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This paper investigates the relations between the public Notariat in the ecclesiastical province of Salzburg and the Papal Curia in Rome on three levels: that of the notarial certificates send from the ecclesiastical province of Salzburg to Rome and vice versa; the personal files overseen by various notaries from Salzburg at the Curia; the notaries from the ecclesiastical province of Salzburg who personally travelled to Rome. In this context we consider on the one hand the documents dispatched on a regional level, on the other the corresponding entries in the „Repertorium Germanicum“. It emerges that public notaries, by issuing proxies and mandates, made a fundamental contribution to the functioning of the procedures delegated. In Rome itself, it was possible to obtain authorization to work as a Papal or Imperial notary, and this path was also chosen by clerics from the Salzburg region. The notaries who managed to extend their imperial mandate with a Papal one in Rome sometimes added two decussate keys to their monograms, a motif frequently employed by the notaries authorized by the Pope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The correspondence between Otto Weinreich and Martin Persson Nilsson suggests that Nilsson was to be appointed to the chair of Classical Philology in Heidelberg in winter 1924-1925. But we do not find any official papers at the Ministry of Culture or at the University of Heidelberg. So we ask why the university should offer a chair to this worldwide renowned scientist. Was he to breathe new life into religious studies or was he simply meant as a figurehead who opens the door of return to international collaboration? Since valuable documents are missing, we trust in letters filling the gap in our knowledge of this appointment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over recent decades, research has shown an increasing interest in early modern Catholic missions in Asia as test-beds of cultural contact. This shift from a Eurocentric, expansionist view of missions to one that highlights non-European agents and the cultural particularities of non-European Christianities has also resulted in a specialization of scholarly discussions. A conference on Catholic missionaries in early modern Asia recently held in Rome brought together leading experts on different areas to encourage transregional dialogue on the entrenchment of missionaries in local societies. The author is one of the co-organizers of this conference. In this paper, she situates the conference within the field, recapitulates its principal results and suggests areas ripe for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

That of Ferdinand Gregorovius is one of the most important correspondences of the 19th century. Despite the author's efforts to keep this part of his papers outside the public purview, several thousands of letters have survived and, like his other works, are also of extraordinary importance from a literary point of view. The letters are indispensable for reconstructing the genesis of his works, for understanding their nature in the dialectics between literature and science, and for identifying his anonymous writings. As a whole, his correspondences with scholars, aristocrats, politicians, writers, artists and publishers form a unique record of the political, social, cultural and scientific history of the 19th century and give us a concrete idea of his vast networks of transnational contacts, epistolary and personal, and on the working conditions of a historian who carried out his studies freely and independently. His correspondences, covering a period of several decades, also shed light on the rapid developments that in their interactions marked Italian and German history in this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper traces some of the fundamental stages in the development of the Italian welfare state during the years of Fascism, contextualizing them both within the most recent historiographical debate and in the light of some national and international issues. As such, the national insurance and welfare policies of the Fascists are examined both within the more general context of the expansion of social policy during the 1930s (in Europe and elsewhere) and with reference to the principal Italian institutions (above all INFPS, the Istituto nazionale fascista di previdenza sociale - Fascist National Institute for Social Welfare). Above all, the text aims to highlight the central importance of the Fascist experience with respect to the historical consolidation of the Italian welfare system, whose original structure dates back to the period when the regime was established. The Fascist period laid the foundations for the so-called „individualistic-clientelist" system later developed and intensified during the post-war period and that represents, according to various historiographical voices, the most distinctive feature of the Italian experience. The conclusive facts that emerge are first that, compared to the European average, Italy succeeded in catching up in quantitative terms, increasing expenditure on social welfare and the extent of insurance coverage. However, the imprint conferred on the national social security system by the regime influenced its later development, demonstrating the central role of Fascism in determining its characteristics (and dimensions). Second, the reorganization under Fascism of the national insurance and welfare system - extending forms of coverage, increasing the number of people covered and above all systematizing it - mainly concerned management aspects. The policy of differentiating between degrees of entitlement remained unchanged or more accurately was accentuated and exploited by the regime as a form of social control. Fascism multiplied the number of diverse and differentiated forms and regimes of insurance in terms of their extent, quality and duration. The reconstruction of the history of Italian welfare during the inter-war period thus belongs to a broader context, both geographical (European and North American) and economic, political and social. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Provers 8:30, Hebrew 'āmôn remains one of the great puzzles of the Hebrew Bible. Perspectives from religious history have explained 'āmôn either in analogy to Egyptian maat as a pet child, or by depending on Akkadian ummânu as a master craftsman. In this paper, however, it is argued that 'āmôn , by depending on Akkadian ummânu , rather refers to a »master (of wisdom)« - a »master sage«. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the traditional mining district Schwaz-Brixlegg in North-Tyrol a large amount of archaeological remains from an extensive Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age copper ore mining is still visible in the landscape. In 1993 the University of Innsbruck started with mining archaeological investigations in this area in the frame of several research projects, supported by the Austrian Science Fund FWF and the Tyrolian Science Fund TWF. The aim of the research program is to identify and to date prehistoric mining activities and to reconstruct the metallurgical production chain including mining, beneficiation and smelting of copper ores. Also the working and living environment of the prehistoric miners and smelters is studied. So far evidence for mining activities from the 12th to the 8th century BC could be provided. In the frame of archaeological excavations in 1997 at the Late Bronze Age smelting site Mauk A near Radfeld a few well preserved textile fragments could be recovered in the context of a washing installation, where crushed slag had been processed in order to obtain concentrates of copper rich inclusions. In this paper the textile finds will be presented in their archaeological context together with analysis on textile techniques, seam materials and dyestuffs. Furthermore, their functional interpretation and positioning in a larger historical context will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The legacy print collections are highly at risk. Paper embrittlement resulting from acid decay, the transition to digital reading, and an increasing weeding practice at the academic libraries in combination with the common rareness of the most printed books and serials are the background of asking for the core issues regarding sustainable collection building and securing the printed record. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper identifies influential factors of valuation of cultural landscape for both tourists and inhabitants, in comparison. The hanseatic city of Luebeck and its surrounding landscapes form the region of interest for this study. The willingness to pay for different landscapes was surveyed for both groups by use of the contingent value approach. Tourists value cultural landscapes of their holiday regions higher than inhabitants. The results show little influence of sociodemographic characteristics on the appreciation of culturallandscapes. Instead, psych-social characteristics like the relationship towards nature and region are found to be significant factors of valuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The revision of the Package-Travel-Directive caused a lot of attention and anger within the EU member states. This paper focuses on the main changes during the legislative process and also shows the most important implications for the affected interest groups from a German perspective. It points out that the changes in regards to the content are limited. However the industry is going to face a higher administrative burden in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last few years a new form of social media has emerged and gained popularity, namely Social Live- Streaming Services (SLSSs). YouNow-our case study-is an SLSS, which is especially popular among adolescents and young adults. SLSSs grant their users the opportunity to broadcast themselves in real time, interact with the viewers and even receive some form of reward from the viewers. A theoretical framework for investigating the information behavior on SLSSs was employed by using the Lasswell Formula as well as the Uses and Gratification Theory. Accordingly, five research questions are being answered in this paper: What motives do viewers and streamers display to apply YouNow? What information production behavior do the users exhibit on YouNow? What law infringements can be observed while streaming? What multi-channel behaviors do users of YouNow exhibit? How do users rate the quality of YouNow? To answer these questions an online survey (N = 123) was implemented and live streams (N = 2,021) were systematically examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The significance of the last four verses in the Book of Kings regarding the historiographic ideas of the so-called Deuteronomistic History has been heavily debated from the beginning. Martin Noth considered them to be no more than a chronological appendix without any hope for restoration of the people or the Davidic kingdom. On the other hand, Gerhard von Rad claimed, that the passage alludes to the Nathan Oracle (II Sam 7) opening up the possibility for some new salvific acts of Yhwh. This paper presents a fresh approach to the literary pragmatic of the notice on Jehoiachin’s release in II Reg 25,27–30 within the narrative framework of the closing chapters of the Book of Kings. Especially the intertextual relations with