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Copyright of International Journal of Practical Theology is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present paper focuses on the undergraduate preparation of future teachers in the context of reading literacy. The paper consists of a theoretical part and an empirical part. The theoretical part describes and defines the basic concepts closely related to the topic, including undergraduate preparation of future teachers, reading literacy, etc. The empirical part describes an analysis of the current study programs at the Faculty of Education, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic. The objective of the present paper was to analyse the study programs and perform a comparison with expiring study programs aimed at reading literacy. The authors performed a qualitative research study to answer whether undergraduate preparation of future teachers at Palacký University Olomouc in the context of reading literacy is sufficient and if study plans of educational programs reflect the requirements of pedagogical practice. The research was performed using document analysis. Secondary document analysis refers to data already collected (Donnellan, Lucas, 2013). According to Hendl (2005), the purpose of qualitative analysis is non-numerical data organisation in order to reveal topics, regularity, relationships, and quality. In this context, the term non-numeric applies not only to the data but also to data handling. According to the preliminary research, a relatively large proportion of future teachers lack practical teacher training aimed at subject-specific didactics, which is also based on reading literacy. Due to the ongoing pandemic in COVID-19, it was necessary to respond to the methods and forms of work to develop reading literacy through distance learning. The authors of the present paper believed it was essential to analyse the study programs in the context of reading literacy and answer the question of whether undergraduate preparation of future teachers is sufficient and if study plans of educational programs reflect the requirements of pedagogical practice in terms of reading literacy, using the content mentioned above analysis of documents. It followed from the results of the research investigation that the study plans of the educational programmes reflect the requirements of educational practice. Even though we have described the facts in the contribution, we believe that the reading literacy development issue is paid sufficient attention to based on the analysis of study plans in teaching for the 1st stage of primary school. Although the term “reading literacy” is mentioned in the curricular documents FEP PE only marginally, in the study plans for future primary school teachers, the term “reading literacy” appears in several disciplines. It is undoubtedly debatable to what extent the above disciplines will respond to reading literacy development in students. Judging by the content of the plans, their purpose is to provide future teachers with the competencies that support the development of reading literacy in primary school children following pre-literacy in pre-primary education. The disciplines are purely of a didactic focus because they appear in the third grade of study and higher grades after the students have completed relevant theoretical preparation.

Copyright of Historische Zeitschrift is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In his Theory of language, written in 1934, the psychologist Karl Bühler proposes applying the concept of Gestalt, developed at that time in philosophy and psychology, to the study of linguistic phenomena. This paper outlines and critically examines Bühler’s proposal. In particular, this paper highlights the two-sided approach that Bühler takes. Bühler shows that both the sound shape (Gestalt) and phonematic signalment (elements) are required for the recognition of linguistic phenomena. Accordingly, two methods of word recognition can be identified in the speaker and listener. The questions that arise in this context about the content of the perception realized when a word is heard will be briefly presented in this paper.

Copyright of Journal of Language & Literary Studies / Folia Linguistica & Litteraria is the property of Journal of Language & Literary Studies / Folia Linguistica & Litteraria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper at issue presents the social functioning of Polish female forms of occupational names (feminativa), as well as their role in the process of sex education, also in relation to perpetration of gender stereotypes. In the first part of the paper, a summary of the historical changes in the usage of feminativa is provided. Next, the usage of feminativa is described in relation to the theoretical basis of sex education, including the development of behavioral patterns. The analysis of linguistic, psychological and psychosexual factors enabled the Authors to show the impact of language on the perception of reality and of the subject’s place within the surrounding environment. Moreover, the Authors conducted the analysis of the role of feminativa in identity construction and in gender discrimination prevention. The paper at issue presents the cultural contexts of language use and its importance for the wellbeing of an individual. Additionally, the paper shows the basis of treating inclusive language as a form of support of the psychological and psychosexual development.

