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Copyright of Swiss Journal of Sociology / Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Soziologie is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Pädagogik is the property of Julius Beltz GmbH & Co. KG Beltz Juventa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Linguistik Online is the property of Universitaet Bern, Philosophisch-Historische Fakultaet and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present paper examines the impact of the COVID 19-pandemic on school exchanges between Germany and France. Furthermore, it investigates teachers’ and students’ experiences with distance learning during this period. We highlight that the pandemic has generated many exceptional challenges, especially for vulnerable students. However, the pandemic-induced constraints have also stimulated the development of new didactic approaches, tools and methods. Therefore, we can speak about the new opportunities in the domain of education, and most precisely, for school exchanges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Konfliktmanagement is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This short review article has two main goals. On the one hand, to show that beyond an apparent opposition between "big state" and "big society", the history of French assistance is based more on complementarities and cooperation than on confrontation. As in Anglo-Saxon countries and Germany, it is therefore relevant to speak about a "mixed economy of welfare", although the term is almost never used. On the other hand, the paper will also try to understand that omission by tracing the outlines of the French historiography on assistance, showing that works on the subject are both relatively recent (mainly from the 1990s onwards) and often scattered across religious and social history from the 19th to the 21st century; but also between historians and other social scientists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bibliothek Forschung und Praxis is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Sozialreform is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Industrielle Beziehungen is the property of Rainer Hampp Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Industrielle Beziehungen is the property of Rainer Hampp Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Geomechanik und Tunnelbau is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

While scholars working on high and late medieval England and France have long been emphasising the significance of kings and their chanceries as driving forces for the use of the written word in administrative matters, scholars dealing with the Empire have painted a different picture: pragmatic literacy was first deployed by the towns, then by the magnates and lastly by the kings. This view, however, created a blind spot for the impact kings might have had on the activities of princely chanceries. This article addresses this theme by focussing on the subject of princely rank. In so doing it investigates when kings started issuing charters concerning the promotions to princely rank or dealing with the hierarchy among the princes. It then looks at the representation of such documents in princely cartularies by analysing the earliest cartularies of the counts palatine of the Rhine and the counts / dukes of Jülich respectively. It can be shown that these charters occupied a central position and may even have been the reason for the creation of the cartularies; they were key to the manifestation of princely rank. As a result, the idea that princely rank derived from the king - an idea the king himself was eager to promote in his charters - was enshrined in and communicated by these princely cartularies. These cartularies, therefore, did not paint an image of autonomous princely authority, but on the contrary, they portray a hierarchically ordered community of king and princes. In such a way the cartularies made their own small contribution to creating and maintaining the long-lasting idea of the Empire as a political configuration represented by the king and the princes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of GENDER: Zeitschrift für Geschlecht, Kultur und Gesellschaft is the property of Verlag Barbara Budrich GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Gruppenpsychotherapie und Gruppendynamik: Beiträge zur Sozialpsychologie und therapeutischen Praxis is the property of Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The spatial thinking of French Jesuit Michel de Certeau (1925- 1986) has been frequently discussed and put in context with the spatial turn. De Certeau's spatial theory is organized through a framework of dualistic key-categories: space and place, map and tour, strategy and tactic. However, his theory has more to offer than a formal pattern for describing spatial practices in urban space in the vein of French structuralism. The distinction between spaces and places rather holds a strong normative implication. His practical transformation from places into spaces thus not only plays an important role for his cultural history of everyday life developed in Arts de faire, but also in his work on historical writing and meta-historiography, and his research in early modern mysticism. This paper examines the main features of de Certeau's theory of space and their interdisciplinary appropriation, as well as discusses the potential of the spatial practice approach for social and cultural studies beyond the conceptualization of everyday practices of resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of ÖZP - Österreichische Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft is the property of Oesterreichische Zeitschrift fur Politikwissenschaft and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article reports on a conference about the role of symbols and the imaginary in legitimizing political order, which was held in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, on October 21-22, 2011. The papers presented addressed such topics as the representation of absolutism in the fables of French poet Jean de La Fontaine, the illustration of critical moments of the French Revolution by French classicist painter Jacques-Louis David, and the epistemological writings of Dutch philosopher Benedict de Spinoza.

The article offers information on a transnational conference that focused on the military history of the national defense departments and armed forces of nation-states such as France and Germany from the 19th to the 20th century. It took place in Paris, France on June 20, 2011. Papers presented at the conference discussed topics including the army constitutions of nation-states, the management of colonial military troops, and the development of the French and German national armies.

The article offers information on the "Historical Climatology" conference that took place at the German Historical Institute in Paris, France from September 5-6, 2011. Papers presented at the conference discussed topics such as how historians can contribute to finding a solution to climate change, how climate change affected animals in England and Wales during the 14th century, and how certain types of documentary data can aid in the reconstruction of European climates.