the aforementioned assassination of Gedaliah indicate that the episode neither supports any restorative hopes for the Davidic line nor restricts them to some antiquarian interest, but expects Israel’s future to be save under the mercy of Babylonian hegemony. Therefore, Solomon’s prayer in I Reg 8,46–51 became fulfilled as has been observed already by Hans Walter Wolff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reading Competence is the basic prerequisite for the students to be successful during their education and in the profession of teaching; therefore, reading competence must be developed. This paper aims to present a model course to develop reading competence of the students registered for German Language Education programs, and to measure empirically the model course's effectiveness on the development of those students' reading competence. For this end, an experimental research model including an experimental group and a control group was used. A reading comprehension test taken from the German Language Test (DSH) for admittance to university was given to the experimental and control groups (pretest-posttest design) to assess the reading competence in this study. At the end of the study, thanks to "developing reading competence in combination with reading and writing", the model course designed by the researcher, the reading comprehension test given -- in a pretest-posttest design -- to the experimental and control groups showed a significant difference between the two groups in favor of the experimental group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been widely held that the differences between academic language and languages for special purposes are marginal. This paper attempts to demonstrate, however, that academic varieties are the result of ausbau with respect to genuinely academic purposes. It is shown that two such ausbau areas are of special importance for the didactics of German as a foreign academic language: ordinary academic language, i.e. linguistic devices pertinent to the business of academic research as such, irrespective of the area of research; and eristic structures, i.e. linguistic devices pertinent to the handling of the precariousness of new academic knowledge within a competitive community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is Natural Theology and what is its relationship to Revelation? Is the former merely an introduction to the latter? Or does only Natural Theology reveal the truth of Revelation? And are these the sole possibilities of determining their relationship? Or do we rather have to ask if it is possible to presuppose that Natural Theology can be identified with the negation of Revealed Theology and vice versa? Because with this opposition the foundation of theology in divine revelation seems to become accidental instead of essential. But isn't this impossible since God has to work all in all? And if it is, which conclusions have to be drawn from this with regard to the question of how the relationship between Natural Theology and Revelation has to be understood? This paper addresses the above questions in five steps: a first summarises a few central aspects of Natural Theology before Kant. A second addresses problems that are generated by an opposition of Natural Theology and Revelation. A third confronts these questions with Kant's attempt to dismiss all theology that is based on speculative principles and reflects on problems of Kant's approach to "Moral-Theology". A forth step focuses on German Idealism and its answer to Kant. A fifth asks what impact the afore developed has on determining the relationship between Natural Theology and Revelation today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the extent and role of Christian explications in Justinian's imperial legislation--beyond the programmatic formulations in the prologues of the novels which have often been studied. It shows that the significance of Christian arguments in order to justify legal measures is rather limited and unspecific, while traditional arguments which are based on Roman law discourse are still of great importance. These are often neither transformed in a Christian way nor synthesized with Christian ideas. This is true for the whole reign of Justinian and thereby not restricted to the period of Tribonian. Since 541/542 A. D. there is just a gradual but not fundamental change in this respect. Though Justinian focuses very much on a theological foundation of his reign he has to meet the expectations of the members of the senatorial elite which are legally trained and often deeply rooted in Roman memorial culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the phenomena of guided walking tours through Berlin-Neukölln. a neighborhood that is marked in public discourses with problems like poverty, unemployment, crime and the failed integration of migrants. At first glance, this appears strange because it challenges ideas of tourism as a form of relaxation and recreation. Therefore, instead of defining this phenomena as a tourist one beforehand, this contribution aims at reconstructing those connotations which are constitutive for the practice of sightseeing Neukölln. The paper presents the results of an empirical case study and focuses on the walking tours provided by kulturbewegt e. V. The analysis reveals, that these walking tours are situated in a logic of an organisation, which, in order to maintain it's own structures, refers to and derives it's legitimacy from the context of social work. The socio-educational orientation is displayed in two ways: on the one hand in the qualification of women with migration background as tour guides; on the other hand in the walking tours public education work, which aims at changing the