The paper is an attempt at demonstrating how the language used by fictional dramatic characters contributes to their characterization, that is, how the readers (audiences) perceive them based on inferences drawn from a variety of textual cues. These cues include explicit selfand other-presentation as well as implicit hints retrieved from conversation structure, aspects of turn-taking or features of the language used by the character. In this paper, Blanche DuBois and Stanley Kowalski from Tennessee Williams’ play The Streetcar Named Desire are analyzed and characterized as being polar opposites.

Copyright of Psychosozial is the property of Psychosozial-Verlag GmbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

After municipalities (local governments) and county level governments were established in Hungary in 1990, public education was operated, governed and financed by these elected bodies with the financial support of the central government until the end of 2012. In this decentralised system differences in local wealth and income of municipalities led to significant inequalities in the funding and performance of their schools, and the learning outcomes of the children studying in these. The FIDESZ-KDNP coalition government that took office in 2010 radically centralised the system of governance and funding of schools, claiming that this will be a remedy to the problems of the system. Based on a large set of research interviews and previous research results our paper investigates the declared goals of this reform, and tries to explore its motives as well. According to our research interviews granting equal opportunity in education to every child seems to be the overarching goal of centralisation, and there are three more other goals as well, including the creation of a more efficient and cost-effective system of institutional management. However, some characteristics of the selection of these goals and the seemingly complete lack of the monitoring of their fulfilment, together with the fact that independent research already proved that the centralisation was definitely unable to achieve its main declared goal, may substantiate the claim that this just served as a cover or pretext, and there probably exists a hidden agenda that is more important for the government than the publicly declared goals. Based on interviews with former politicians, education researchers, advisors and school headmasters we tried to find some of the possible real motives and hidden goals. Although the existence of such goals is impossible to prove exactly, we found several circumstances that may substantiate their existence.

In this contribution, I discuss the perceptual potential of certain genres of experimental and contemporary music, commonly grouped under the label “sound-based music”. The sonic patterns typical of this music are mostly associated, during listening, with visual and tactile sensory qualities and can evoke mental representations as shapes in motion. These are the result of physical-acoustic energies organized according to a perceptual grammar whose organization follows a series of Gestalt and kinaesthetic principles. The paper explores the nature of the relationship between sound patterns of sound-based music and their mental images. Based on morphodynamic theory, it is proposed the emergence of cognitive image schemas, which are at the centre of this relationship. The image schemas depict the forces and tensions of our experience of the world (e.g., figure-background, near-far, superimposition, compulsion, blockage), as being the cognitive and experiential response to the incoming sound patterns. The sense of this music activates precisely the basic structures of sensorimotor experience by which we encounter a world that we can understand and act within, leading to a rich series of high-level associations and responses.

Music has been primarily conceived as a temporal art. However, over the last two centuries or so, researchers across different disciplines including musicology, psychology, and philosophy, have been intrigued by the spatial nature of music and sounds, using spatial concepts to define music. This paper aims to demonstrate that an understanding of music perception from a temporal perspective inherently implies a certain spatial dimension. To do this, first, I briefly examine some key arguments that lead to conceiving sound perception in temporal terms. At the same time, I highlight some of the limitations of a purely temporal account of sound perception which necessitate the incorporation of spatial considerations into the conceptualization of sound perception. Consequently, I move on to consider prominent spatial accounts of musical sounds that have been elaborated by psychologists, musicologists, and music composers. In conclusion, I discuss some of the challenges arising from the analogy between music and space, whether conceived in perceptual or cognitive terms.

This paper aims to explore the names of sounds emanating from the animate world. The names have been semantically stratified and divided into the following two groups: HUMAN – NON-HUMAN. The HUMAN group includes names of sounds produced by humans as biological beings, as sentient and talking beings, as working beings, and as creative and social beings. The NON-HUMAN group contains the names of sounds produced by animals and plants.