Copyright of Sociologia Internationalis is the property of Duncker & Humblot GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper deals with the application of the French Penal Code of 1810 by the French courts. The Code provided for the establishment in each department of a Court of Assizes (Courd'assises) to replace the Court of Criminal Justice (Cour de justice criminelle) , which itself succeeded the Criminal Court of the Revolution, and also greatly reformed investigation and prosecution. It is widely seen as significantly more severe than the Code of 1791, interested in preserving the interests and the authority of the state, but an analysis of the way in which it was used by the courts, here notably the Assize Court of Vienne, shows that the courts managed to show a more measured approach to prosecution and sentencing of concrete cases while remaining true to the spirit of the 1810 Penal Code. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Swiss Journal of Sociology / Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Soziologie is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Qualitative Forschung (ZQF) is the property of Verlag Barbara Budrich GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Katalanistik is the property of Zeitschrift fur Katalanistik and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Pädagogik is the property of Julius Beltz GmbH & Co. KG Beltz Juventa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Soziologie is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Soziologie is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the history of the Bibliographie Nationale Française (BNF), the French National Library, from its foundation in 1811 under Napoleon, its expansion to other subjects beside bibliography after the World War II, and to its modern online databases. The library is the oldest national bibliography in the world. Other topics mentioned are new cooperation with other libraries, the use of microfiche to reduce paper costs, and the goal to preserve books as cultural heritage.

The article offers information on "Nationes, Gentes und die Musik im Mittelalter," a conference that focused on music and social life during the Middle Ages in Europe. It took place in Gießen, Germany from September 8-11, 2011. Papers presented at the conference discussed topics such as historiography in the Alpine region in Europe during the Middle Ages, identities and societies in the Frankish Empire, and the different regional musical notations in Europe during the Middle Ages.

Copyright of Industrielle Beziehungen is the property of Rainer Hampp Verlag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

"Charlie Hebdo Shooting" or "Attack against Charlie Hebdo"? What would be the better title for a Wikipedia article? This type of question arises every time Wikipedia community members create a new entry. Given the emblematic role of the titles, the process of choosing them is a difficult task which requires an intense collaboration process. The present study investigates the choice of the titles and focuses on the relationship between the title and the content of the article as well as the linguistic form of the title itself. With regard to the semantic appropriateness of the titles, we explore a corpus of articles on historical and recent events as well as on social groups defined either by physical or mental limitations or by their skin color. The choice of the linguistic forms is examined using entries that include foreign proper names and expressions affected by the orthographic reform of 1990 in France. The analysis shows that the collaborative construction of titles is very enriching in most cases and allows titles to attain clearer and more neutral forms that approach increasingly the neutral encyclopedic ideal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a report on the perspective of ordinary soldiers in the Napoleonic Wars. Topics discussed here include letters from the Napoleonic Wars as historical sources, family background and military services of Stephan Wahlen, and the pictures depicted by Wahlen of soldiers, landscapes, and cities. Also being discussed is the sale of letters in the Napoleonic army.

Copyright of Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses a long-standing conflict between France's doctors and the Securité sociale owing to doctors' incomes. The social security system's deficits led to a July 1980 reordering of that relationship that sparked physician protests and a threat of a general strike. A co-payment check system was introduced that provides a paper trail of physician medicine and procedure prescriptions to be monitored by health insurance authorities. Doctors see their freedom threatened.

Copyright of Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In shaping the institution of the museum, the French revolutionaries similarly established it as a cultural agent resting upon specific cultural techniques which still account for its modernity down to the present day. On the backdrop of the all-embracing notion of the “new world" which the revolutionaries repetitiously made use of, the discussions about the creation of the Louvre outlined the museum's genuine cultural performance in terms of museification. The following article tries to develop this argument and expounds a poetics of the modern museum being essentially grounded, first, on the present as most important time line, second, on the aesthetics of the exhibits, and third, on the utopian moment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents and discusses the poetics of the museum while basing on an historical investigation of the museum as an institution in France between the years 1790-1795. Thus, the article determines that the French revolutionaries that stood behind the establishment of the museum, based its concept on a set of cultural techniques that have remained relevant throughout history and thus play a role in the present as well. The revolutionaries used the narrative of "a new world" when creating the Louvre museum. The article consequently explores the poetics of the museum in modernity while concentrating on its aesthetics from an historical perspective.

The article discusses the impact of decolonization on the former colonialist empire France. The author argues that traditional historiography of the colonial era marginalised the effect of French colonialism on French culture and consciousness, and did not reflect adequately the violence of the processes of colonialism and decolonization in the social and the political arena. Topics mentioned include migration, racism, and cultural conflict in post-colonial France.