visitors negative perception of Neukölln and it's inhabitants. The purpose of the guided walking tours is thus primarily that of increasing the Neukölln's inhabitants chances of participation in society. The organisation realizes this purpose by educating inhabitants as well as visitors and therefore makes use of the specific form of walking tours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After a short review of the Golden Age of libraries in the last third of the 20th century, the paper will address the present challenges libraries are facing. The apparent ubiquity of information in the internet weakens the position of the libraries. This can be most noted, for example, by a missing strategy on long term archiving. A radical change from the library of librarians to the library of the user is considered to be necessary. Librarians' user interfaces at the acquisition of digital media (PDA) as well as the establishing of creative workspaces such as makerspaces are good examples for partnership and user driven library services. New strategies and visions should be developed and advocated concordantly similar to the "Bibliotheksplan 1973" and "Bibliotheken '93" to strengthen the position of the libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apart from SC Hakoah and the Amateure (later Austria) no other Viennese football club of the first division had more Jewish members (sportsmen/sportswomen and officials) than the »First Vienna Football Club 1894«. In the period between the foundation of the club in 1894 and the National Socialist assumption of power in Austria in 1938, one third of the officials and many of the football players of the First Vienna Football Club - who were the pioneers of Austrian football - were Jews or Jewish converts. Jews especially dominated in the Club's leading positions and important functions. The First Vienna Football Club has not yet been researched in detail, which means that most academics remain unaware of the high level of Jewish participation in it. My paper aims at closing this knowledge gap and looks at the reasons for the substantial participation of Jews in the football club. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Petrie describes in 'Researches in Sinai' an expedition into Serabit el-Khadim to extract minerals. Newer excavations in Ayn Soukhna allow insight into the reduction of malachite to copper. Reducing malachite to copper proves to be a very energy-intensive process. To obtain the necessary temperatures over a sufficiently long period of time a surprisingly high amount of charcoal has to be mixed with small-grained mineral under constant air supply. In dry climate wood grows comparatively slowly which translates into requirements of larger wooded areas to provide enough wood for the production of charcoal. This research paper aims at collecting pertinent data to improve the transparency of these processes. But only additional parameters will allow better models and help to paint a clearer picture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces Jean Clédat (1871-1943) and his years of work on the site of Meir in Middle Egypt as well as his unfulfilled plans for publication based on the manuscript now housed in the Louvre Archives. The French Egyptologist, particularly known for his excavation works at Bawit (1901-1905), left an extensive artistic and scientific estate. His remarkable drawing skills made iconographic and epigraphic documentation a prominent aspect of his research. As a member of the Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale since 1899, Clédat worked on various archaeological sites in Egypt. The study of the Necropolis of Meir was central to his work between 1899 and 1901. Meir was intended to be one of Clédat's major projects but remained incomplete and never made it to publication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his huge and ambitious study Das älteste Evangelium und die Entstehung der kanonischen Evangelien Matthias Klinghardt undertakes a large scale effort at integrating the literary and the textual history of the canonical gospel tradition. A crucial part in this study is the reconstruction and the assessment of the Gospel from Marcion's canon. Contrary to what the Church Fathers claim Klinghardt takes Marcion's Gospel as the most important witness to the earliest gospel writing ever. In his analysis the three main sources for Marcion's Gospel (Tertullian, Epiphanius, and Adamantius) represent three different copies of the Marcionite gospel text and are as such indicative of a text tradition that spans close to 200 years. Klinghardt studies the textual developments between the three copies and finds that where there is overlapping text between them they differ in 60% of the cases. Moreover, he claims that this level of disparity is also found in the canonical text tradition. The present paper examines this claim by studying seven manuscripts of canonical Luke (P45, P75, 01, 02, 03, 04, 05) from the same period and finds that the average level of agreement between any three is about 78%. Even the three manuscripts that are the textually most unique (P45, 01, 05) agree on average about 62% of the times. Hence, a level of agreement between the three witnesses to Marcion's Gospel as reconstructed by Klinghardt of less than 50% is unparalleled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transmission of mediaeval manuscripts from Mainz is weak, and therefore the rare fragments found in the Mainz libraries have an outstanding value as documents of the early manuscript culture. It has to be announced a new Carolingian fragment from the early 9th century in Mainz Stadtbibliothek containing Jerome's Commentary on Matthew. Considering its importance, the waste paper was taken off the book it has covered and integrated into the new collection of fragments. Such a far-reaching decision should be taken only in exceptional cases like this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