A deep reflection on contemporary linguistics, both in terms of its subject matter and methods, as well as in terms of its aims, leads to the observation that naturalism constitutes the basis of the cognitive work of linguists in the mainstream of contemporary research. The essence of philosophical, and hence also linguistic, naturalism lies in materialism, the philosophical legacy of Marx and Engels and their political heirs: Lenin and Stalin. In this light, the title question regarding the possible need for implementing the object, methods and aims of classical metaphysics into linguistics, seems highly legitimate. The problem with linguistic naturalism is, among other factors, its failure to address the real basis of communication, and its nihilism, expressed in the absence of the key questions of linguistics: why (is) language? and for what purposeful (intentional) cause (is) language? In this paper, I will discuss the problems of linguistic naturalism along with the corresponding questions using the dialectical method of St Thomas Aquinas.

Dante Alighieri was well educated in literature, rhetoric, philosophy and theology. His long reading list could not lack the works of the classical authors, especially the Ovid’s one. The wellknown Florentine demonstrated his extensive knowledge many times in his works, particularly in The Banquet. This work was conceived as his summa philosophiae but from his fifteen planned treatises he wrote only four. Among many works quoted by Dante in his treatises there was also the Ovid’s Metamorphoses. The aim of this paper is the analysis of the quotations and mentions on the Ovid’s poetic work from The Banquet and to define their functions in the Dante’s work.

Collaborative Online International Learning (COIL), uses technology to facilitate the engagement of students from different countries in collaborative coursework and sharing of cultural perspectives. The existing literature concerning COIL exchanges points to the need to further explore student satisfaction and engagement with such exchange projects, and whether course learning outcomes are being achieved. This practice paper describes a COIL exchange between students of health psychology at Mary Immaculate College, Ireland, and Sacred Heart University, in the United States. During this 10-week project students were required to engage in synchronous and asynchronous activities. Following the completion of the COIL project, students were given a questionnaire to assess their course satisfaction and whether learning outcomes were achieved. Findings indicate that students were satisfied with the exchange and learning outcomes were met. Overall, COIL may serve as another teaching approach to help students learn course specific material, understand multicultural viewpoints, and enhance their professional skill set.

Since language is the collective focus of this series, the present paper follows both historiographical and theoretical perspectives.

This paper discusses the theories underlying Walter Gropius’ conception of science. Starting with “Is There a Science of Design?” written by Gropius in 1947, the influences of Ganzheitspsychologie and the New Look on Perception are traced. In particular, the contribution of Earl C. Kelley is analyzed. Subsequently, Gropius’ phenomenological approach, insights on expressive qualities, and the relationship between man- environment are discussed. Finally, the influences of Gestalt theory and spiritualistic psychology on Gropius’s conception of science and perception are outlined.

Is it possible to discover the critical realist foundations of Gestalt theory in Berlin comparative musicology (vergleichende Kunstwissenschaft) associated above all with Erich M. von Hornbostel? The balance of natural science explanation and phenomenal experience is a useful model for overcoming Eurocentrism in comparative ethnomusicology, relying both on third-person tools and indigenous music systems. This paper uses Gestalt critical realist epistemology and methodology and a portrayal of the strata making up the understanding of a musical act with chemico-physical, phenomenal and cultural components to create an “amphibian” ethnomusicology. Using this framework it is possible to understand Hornbostel and Sachs’ musical instrument classification system and Hornbostel’s account of “primitive” music as strata in a Gestalt explanatory system. The potential binding agent through the strata is isomorphism.

This paper presents and contextualizes the construct of Aesthetic Relational Knowing (ARK), as the intuitive experience of the therapist that emerges from the phenomenological field created in a meeting between therapist and client. The concept of isomorphism is considered as an epistemological turning point and a possible bridge connecting Gestalt therapy, Gestalt theory and Neurosciences. An example of the clinical consequences of this change of perspective is given. Moreover, a validation pilot study has shown that ARK is described by three factors: empathy, resonance and bodily awareness. The ARK can be defined as a three-dimensional construct that supports the positive use of the therapist’s perception in terms of aesthetic knowing of the phenomenological field of the therapeutic situation. The construct of Aesthetic Relational Knowing can be considered a phenomenological, aesthetic and field-oriented contribution to psychotherapy training, supervision and research.