Copyright of Daphnis: Zeitschrift fuer Mittlere Deutsche Literatur und Kultur der Fruhen Neuzeit is the property of Brill Academic Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sozialer Fortschritt is the property of Duncker & Humblot GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The author analyses and defends the French referendum against Europe's new constitutional treaty. Even if the referendum was a disaster for the democratic legitimization of the EU, it had a significant democratic meaning, and hence came close to a first 'constitutional moment' of Europe. The referendum has made manifest the up-to-then latent crisis of legitimation. The crisis seems to be caused by new transnational relations of domination. A postnational soft Bonapartism is emerging. This new Bonapartism of the united executive bodies of Europe relies on a tremendous growth of informal power beyond state borders and beyond the law. The very political problem of Europe therefore is the re-legalization of informal power structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Religious pluralism and the religiously induced behavior of minorities challenge the traditional understanding of those constitutional provisions which guarantee the freedom of religion. The article analyses, how freedom of religion is understood in the constitutional law of Germany, France and the United States. It reveals significant differences in the legal treatment of social behavior originating in religion. These differences offer insights how the law thinks and works: How it protects minorities and at the same time originates in a majority will. How it is both a democratic political means and an individual safeguard. How liberty is distributed between individuals and the society. The article takes the religious freedom clauses as an example for three different models in the civil rights theory and attributes them to Germany, France an the U.S. It explains these models with the rather different historical developments of individual rights in these countries and hence shows that our contemporary understanding of civil rights depends on their social, political and historical development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes how, in the context of the development of the French human sciences (sciences de l'homme) around 1800, the reference to the Reign of Terror was constitutive for the formulation and legitimation of a procedure, which was based on what Jean-Étienne Esquirol called "moral shocks" (sécousse morale). The psychiatric and pedagogical discussion of non-physical effects on the spirit (esprit) of human subjects and patients essentially dealt with the question: could people have been liberated by the shocking surge of the Revolution from the demeaning and dependent habits of the Old Regime (ancien régime), or could this violent revolution have had a pathological effect? This article shows that, after 1800, the latter interpretation became accepted. A professional self-image of psychiatric and pedagogical expertise formed in the relationship between physician and patient or teacher and student. This expertise justified employing shocks in professionally controlled settings, while the healing power of the revolutionary was negated. This article thereby distinguishes between four different perspectives on the pathological or healing effect of what was perceived as a "revolutionary shock": firstly, a positive perspective that interprets the shock of the Revolution as healthy, stimulating the vital forces of the people languishing in inactivity; secondly, a cautious perspective that emphasizes the necessity of curbing and controlling the passions of the people; thirdly, a perspective that recognizes in the outburst of passions an aberration from the natural state, and fourthly, a therapeutic perspective that recommends the use of passions by experts in very controlled spaces. Based on published texts and material from the Archives nationales as well as the Institut national de jeunes sourds, this article provides a political history of the development of moral shocks and argues that the development of epistemological and therapeutic technologies in the human sciences were essentially the result of a demarcation from revolutionary violence as well as the desire in the human sciences for a stable government.

Background and Objectives: Both France and Switzerland face a general practitioner (GP) shortage. What differences or parallels exist between the two countries with regard to the causes for this shortage? What conclusions might be drawn from a systematic comparison?, Methods: Literature review with qualitative and semi-quantitative content analysis., Results: Parallels exist in the comparing categories work contents, working structure, income and social status, medical school formation, private life, psychological motives. Differences are found in the categories biography and social selection, medical socialisation, residency. In Switzerland, residency is not uniformly structured, rarely institutionally organised and contains only few elements specific to general medicine. In France, medical socialisation not only exalts the specialists, but also strongly devaluates the GPs., Conclusions: By systematic analysis and comparison of both countries' pertinent literature, France and Switzerland can deepen their understanding of GP shortage. This paper identifies possible fields of action from medical school through residency up to workplace conditions that are pivotal in addressing the shortage of GPs.

