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Copyright of Africa Spectrum is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of SIRIUS - Zeitschrift fur Strategische Analysen is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Türkiye aims to attain self-sufficiency with the transformation of its defense industry by state-centered and private sector investments as collaboration in the last decade. This paper presents new evidence on the effects of Turkish defense industry’s transformation on Turkish foreign policy by analysing the role of private defense sectors collaborated with the state institutions that are innovative and competitive as in today’s global environment. The main purpose of the article is to verify the claim that the developed, nationalized and localized Turkish defense industry is instrumental in taking more confident steps in Turkish foreign policy. Türkiye has been in a defense transformation since the early 2000s by focusing on a self-reliant and techno-nationalist model by allocating national security resources with the awareness of today’s world conflicts on energy, defense, security, and the experience of Cyprus crisis of 1974 and the ongoing fight against terrorism in a historical perspective. This geopolitical and strategic status of Türkiye and the resilience of Turkish defense industry have also emerged opportunities and challenges for Turkish foreign policy. Furthermore, it is observed that the transformation of Turkish defense industry has presented political and economic commitments for the future. The paper also sheds light on Türkiye’s allocation national resources and collaboration with especially private sector in the transformation process. As a result, in this article, it is concluded that Türkiye's increasing its military presence beyond its borders by exporting national weapons, active operations, military bases and peacekeeping missions means that it has adopted an active and assertive foreign policy. Qualitative research method has been used to reach this result together with primary and secondary sources. Information has been obtained directly from the websites of companies such as Roketsan, Havelsan, Baykar technology, STM, BMC. The defense article of İsmail Demir, President of the National Defense Industry of Türkiye, and the studies of researchers who wrote academic articles about the Turkish defense industry such as Sezgin, Seren, Adar, Yeşiltaş, Sekine, Öniş and Sakman have been referred. Apart from these, the DefeseNews website, which provides annual updated lists of the world's most powerful defense companies, has laso been used.

The article presents a concept of research and its social application concerning the creation and modelling of theologically inspired and supported patriotic attitudes in the Polish historical and security-related context. It concerns patriotism which, primarily, refers to Poland’s national heritage, theology, Catholic social science and national responsibility; secondly, it is directed at a sovereign economic development locally and on the international arena; thirdly, it shapes pro-societal and pro-defence attitudes; fourthly, it takes into account contemporary challenges linked with the environment, demography, migrations and “temporal challenges”. The text is classified among the papers on conceptualization of research projects in the area of security studies, social policies and political science, account being taken of the contexts and problem references to theology, history and cultural anthropology.

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Aussen- und Sicherheitspolitik is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The search for footing can be thought of as an essential human experience. Joachim Wittstock's essays published in the anthology Einen Halt suchen reveal not only the socio-political repercussions of this pursuit but also establish its phenomenology and morphology. In my paper I will focus on the link between the search for footing and the mortal condition, thus demonstrating how the true nature of this pursuit for existential stability and security can be understood as life's aversion towards death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Militärgeschichtliche Zeitschrift is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Dieser Beitrag diskutiert die nationalen Sicherheitsziele und politischen Rahmenbedingungen der Entscheidung der Obama-Regierung, eine Counterinsurgency Strategy zu verfolgen und die Truppenstärke in Afghanistan zu erhöhen. Auf Grundlage der wichtigsten strategischen Dokumente, die die Grundlage des behördenübergreifenden Prozesses bildeten, sowie der politischen Zwänge, unter denen die Obama-Regierung operierte, ist es möglich, die Schlüsselfaktoren zu verstehen, die die Formulierung der Strategie bestimmten. Auch erklärt der Artikel die Widersprüche zwischen dem geopolitischen Kontext, den von Obama definierten strategischen Zielen und den Mitteln, diese zu erreichen. Die Analyse erhellt, dass die Politik bestenfalls einen Teilerfolg erzielen konnte. This contribution discusses the national security objectives and the political parameters of the Obama administration's decision to shift towards a counterinsurgency strategy and increase troop levels in Afghanistan. Based on the key strategic documents that formed the basis of the interagency process, as well as the political constraints under which the Obama administration was operating, it is possible to understand the key factors that defined the policy. The article also explains the various contradictions between the geopolitical context, the strategic objectives as defined by Obama and means to achieve them. Based on such analysis it is clear that the policy could at best achieve a partial success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The perception of what constitutes a security threat has changed during the last decade. Today, so-called new security threats such as terrorism, global crime or piracy dominate the agenda of international politics. With their transboundary character those threats affect international and national security politics. This paper investigates the consequences of these changes for national security politics, analysing securitization dynamics in the field of aviation security. Two findings stand out: First, securitization is negotiated between the securitizing actor and the respective audience. Second, national security politics transforms into what we describe as risk politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The establishment of a military command for Africa (US AFRICOM) symbolizes the radical repositioning of the US military. Facilitated by the consensus in contemporary Western foreign policies - that there can be no development without security - over the last ten years the US military has expanded its activities into civilian domains including development and conflict prevention. As a reaction to the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, recent US military doctrines on counterinsurgency and stability operations have singled out the need for more civilian and long-term activities as a precondition for success. AFRICOM has put most of these „military innovations" into practice. Due to the command's focus on development activities, on civil-military coordination and its proposed engagement in non-war situations, in military circles AFRICOM is seen as a role model for future military practices. This paper problematizes the military's expanding mandate and discusses its implications. It argues that the military's increasing engagement in issues of governance and development deeply blurs the normative boundary between the military and the civilian and exposes development as a technology of security. Furthermore, the military's repositioning follows the dominant securitization of so- called „fragile states" and classifies social spaces along Western strategic interests. As a consequence, targeted communities find it hard to separate development efforts aimed at countering poverty and those aimed at countering insurgency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) has long been introduced as an inter-governmental policy area. In this article, other elements are introduced that might have an impact on the overall structure of CFSP. The article identifies traces of intergovernmental, transgovernmental, supranational and transnational elements in CFSP. Special attention is drawn on institutional changes in the wake of the Lisbon Treaty. At the same, time also elements in the shadow of the Lisbon Treaty are identified. The paper concludes with a plea for future approaches that recognize the multitude and diversity of organizations in CFSP - beyond a pure intergovernmental reading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2001 the international community supports the Afghan state in building the rule of law in the country. Although some progress has been made, the rule of law is still weak. However, as the paper shows, the situation of decreasing security and lack of the rule of law are interrelated and affect each other in a negative way. Therefore, strengthening the rule of law should be the priority in the ongoing state-building process. As long as the Afghan government cannot provide a stable and secure environment based on the principles of the rule of law, reconciliation and peace cannot be achieved. Afghan authorities must finally start to accept and implement the concepts of rule of law by ceasing injustice, impunity and corruption throughout the country. The new "Prioritization and Implementation Plan", which the Afghan government presented on the International Kabul Conference in July 2010, may be a first step in this direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ten years after the inauguration of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership (EMP), its aim of creating a Security Community based on common democratic values has still not been achieved. One of the causes for the EMP's modest results, namely in the security baskets (I) and (III), is the absence of democracy in the region and the EU's reluctance to push authoritarian regimes towards political reform. This reluctance contradicts the EU's conviction that democracy is a prerequisite for the creation of a zone of peace, stability and prosperity, the three explicit goals of the Barcelona Declaration. How can the EU's incoherence be explained? This paper argues that role theory might be a key to the answer. The conflict between the EU's normative role as a promoter of democracy conflicts with its newly established role as an international promoter of security and with the role of every single member state as a guard of its national interest. However, since role concepts are not static, there is a chance for change. Western policies of democracy promotion have triggered off high expectations in the Arab world which have led to a lively discourse on political reform. Unfortunately, these dynamics have not yet resulted in concrete changes on the political ground, as the latest regional policy approaches of the EU prove. The path towards a zone of peace, stability and prosperity therefore still seems to be long. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Year 53 BC, Julius Caesar had some problems in his campaign in Gaul. The great campaigns and conquest operations were finished and in that moment there were only peace operations. Roman politicians and people of Rome were opposed to war spending. Therefore, Julius Caesar wrote his Book VII of the Gallic Wars. He described the military operations at 53 BC with detailed ethnographic aspects of the conquered people. Julius Caesar used ethnography for its own benefit. Recently the use of anthropologists in Iraq and Afghanistan by the army of the United States has been very controversial. This paper analyzes this fact and its meaning.