The paper has to do with the problem of the collocation of dimension adjectives describing body parts in the Chinese and Polish. Lexemes głowa – 头 (tóu) and serce – 心 (xīn) have been chosen arbitrarily as examples of the issue. The semantic differences in the collocation of dimensive adjectives and selected lexemes observed as a result of the contrastive analysis are interpreted with reference to two cultural paradigms (Polish and Chinese ones).

In this paper, through three chapters, we try to deal with the idea of salvation in the psychological context of the Swiss psychologist and psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung. The first chapter will discuss Jung’s approach to religious issues, his basic assumptions, and the similarities and differences between theology and psychology. The topic of the second chapter is the trinitarian and quaternary aspects of Jung’s doctrine, where the reality of the cross as a central symbol of human individuation but also of the entire cosmic totality comes to the fore. In the third chapter, we will talk about the development of consciousness in God and man, with a special focus on Jung’s apparently most dramatic work – »Answer to Job«. The ultimate goal of this work is to present Jung as an original and courageous thinker and author who managed to bring religion and psychology closer together.

The study of cases of illusory or unstable perception of some visual stimuli allows exploration of the psychology of perception of the surrounding world. The wired construction known as “Necker cube” is one such stimulus: it can be perceived as a cube whose front face is seen higher than the back face or vice versa. The switch can occur intentionally or spontaneously. The investigations were focused on switching parameters, relation of the switching to eye position, pre-history, and environment. Here we define that the kernel of the problem is recognizing the 2D drawing as a 3D Necker cube. To this end, we have expanded Gestalt's psychology methods that allow us to recognize 2D figures in drawings for recognizing 3D figure in a flat drawing (including the Necker cube). The presented algorithm for recognizing the cube based on the imitation principle allowed the development of the model of switching between two possible perceptions of the Necker cube. The paper shows that the predictions are in conformity with previously available experimental data. The results confirm the imitation principle of perception, and suggest expanding our research on perception to a wider class of 3D figures, opening a window into the internal processes of perception.

The paper celebrates the person and work of Vittorio Benussi, a forgotten genius of psychology. In particular, it addresses the two most important scientific projects that Benussi developed during his time in Graz and Padua, respectively: the psychology of perception and the psychology of emotions and the unconscious. It highlights the originality and topicality of Benussi’s work and emphasizes its proximity to the latest trends in these research fields.

The paper presents the result of a collective reflection inspired by the individual suggestions of 30 researchers working in different research areas. They are all familiar with the Experimental Phenomenology of Perception, and are aware of the importance that this approach might represent nowadays in their specific research field. The picture that emerges from this ‘mosaic’ stimulates us to consider the potential future developments of this approach if we accept that we need to push its borders beyond the traditional aims of the study of perception (as masterfully developed by the historic Italian Maestri of this approach). If we take this broader view, the Experimental Phenomenology of Perception can extend its perimeters from an analysis of strictly perceptual aspects to an analysis of cognitive and metacognitive aspects (such as aesthetic evaluations, the perception of risk, the experience of certainty/uncertainty in a reasoning process, the perception of proximity to/distance from the solution to a problem and meaning-making in language). The cognitive and metacognitive aspects referred to are grounded in and modelled on the perceiver’s experience of a given situation.

