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This paper presents a case study of a place that during one period in history played an important role in the structures of the Piast state, and then, as a result of subsequent historical events, lost much of its significance. In the 14th century, Santok was already on the margins of ‘grand history’ and fading into oblivion. This changed as a result of archaeological excavations carried out here for the first time in the 1930s. The narrative adopted in this article is based on a presentation of landscape biography and analysis of spatial sources – namely, historical aerial photographs and ones deriving from airborne laser scanning. This point of view has allowed the authors to pay special attention to previously neglected fragments of the history of the landscape under analysis.

First time in the scholarship, this paper has analysed Byzantine imported monograms from mediaeval Sougdaia, which appeared on glazed vessels of the Elaborate Incised Ware produced in Constantinople or its environs. With the mediation of Genoese traders, a small number of this pottery was delivered to the markets of the cities in the Crimean peninsula, Sougdaia in particular. So far, many-year-long archaeological excavations discovered seven monograms of the kind, which belonged to three widely known Byzantine types. It should be mentioned that, as it has already been stated in the scholarship, the monograms with the name Michael predominate, though the other types are very few in number. Two typologically similar signs more, showing a double cross with diamond-shaped rays, are traditionally interpreted not as monograms but as ornamental elements typical of the war in question. Using the analysis of analogies and similar images, an attempt has been made to analyse and interpret this sign. All the finds under study originate from four archaeological contexts of mediaeval Sougdaia. Three of them possess a reliable dating to the third quarter of the fourteenth century, and the fourth specimen existed from the mid-fourteenth century to 1475.

espanolRabaseko (Cervatos, Kantabria) kastroko ibarbidean 1968-1969an eta 2011n egindako lanetan jasotako erregistro materialen inguruko ikerlan bateratua aurkeztu dugu honekin batera. Emaitza horiei esker, gune hartako kultura materialaren ezaugarriak ondorioztatu ahal izan ditugu. Bestalde, jasotako garezurraren azterketa antropologikoak K.a. IV. mendean lesio perimortalak (heriotza unekoak) izan zituela erakusten du. Litekeena da une hartan aztarnategiak indarkeriazko erasoaldiren bat jasan izana. espanolPresentamos el estudio conjunto de los registros materiales procedentes de las distintas intervenciones realizadas en la vaguada del castro de las Rabas (Cervatos, Cantabria) en 1968-1969 y en 2011. Los resultados han permitido contribuir a caracterizar la cultura material del enclave, mientras que el estudio antropologico del craneo conservado revela lesiones perimortales acontecidas en el siglo IV a.C., momento en el que el yacimiento pudo sufrir alguna incursion violenta. EnglishIn this paper, we present the material culture recorded in the hillfort of Las Rabas (Cervatos, Cantabria), between 1968-1969 and 2011. Our results allow us to characterize the material culture of the site and the anthropological study of the human skull shows perimortal injuries as consequence of a possible attack on the town in the 4th century a.C. The valley of the hillfort of Las Rabas is one of the most important areas of the site because most of the archaeological materials come from here. The different studies have led to interpret the valley as one of the areas of habitat or as a possible necropolis. The materials recovered during the archaeological excavation of 2011 allow us to propose that it be a landfill. The study of the archaeological materials has allowed differentiating three types of pottery productions: handmade pottery, wheel made pottery and campanian pottery. This last type could be imitations. Also abundant remains of fauna bones have been recovered, a human skull and iron and bronze objects like arms and fibulae. All archaeological objects date the site in the Second Iron Age, being destroyed during Cantabrian Wars.

Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Thema des hydraulischen Versagens der Baugruben im Grundwasser. Dabei werden die unterschiedlichen Versagensarten hinsichtlich der hydraulischen Standsicherheit der Baugruben näher betrachtet. Dabei wird der Schwerpunkt auf das Aufschwimmen, hydraulischen Grundbruch sowie Erosion gelegt. Der Nachweis des Aufschwimmens kann aus der Gleichgewichtsbedingung zwischen treibenden und widerstehenden Kräften abgeleitet werden. Im Gegensatz dazu erscheinen die beiden anderen Versagensarten etwas komplexer. Hydraulischer Grundbruch und innere Erosion treten häufig an den Schwachstellen des Bauwerkes bzw. Baugrundes auf. Hierzu werden die Nachweisführungen auf Grundlage der der gültigen Richtlinien beschrieben und die einzelnen Ansätze exemplarisch anhand von Berechnungsbeispielen erläutert. Darüber hinaus werden in der gegenständlichen Arbeit die unterschiedlichen Arten von Baugrubensicherungen unter Grundwasserbedingungen diskutiert. This thesis deals with the topic pf hydraulic failure of excavation pits in groundwater. The different types of failure about the hydraulic stability of the excavation pits are examined in more detail. the focus is on floating, hydraulic failure and erosion. The proof of floating can be derived from the condition of stability between driving and resisting forces. In contrast, the other two types of failure are more complex. Hydraulic failure and internal erosion often occur at the weak points of the structure or subsoil. For this purpose, the verification procedures are described on the basis of the valid guidelines and the individual approaches are explained exemplarily using calculation examples. In addition, the different types of excavation pit protection under groundwater conditions are discussed in this paper.

The course, character and conditions of the excavations conducted in 1948-1966 in Pomerania as part of the program research on the origins of the Polish State were discussed in the paper. Their effects and significance for the development of archaeology in this region of Poland were evaluated.

This paper focuses on the results of excavations undertaken by the team of archaeologists of the University of Bucharest in the Acropolă Centru-Sud Sector at Histria (Constanţa County). The general stratigraphy so far consists of the vegetal layer, under which there are two layers of debris marking the initial moment of destruction and the moment of the final collapse after the abandon of the buildings affected by the fire. Underneath we identified the living surfaces of the last dwelling level, of which we have identified a large Late Roman building (CR01) S of street c. The latter has at least two construction phases, as well as two streets to its E and W (ST01 and ST02). ST02 also has two construction phases ; the first is perpendicular to street c, and was probably paved with large stone slabs, while the second is oblique to it and it is made up of a highly solidified layer of stones bound with earth, covered by a highly solidified layer of yellow clay (the same structure was identified in ST01)., Articolul prezintă rezultatele săpăturilor efectuate de către echipa arheologică a Universităţii din Bucureşti în Sectorul Acropolă Centru-Sud, la Histria (jud. Constanţa). Până acum, stratigrafia generală a sectorului constă în stratul vegetal, sub care au fost identificate două straturi de dărâmătură, cel inferior din momentul iniţial al distrugerii ultimului nivel constructiv, iar cel superior din momentul ruinării finale a clădirilor distruse, după abandonul şi, eventual, spolierea clădirilor din zonă. Dedesubt au apărut nivelurile de călcare ale ultimului nivel constructiv de la Histria, din care am descoperit o clădire de epocă romană târzie de mari dimensiuni (CR01) la S de strada c. Aceasta din urmă are cel puţin două faze constructive şi este flancată de două străzi la E şi V (ST01 şi ST02). Strada ST02 are şi ea două faze constructive ; prima este perpendiculară pe strada c şi era probabil pavată cu dale mari de piatră, în timp ce a doua este oblică (are o deviaţie către V) faţă de prima fază şi are o substrucţie puternic solidificată de pietre legate cu pământ, suprapusă de un strat puternic solidificat de lut galben (aceeaşi structură a fost identificată şi la ST01)., Bottez Valentin, Liţu Alexandra, Ţârlea Alexandra. Preliminary results of the excavations at Histria, the Acropolis Centre-South Sector (2013–2014). In: Materiale şi cercetãri arheologice (Serie nouã), N°11 2015. pp. 157-191.