„Not without merit“. This is how Theodor Mommsen described the most important historical work by Ferdinand Gregorovius, the „History of Rome in the Middle Ages“ before going on to add critically „but he has too much imagination“. This paper reflects on the historian Gregorovius’s openly declared relationship with the imagination, the close affinity between history and poetry. It describes the peculiar role, which we could perhaps describe as that of an outsider, of an author forced to write his books as an independent scholar, funding them mainly with his work as a journalist. Using Gregorovius‘s direct experience of the enchanted gardens at Ninfa, which attracted him as an author of lyric poetry and as an explorer of the historical landscape, we examine some case studies of the genesis of the narrative form that he developed and discuss it as a challenge to historicism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates a motif present throughout the Middle Ages in a broad variety of texts: the refusal to ascend to the papal throne after election. Gregory the Great dealt with this issue on a theoretical level in his Regula pastoralis: driven by humilitas, the Pope elect should shrink from taking on the office assigned to him, but should not insist excessively in his refusal. Despite the Biblical motivations claimed by Gregory and others, this motif is already documented in the pre-Christian era, for example in the philosophical tradition (Plato, Cicero) and among the Roman emperors starting from Tiberius. From the 8th century onwards it was no longer a literary topos, but a ritual practiced with evident regularity: the Pope elect attempted to avoid his coronation by hiding, but was soon tracked down and taken „by force“ to the Lateran Palace in solemn procession. Popes often also argued that they had not desired to be elected, especially when attempting to demonstrate that they had not arrived at the Papal throne legitimately but, for example, through simony. Gregory VII is a striking example: he presented his entire career as an imposition from the outside. In the early and late Middle Ages this ritual was definitively institutionalized; the highly formalized announcements of the Pope’s election always stressed the new Pope’s initial refusal to accept; indeed, the very blessings imparted during ordinations expressly mentioned the imposition to which he had been subjected. Benedict XVI is currently the last Pope to have ascended to the Papal throne „against his wishes“. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the traditional mining district Schwaz-Brixlegg in North-Tyrol a large amount of archaeological remains from an extensive Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age copper ore mining is still visible in the landscape. In 1993 the University of Innsbruck started with mining archaeological investigations in this area in the frame of several research projects, supported by the Austrian Science Fund FWF and the Tyrolian Science Fund TWF. The aim of the research program is to identify and to date prehistoric mining activities and to reconstruct the metallurgical production chain including mining, beneficiation and smelting of copper ores. Also the working and living environment of the prehistoric miners and smelters is studied. So far evidence for mining activities from the 12th to the 8th century BC could be provided. In the frame of archaeological excavations in 1997 at the Late Bronze Age smelting site Mauk A near Radfeld a few well preserved textile fragments could be recovered in the context of a washing installation, where crushed slag had been processed in order to obtain concentrates of copper rich inclusions. In this paper the textile finds will be presented in their archaeological context together with analysis on textile techniques, seam materials and dyestuffs. Furthermore, their functional interpretation and positioning in a larger historical context will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to show that Luther's understanding of Christian faith is at the same time his understanding of the Christian life. Faith is for Luther the certainty which is created in the bodily encounter with the bodily proclamation of the Gospel through the church by the Holy Spirit. Its content is the truth of the witness of Jesus' life (of the Gospel in person) about the nature of the character of the present of human life as the actualisation of the reconciling will of the creator, the eternal origin and goal of every present of human life. In this way the content of this certainty is the relationship of all human beings, including the believers themselves, to the creator of their world. As the created image of the creative personhood of the creator they are in a relationship of "cooperation" with the creator which is created and sustained by the creator himself. This relationship is, on the one hand, characterized by radical asymmetry in so far as it leaves the realisation of this goal, the absolute future as the perfected and reconciled community of created personal being with the being of the creator in his eternal life, entirely to the creator and so excludes every form of "synergism". This relationship excludes, on the other hand, that this eschatic goal can be actualized by circumventing or bracketing the responsible willing and acting of human beings in the world. The certainty of existing in this relationship of cooperation includes three equally foundational and irreducible aspects. It is: a) certainty of the ultimate