The Mona Lisa (1503–6) is probably the most celebrated example of ambiguous expression in art. Soranzo and Newberry (2015) demonstrated that a similar ambiguity can be perceived also in La Bella Principessa (1495–6), another portrait credited to Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) by many. The paper aims to show that an ambiguous expression can be perceived in a further painting attributed (although not unanimously) to Leonardo: The Lady with Dishevelled Hair, or La Scapigliata. An experiment was conducted whereby participants rated on a 7-point Likert scale the perceived level of contentment of La Scapigliata and that of a comparable painting created by Andrea di Cione, alias Il Verrocchio. The two artworks were presented in random order to two groups of participants. One group could see the artworks from Close (0.6m) whilst the other group from Far (6m) from a Close (0.6 m) or Far (6 m) condition. Results show that the change of distance affected the perceived level of contentment of Leonardo’s figure but not that of Verrocchio’s. Specifically, whilst both artworks received similar ratings of contentment from the close-up condition, La Scapigliata was perceived to be more content from afar. It is concluded that La Scapigliata exhibits an ambiguous expression, and that this ambiguity is similar to the one observed in the Mona Lisa and La Bella Principessa. This result can be only partially interpreted within the spatial frequency hypothesis advanced by Livingstone (2000) and shows that a phenomenological account of Leonardo’s work might be more suited to capture the full extent of the phenomenon. Specifically, it is suggested that the principles of perceptual belongingness (Wertheimer, 1923) may need to be considered to fully capture the extent of the ambiguity depicted by Leonardo.

Amodal completion involves the impression of existence and properties of visually occluded parts of objects. One aspect of this phenomenon that has been somewhat neglected is the amodal completion of color, which involves the impression that amodally completed surfaces have a particular color. In this paper, this aspect is investigated by constructing a large number of displays with identical target figures embedded in systematically varying contexts, to find out which contexts are conducive for amodal completion of color and which are not. In this setup, the main effects of changes of contexts are changes of geometric and photometric features of junctions along the borders of the target regions, which can cause dramatic differences in the appearance of those regions. Generally, a certain arrangement of T-junctions supports the impression of amodal completion of color, and it can be argued that certain types of X-junctions support a variant of this effect as well.

This paper explores the range of colour names, their frequency and functions, in the poetry of Stanisława Plewińska from Deszczno, Poland. The research material comprises 46 colour names w 131 text occurrences, representing 13 semantic fields, including one general field and 12 specialised ones. In her poems, Plewińska uses a diverse range of colours. Her poetry is full of all shadesof the canonical colour set. She favours colour expressions from the following semantic fields: green (30 occurrences), white (29 occurrences), and black (20 occurrences), which indicates her love for achromatic colour schemes and the colour which is imminent in nature. The analysis also shows that the poet uses: gold (15 occurrences) and blue (7 occurrences). She rarely mentions colours from the semantic field of yellow (4x), grey (4x), silver (4x), red (3x), purple (2x) or brown (1x). The poet never uses the colours from the semantic fields of orange or pink.

This paper deals with the positioning Lacunae Theory in translation theory from the point of views of Russian ethnopsycholinguistics, as well as at applying the lacunae model in the process of translation. The application of Lacunae Theory in translation theory consists in its complementing of the contentious Theory of Equivalence. The equivalence relation in the framework of a context is specified by its approximal character (Wills, Albrecht). What is approximal here is merely the semantic dimension of a lacuna. Such circumstance leads to the establishment of the relation between the two inversely proportional terms: the greater the semantic extent of an equivalence relation between the lexical meanings to be compared or translated, the lower is the semantic intensity of the lacuna frequently used to express in context the approximal similarity (equality) of such lexical meanings. On the other hand, greater semantic intensity of the lacuna indicates lower equality of the equivalents to be compared. Lacuna and equivalence mutually complement one another. Here, lacuna and equivalence are two sides of the same coin, with the lacuna serving as the starting point for the semantic assessment of an equivalence relation.

