principle of causality, one may look for affinities in deeper semantic layers (amplification, addition) or engage in teaching literature, where intellectual precision is related to the shaping of emotions and skills involved in the multisensual reading of cultural texts.

Departing from the polyvalent metaphor of the “clinic,” this article discusses the results of the first phase of an English teacher education project, part of the Teaching Initiation Scholarship Program (PIBID/CAPES) at a federal university in Brazil. Given the effects of globalization on language teaching and learning, the English teacher certification program needs to incorporate critical and intercultural perspectives in the reflexive dimension of the teacher education curriculum. One possible approach is the study of global English, or Anglophone, literatures utilizing a cultural studies and postcolonial theoretical framework. In accordance with recent observations by Festino (2011) and Lourenço (2011) about the importance of literatures in English for education in Brazil, I propose a multimodal and critical approach to the study of Anglophone literatures connected to teaching in basic education that also stimulates teacher reflection. This approach also seeks to illuminatethe role of English in Brazil and clarify the notion of content in English classes, as it relates to narrative. My analysis involves a triptych of literary genres from different countries: Kendal Hippolyte (poetry – St. Lucia), Chinua Achebe (novel – Nigeria), and Jhumpa Lahiri (short story – United States and India). Some strategies for transposing literary studies to the middle school English classroom in Brazil are also outlined.

Resumo Em uma sociedade com profundas transformações tecnológicas e culturais, que modificam não apenas as relações entre as artes, mas também as relações que os indivíduos têm com o mundo simbólico, qual é o lugar do leitor? Como formar um leitor atualmente? Qual a razão para se continuar a ensinar literatura? Partindo de pressupostos teóricos da educação comparada, da teoria dos polissistemas e do letramento literário, buscar-se-á encontrar caminhos de respostas a essas questões, analisando duas configurações paradigmáticas da literatura infantil: as relações com a escola e o livro e, com eles, o processo de aprendizagem da escrita e da formação do leitor, com o objetivo de oferecer, a partir da posição ocupada pelo sistema literário infantil, um horizonte de reflexão sobre o ensino da literatura e a formação do leitor em nossa sociedade pós-literária.