Copyright of Der Staat is the property of Duncker & Humblot GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

American sea power and forward-deployed U.S. naval forces play a crucial role for the defense and security policy of the United States. However, indiscriminate budget cuts, a degree of rebalancing towards the Pacific, some ground-breaking changes in strategic dependencies, and a shift in political priorities could curtail the U.S. Navy's abilities to influence events at and from the sea in some areas of the world. As a consequence, other powers need to fill the geopolitical vacuum, with very broad ramifications for European navies. This essay, although skeptical towards Europe's ability to muster such efforts decisively, provides some broad policy recommendations for how to optimize German and European sea power accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the framework of a new foreign, security and development policy doctrine ("strategic depth"), the NATO-member and EU-accession candidate Turkey under the governing moderate-Islamist Justice and Development Party (AKP) has aimed to stabilize its neighborhood as a "civilian power" and "honest broker" by means of soft power. At the same time, the government of Prime Minister Erdogan undermines western-liberal norms and its political commitments with Western partners by deepening economic and security ties with anti-western, authoritarian countries. These contradictory policies lead to dilemmas and conflicting goals in Ankara's new foreign policy. The national interests of Turkey, in particular the interests of the AKP government, the party's instrumental instead of normative understanding of democracy and Ankara's commitments to western partners undermine Turkey's regional power ambitions rather than contributing to them. In addition, they foil Turkey's and the AKP's role as models for Arab democracies and modern Islamist parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While cyber attacks are subject of a wide range of publications, the question of whether a cyber war is going on or even possible at all remains hotly contested with the opponents seemingly gaining the upper hand lately. But the characterization as a mere hype or as threat inflation to augment own funding in times of shrinking budgets misses two points: not only are cyber wars theoretically possible, but we still miss coherent categories and definitions to grasp the full extent of possible attacks. The following essay is trying to weigh these aspects and offers two scenarios of plausible cyber wars as well as steps towards a better definition of the challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the role of American private detective Allan Pinkerton and his detective agency during the American Civil War, with special reference to his activities as the unofficial head of the U.S. government's secret service. The author focuses on the interplay of private and state interests in the development of intelligence operations during the war. Other aspects examined include espionage and counterespionage, Pinkteron's relationship to U.S. General George B. McClellan, and the problem of contracting out operations pertaining to national security.

Copyright of ÖZP - Österreichische Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft is the property of Oesterreichische Zeitschrift fur Politikwissenschaft and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America in the early 21st century in historical perspective. The author intersperses observations about Latin American politics, economic conditions, and international assertiveness with anecdotes about alleged American imperialism in the region from the Monroe doctrine onwards. Aspects of the relationships discussed include the effect of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on American security policy, Latin America's growing geopolitical importance due to its raw materials and natural resources, and the question whether the term Latin America is appropriate to describe the region.

Copyright of Leviathan: Zeitschrift für Sozialwissenschaft (Springer Science & Business Media B.V.) is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)