attraction of the "highest Good" (communion with God in God's eternal life); b) certainty of the absolute obligation to serve the responsible being-on-the-way of human social life (of the human community) to this eternal goal; and c) certainty of being enabled and empowered to fulfil the imposition and obligation of one's own life's work, having the desire and love to fulfil this commandment (which does not overextend humans with the task of creating the foundation of their own salvation). The certainty of faith is the unity of this threefold certainty concerning the life of believers, which can only be acknowledged, expressed and communicated by their way of living as a whole. -- Today, it is argued, this view is by no means obsolete but is capable of being related to various forms of thinking and feeling and offers good opportunities for engaging in the critical questioning of other views of faith and life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Procopius' view on history and the nature of his Weltanschauung have been amatter of debate for a long time. Especially the relation between the influence of God and the influence of fate is a central problem in the interpretation of the Corpus Procopianum. In contrast, the concept of καιρός has been disregarded almost universally. Starting with the two fundamental meanings of the term in Greek literature and thought, the right measure and the right time, this paper gives a first glance at Procopius' use of this concept. It is shown that both of these meanings can have an ontological and practical aspect, in Greek literature as well as in Procopius and even beyond that, while the typical Greek understanding and use of the term is a synthesis of both. To understand how Procopius uses καιρός, one needs to expound the problems of this synthesis, that culminate in three major questions:Who is the originator of the καιρός? How frequently does the καιρός appear and does every human action have its καιρός? How does one know the presence of the καιρός and whence does one know how to act during it? After a careful study of the works of Procopius, using mainly the philosophy of Plato and the assumptions of Dariusz Brodka, the answers are: 1) The originator of the καιρός is God, who not only gives the opportunity, but at the same time implements the task to use this opportunity, so the καιρός becomes a part of Salvation History. This concept is shown to be similar to Old Testament views on time and opportunity. 2) Contrary to ancient thought, not every human action in Procopius has its καιρός. The moment only arises when God wants it to arise. 3) The human ability to know the presence of a καιρός and to know the right action during this moment Procopius understands according to Plato: it is possible through the application of experience and reason. In the Anecdota, the καιρός is used to further discredit and demonise Justinianus. The rule of the Emperor changes the basic conditions of the world in such a way that man is no longer able to recognise the godly καιρός through application of experience and therefore is unable to use this moment given by God. The amount of knowledge one needs to manipulate the world in such away is an impossibility foramere human, but a given for the demon Justinianus. The terror of Justinianus therefore gains a metaphysical dimension, just like the Emperor himself thanks to his presentation as a demon. Justinianus' relation to the καιρός is horrible, for God neither presents him with such a moment nor is he able to do anything but act against the godly καιρός of others, for it is the nature of a demon to act against God. Finally it is shown that the καιρός of Procopius is very different from the καιρός of Thucydides. In Procopius it is a basic principle of God's operations in the world, whereas in Thucydides it is a somewhat vague everyday term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a systematic prosopographical study of all members of the Taronites family in Byzantium from the tenth until thirteenth century. It takes into account contemporary narrative sources and both published and unpublished lead seals. Two annexes of lead seals and the stemmata of the family are provided at the end. The aim of this study is to reexamine and offer a fresh insight on the biographical data as well as the history of this aristocratic house. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In De magistratibus John Lydus refers to an epigram of eight lines insulting emperor Anastasius (491-518) as a money-collecting Charybdis. A similar version of this poem can be found in the Greek Anthology where it is divided into two epigrams of four lines each (AP XI 270-71). In a first step, a critical edition of the epigram is established. On this basis it becomes clear that the earlier version referred to by Lydus comes close to the original poem. A detailed commentary reveals it as work of an able and witty poet who was familiar with both classical epic poetry and the formulas used in late antique laudatory epigrams. Looking at the historical background of the epigram, the paper highlights the history and varieties of Kaiserkritik in Late Antiquity and Byzantium, while another chapter takes a closer look at the far-reaching reforms undertaken by Anastasius which were heavily criticized by contemporaries. Taking into account the function of the epigram in Lydus' work, it seems certain that John Lydus himself composed the poem to support his general criticism of the administrative reforms of both Anastasius and Justinian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper lines up with studies that discuss the impact of the Jewish War and Vespasian's advancement on the composition of the Gospel According toMark. Its topic is to show