Ethnic stereotypes and social stereotypes referring to sex, age or occupation are based, to a great extent, on the distinction we-they, which is linked with assigning certain features to these groups. These features, especially if negative, can be a basis for jokes according to Plato’s observation that human defects and weaknesses are an object of laughter. The aim of the paper is to depict the stereotypical image of a Polish mountaineer as well as the stereotypes of a man and woman, husband and wife as carriers of comism in the sketch Góral na zakupac (“A mountaineer doing shopping”) by Robert Korólczyk. The sketch perpetuates the stereotype of a mountaineer-man as a religious person as well as a sensual breadwinner while his wife confirms the stereotype of a woman focused on shopping in a mall. In the sketch, comism is also related to breaking a taboo. In this way, comism is located on a broader social, psychological and cultural background.

The author devoted the paper to the one of three functions of language, which A. Furdal called as communicative, emotional, and symbolic. Paleolinguistics is the field of research, which cannot exist as not open linguistics. The author analyzes developing of a communication role of Church Slavonic language in the A. Gusev Справочный церковно-славянский словарь для толковаго чтенiя св. Евангелiя edited in 1910.

The aim of the following paper is to examine what range of vocabulary connected with handcrafting in wood in contemporary everyday Polish is used by amateurs creating in wood as well as by authors of texts depicting the beforementioned handicraftsmen.The source material has been excerpted from the website publications related to urban carpentry shop Wióry lecą. The Linguistic Field Theory has been applied to present 150 lexical items ( 557 used in total), where 132 items are noted in the selected Polish dictionaries and 18 names are neologisms.The analysis of the source material proves that the vocabulary connected with handicraft in internet publications is the lexical reflection of their work, creation in wood and also their emotional attitude towards raw material.

The article describes selected issues from the field of educational psychology: motivation, self-regulation and goal orientation. It presents the approaches and theories recognized in the scientific community that describe SDT – theories of self-determination, SRL – theories of self-regulation in learning and theories of goal-orientation. The paper discusses the perception of motivation in the following trends: psychodynamic, behavioral, humanistic and cognitive. The authors also present selected experiments examining the effects of locating motivation on the interest in undertaken activities and blaming others for one‘s own failures.

Images of aging and old age have been part of Europe's written and visual cultural heritage for several millennia. Furthermore, aging and old age have been the objects of research in a wide range of academic disciplines across the humanities as well as in medicine and law for several centuries. From the nineteenth century onwards, they became important subjects for the social and behavioural sciences, and research from the last few decades indicates the strong influence of the "cultural turn." The aim of this chapter is twofold: First, I use the rich research results from these disciplines to reconstruct the long-term history of images and perceptions of ageing and old age from Antiquity to the twentieth century, identifying changes and variations, as well as continuities or perhaps even "anthropological constants." Second, I critically examine the contributions of these various disciplines to the study of ageing and old age in order to reveal differences and inconsistencies and particularly their role as participants and agents in age-related discourses. For both approaches, the notion of "ambivalence" proves to be most inspiring and productive: positive and negative evaluations of age co-exist and form a polarised structure with rich gradations; these, in turn, produce a resource that can be used for different purposes. Therefore, a further aim of this chapter is to go beyond cultural representation by bringing into play generational relations as manifested in different historical periods, modes of production, and social classes. While the focus of the chapter is on Europe, I include a comparative survey of the wider world - with a particular emphasis on East-Asia - to understand the significance of kinship systems and religious beliefs on interpretations of ageing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines gender and relational issues in the amorous and family context in Tre donne. Una storia d’amore e disamore of Dacia Maraini. Through mythological and literary antecedents, the author analyzes with a lively irony the male / female relationship, the mother-daughter bond, the generational conflict, the female genealogy, the sentimental ambivalence and she interprets the archetypes of the Feminine and the Great Mother, the antithesis life / death, the double, the birth, the female identity. The critical analysis, which also recognizes autobiographical motifs, makes use of psychoanalytic, psychological, theoretical and literary references.