In this paper I address the issue of the theoretical and epistemological status of embryology at the rise of the so-called "Scientific Revolution" (also in the first half of the seventeenth-century) and raise the question, in what sense and to what extent the historiographical concept of "Scientific Revolution" is applicable to the domain of embryology. To achieve this aim I compare the theories of three protagonists of the medical, scientific and philosophical debate of that age, namely Cesare Cremonini, William Harvey and René Descartes, who had very different views on the world structure and human nature and a very different concept of science, but who shared, as concerns embryological issues, an epigenetic conception of the development of the embryo. Their theories are discussed and compared in light of following questions: 1) What do Cremonini's, Harvey's and Descartes's embryological theories exactly aim to?; 2) In developing their theories, do these thinkers deal explicitly or implicitly with the Aristotelian and the Galenic embryological paradigm?; 3)Do they refer polemically to the Aristotelian and the Galenic tradition and what theoretical and/or rhetorical function have these polemical references?; 4) Do the embryological theories of Cremonini, Harvey and Descartes reflect the century-long dispute between "(Aristotelian) philosophers" and "(Galenic) doctors"?; 5) How is represented embryology as a 'scientific' and/or 'theoretical' domain? And what relationship between concepts of 'truth', 'research', 'tradition' and 'scientific progress' is implied or proposed in the embryological works of these three thinkers? What kind of use do Cremonini, Harvey and Descartes make of the argumenta ex ratione and of those ex experientia?

Based upon flyers and advertisements for the contraceptive pill from 1961 until 2005, this paper discusses the ways in which the drug and its female users were represented in the marketing of two West European countries, France and the German Federal Republic. As my analysis suggests, national differences are only discernible in the marketing until the end of the 1970s. In West Germany, the pill was depicted from early on as a contraceptive, whereas, due to the restrictive legal situation, in France the pill was marketed as a multi-purpose drug. Nevertheless, the sources in both countries emphasized the safety of the drug. Likewise the representations of women changed from the notion of the married mother to a more diverse image, including young, modern and active women. From the early 1980s on, French and German materials conformed to one another. Now more classification systems were developed, emphasizing the differences between types of pills and types of women. Lifestyle, leisure and fun became increasingly central topics. Correspondingly, the female user was often portrayed in a sexualized way and represented as an active consumer with individual needs and wishes.

At the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century in France, Marie-François-Xavier Bichat and François Magendie took quite divergent views on the epistemological and methodological importance of physiological investigations in the experimental life sciences. For Bichat, morphological physiology represented only an auxiliary science for his anatomico-pathological approach to biomedical research. Magendie's experimental physiology diverged considerably from Bichat's foregoing conception: Although the physiological endeavour had to be seen as being essentially based on the localizational work that had afore been performed in the field of pathological anatomy, Magendie sensed that the experimental approach to physiology represented an important epistemic value in itself. This paper traces both the material basis of particular experimental series found in Bichat and Magendie as well as the individual laboratory practices which both experimental investigators used in their daily research. The focus on the epistemological and methodological differences shall be brought in line with that of the French experimentalists' divergent explanatory views on the teleological and functional phenomena in living organisms as well as the physiological pursuit of generating knowledge in the life sciences.

This paper is based on Canguilhem's text on the concept of scientific ideology, which he introduced in 1969. We describe Canguilhem's attempts at designing a methodological framework for the history of science including the status of kinds of knowledge related to science, like scientific ideologies preceding particular scientific domains (like ideologies about inheritance before Mendel, or Spencer's universal evolutionary laws preceding Darwin). This attempt at picturing the relationships between science and ideology is compared with Jürgen Habermas's book Technology and Science as 'Ideology' in 1968. The philosphical issue of human normativity provides the framework of this discussion.

Pierre Janet (1859-1947) is one of those more or less forgotten authors whose approach differed significantly from Freud's psychoanalysis. In the first part of this paper, Janet's conception of hysteria is discussed and his place in French psychiatry described. Different aspects of Janet's diathesis-stress-approach are presented (particularly his important pathogenic concept of fixed ideas) which refer not only to a conception of hysteria, but also to traumatic (stress) disorders and other psychological disturbances. The second part of the paper details the varieties of Janetian therapeutic treatments for these disorders: the 'liquidation' of fixed ideas by hypnosis and suggestion, confrontation techniques which resemble contemporary cognitive behavioural approaches, and special cognitive ("logagogic") interventions. Finally, we also discuss the various treatment strategies Janet proposes for dealing with symptoms, such as asthenic or depressive states, from his psycho-economic perspective.

New investigations on Otto Hauser's skeleton findings and the excavations of this Swiss citizen in Southwest France from 1906 until 1914 placed the activities of this archaeologist again in the focus of scientific and public interest. This paper describes life and oeuvre of Otto Hauser and discusses the importance of the skeletons found by him and Hermann Klaatsch as well as the consequences of their discovery. The efforts of Otto Hauser to publish his discoveries, to present and spread his view concerning the evolution of man were remarkably manifold as well as the parallels between ancient man and contemporary ethnic groups living on a low technological level drawn by him and to wake and to promote the interest in prehistory. Many books, brochures, articles and public lectures contributed to this intention as well as co-operation with local historians and scientists of other disciplines, and also many films, teaching and illustrative materials. The scientific collection of the authors of this article comprises more than 6,500 written documents and photos.