that Mk 4,35-41 and Mk 5,1-20 form a structural unity that insinuates the idea of a Christian peace, distinguished from Roman warfare and peace. Following those scholars who read Mk 5,1-20 as an allusion to the legio X Fretensis it is argued that Mk 4,35-41 and Mk 5,1-20 are tied together in light of the Roman peace propaganda that claimed apeace by land and by sea - as did Vespasian after the civil war, when he reminded the Romans of Octavian's victory at fretum Siculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at elaborating non-classically on the very classic relation between believing and hoping. For this purpose, the program of modalizing faith will be sketched (I), in order to offer a conceptual topography in which believing and hoping in line with other pertinent concepts are integrated (II). Thereby, it turns possible to concretize the relation between a hopeful faith and a hope within faith as modes of localizing hope and qualifying faith (III). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blackletter prints still challenge computers and scholars alike when it comes to accuracy of text recognition. In this paper we show our approach to evaluate OCR accuracy of old text documents. Thus we challenge funding agencies' demands on accuracy by arguing that mixed methods like scalable reading help to achieve sufficient results from text documents of insufficient accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper compares the forthcoming text editions of the Hebrew Bible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the usage of the sequence wa-perfect (conjunction wa- immediately followed by perfect / suffix conjugation) in Ancient Hebrew. While in biblical literary prose this »tense« is understood in the classical system as consecutive perfect – functionally identical (as allomorph) to imperfect (long form: yaqtulu) and other imperfective constructions – in Epigraphic Hebrew there are some cases where wa-perfect has to be understood as perfective and past time tense. This result is consistent with the fact that in Pre-Hebrew Canaanite as in contemporary Phoenician and Aramaic wa-perfect is simultaneously used for past time narratives as also for the apodosis of conditional sentences with inherent future meaning – often in the same corpus. Nevertheless wa-perfect is never functionally identical with Hebrew wayyiqtol which in Epigraphic Hebrew clearly denotes progress. The usage of wa-perfect and other tenses in the North-West- Semitic languages including Epigraphic Hebrew shows the well known fact that the decision for a specific tense is determined not only by aspect, time (including progress or regress), and mood etc., but especially also to denote highlighting (foreground and background), the beginning or ending of a sequence, to realize special stylistic features and after all by the type of the literature: poetry, literary prose or administrative prose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mannheim University Library has developed as one of the first German university libraries a librarian app for Android and iOS devices. Catalogue search and information about the library services are the key functions of the software. The paper may be understood as best practice. The app combines an optimal service with a minimal effort for maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital Humanities infrastructures tend to lose sight of their actual clientele: the individual scholar. This paper describes the efforts DARIAH-DE undertakes to counteract such developments. The specially established "Stakeholdergremium Fachgesellschaften" is described, detailing its tasks and objectives illustrated as well as the connections between DHd and DARIAH-DE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

No area of Christian-Jewish co-existence during the medieval Ashkenazi period produced more personal contacts than the business sphere. During loan transactions, Jews and Jewesses interacted with Christian men and women from all social classes, from rulers and nobility to townspeople, farmers, craftsmen, and servants. Therefore, German-Hebrew business contracts are not only material cultural goods in their own right, they also serve as media of cultural transfer and as a shared legal, linguistic, and general cultural zone between Jews and Christians in the field of economics and of business practices. This paper not only deals with legal and linguistic topics, but also with the rather hidden and neglected aspects of polemics and humour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Der Beitrag legt erste Ergebnisse des Forschungsprojekts 'Audienzen bei Mussolini' vor. Im Anschluss an eine Beschreibung der benutzten Quellen, die sich im Archivio Centrale dello Stato und im Archivio Storico Diplomatico del Ministero degli Aff ari Esteri befi nden, wird die aus dem Projekt hervorgegangene Datenbank kurz vorgestellt. Darüber hinaus wird Mussolinis Arbeitsweise in ihrem Entwicklungsverlauf skizziert. The text presents the initial results of the research project 'Mussolini's audiences'. The paper contains an analysis of the sources used, from the Archivio Centrale dello Stato and the Archivio Storico Diplomatico del Ministero degli Aff ari Esteri, as well as a short description of the database produced after this research. There are also some brief remarks on Mussolini's working method in its historical development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to describe and discuss the principal contents of the files kept in the Secret Vatican Archives - both in the Vatican Secretariat of State and the Sacred Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs - concerning Catholic Jews and the 'would be'converted immediately after the