It’s not easy to discuss,and think about the pedagogy when the nation suffers during the military conflict and invasion, which was the case of Poland during the Second World War – during such dramatic times the priority is survival. However, many years after the war, it is worth pointingout the effort and the dedication of teachers/educators who stayed with their students until the end. They remained in schools, orphanages and other educational institutions where kids could need them. Based on documents, literature and the personal experiencesof the author, the paper “Survive and save your identity” describes in a detail the activity of the Female Scouts who were the part of the RGO, an Organisation For the Youth of Warsaw in the years 1939-1945. The article manifests the importance of pedagogical and moral principles during the nations fight for survival.

The ambiguity of statements may result in a wrong understanding of their content and incorrect decisions made on their basis. The Polish language uses a number of terms of ambiguous meaning, which determine the level of complication in interpreting and assessing the conveyed content. One of the notions included in this category is „value” – a term commonly used in everyday life, as well as extremely widely in the sphere of enterprise science. The dimension of capturing the value creates the essence of this term, constituting the basis of reference in the mechanisms of its determination. The above assumes particular significance in economic processes, where the process of valuation (pricing) arises directly from the essence of the object of reference and the purpose of measurement, the identification of which determines the content of the economic dimension of the „value” under consideration.Economic value – like value in general, is a complex category. Deepening the content of this concept creates the basis for capturing and measuring the widely understood value (of resources, work, enterprise), hence „value” – including in particular „economic value” should be considered an important category from the point of view of the correctness of the course, and then the analysis of conducted economic processes. The problems of defining the concept of „value” inspired the author to write this article. The main purpose of this paper is to explore the meaning of the term „value” in the light of its ambiguity, with particular emphasis on the economic dimension of its consideration.The study is based on a review and critical assessment of the available literature and studies, with conclusions.

Herethis paper is review on monographical pulication „Filozofia słowa. Zarys dziejów” [The Philosophy of the Word. A Short History] by Bolesław Andrzejewski. The Polish philosopher’s book is one and only publication which dares to present and contrast concepts and theories on the word which appears in the history of Western Civilisation from the times of ancient Greek philosophers, through Christian thinkers and German romantics and representants of Enlightenment, ending with English and American pragmatists and positivists, not to omit prominent linguists like Ferdynand de Saussure, Noam Chomsky, Ernst Cassirer or Wilhelm von Humboldt. Original view of the author on philosophy of language makes the reviewed book unique, since Andrzejewski tries to break through the analytic, so common nowadays, paradigm and proposes to run the consideration concerning language in the spirit of lingua ac communitas, so to speak, he treats language basically as a tool for interpersonal communication and a way of gaining understanding within community.

This paper presents the phenomenon of anticipation which is one of the manifestations of linguistic maturity and language user rationality. Anticipation, taking place essentially in implicit structures and based on evolutionary old intuition, improves speech comprehension and increases the efficiency of cognitive processes. The phenomenon in question is presented on the example of foreign language communication, because it is there that the mechanisms governing the formulation of accurate hypotheses about form and content are particularly evident.The first part of the article discusses speech perception, and with it the categorization and selection of an appropriate cognitive schema conditioning accurate anticipation. The second part presents factors that facilitate and hinder the right hypothesis. Finally, conclusions and directions for future research on anticipation are formulated.

The present paper aims to detail the profile of the scientific-didactic illustrated journal “Russian Language Abroad”, established by International Association of the Russian Language and Literature Teachers and State Russian Language Institute and set in Lomonosov Moscow State University. A new project carried out by Pushkin State Russian Language Institute in Moscow involves a compilation of special issues of “Russian Language Abroad” under the title “Russian Studies Worldwide”.

The purpose of this paper is to attempt to apply, more or less, the definition-based understanding of retrotopia according to Bauman in the interpretation of local events that occurred both in the first half of the 20th and 21st centuries in the today’s Middle Odra Region, historically the land which comprised Neumark.