promulgation of the Fascist racial laws (1938). The study is based on previously unpublished documents and research on this topic is still ongoing. My research is based on two main types of sources. First, the 'subjective documentation': letters and pleas written during the 'year of the Race' and sent to the Holy See. The authors of these documents were referred to as 'Jews by race, Catholic by faith' or 'Christian Jews' or 'converted Jews' or 'baptized Jews' or - more frequently - 'Catholic Jews'. Second, the contrasting nature of the documentation produced by the Church body in response to these letters. The Holy See's Secretary, Eugenio Pacelli, and the Secretary of the Sacred Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, Domenico Tardini, answered these pleas in an official and diplomatic way, seeking a way to protect Catholic Jews without provoking a clash with the Fascist regime and its laws. These documents give us a more in-depth understanding of both the political and religious procedures adopted by the Church authorities regarding the Jewish persecution and in particular this specific aspect of the anti-Jewish laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the development of an application for data maintenance in the Digital Archive of the Pina Bausch Foundation. First, the requirements of the Linked Data archive are outlined. The Linked Data Management System Callimachus is introduced, whereupon aspects of the approach of the application development are described. In the last part Callimachus is evaluated and discussed as a tool for information scientists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today's knowledge workers not only have to be able to find, process and analyse data, but increasingly have to be able to present them in graphical form, so as to effectively communicate their point with data visualisations. One can learn from data journalists how to do this, who have taken data visualization to a form of art. With the help of examples, this paper argues that effective data visualization, as it can be found in the media, tries to achieve one or more of the following aims: 1) it attracts the attention of the reader, 2) it helps explain a fact, and 3) it creates lasting memories of the text's content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarizes the results of a qualitative study, which originated in 2013 as a Master thesis in industrial and organizational psychology at the University of Wuppertal. The aim of the study was to identify factors in decision-making of people within the management of libraries, focussing on strategic decisions or decisions with long-term effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an outline of a theology being socially engaged and dedicated - based on a revisited and profiled concept of hope. It does not deal primarily with the specific orientation that this engagement might take, but with the motives of that very engagement. For that purpose, two notions of hope are to be distinguished: the hope that is future-oriented (hoping that ...) and the act of hoping as mode of being in the world (to live in hope). It will be argued that the first notion is derived from the second one. Thus, the act of hoping possesses the hermeneutical privilege over the hope directed to the future. Moreover, from this relation between hoping that ... and living in hope the difference is derivable between old and new man, i. e. a person that understands everything in a new light. This difference is articulated in a productive dissatisfaction, which is founded in faith by hope; thereby, hope turns faith into an ecstatic stance. It is this ecstasy endowed by hope that calls faith - and theology as faith's companion - to be engaged and dedicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing globalization has intensified competition between tourism destinations and regions. Hence, this paper will address the importance of regional networking and strategic management as a key factor to secure competitive advantages. Finding a USP, such as health tourism in this case, is no longer sufficient to secure a strong market position. The cooperation of all stakeholders is necessary to utilize core competencies, especially in rural health destinations. The following example illustrates how such a cooperative model can support destinations in their efficient usage of competence-based business cooperation to increase profitability and thus competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health tourism is a rather broad concept that spans from wellness tourism to medical tourism and destinations for that matter differ greatly in their specific health tourism characteristics from a supply but also a demand perspective. Focusing on medical tourism, it is proposed in this paper that these differences can, at least in parts, be explained by marked differences in a country's health care system. Two very different health tourism destinations, Germany and Australia, are presented to support this argument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health tourism and other segments in tourism focussing on health issues are widely considered as a growth market. Drivers for this growth and the related future potentials may derive from framework conditions within the German society. The paper tries to identify trends with respect to health oriented vacation forms within the German holiday travel demand. Based on the annual survey "Reiseanalyse", empirical data on motivation, preferences and factual behavior are presented. The results do not reveal an upward trend in the past and do not indicate a growth of the segment in the future. Possible underlying reasons for these findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]