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Is it possible to implement stylistic, rhetorical figures into substantive, factual language of the economy? Can industries be attributed to feelings and to businesses to thoughts? Apparently yes, the possibilities of metaphorical descriptions are almost endless. On the contrary to a solemn image of some business magazines, metaphors are a favourite stylistic measure. For example, the word “growth” widely used in economy indicates analogies between plants, human beings and enterprises. Business dictionaries classify ‘growth’ as a specialised term that readers generally do not interpret metaphorically. As a dead metaphor, this word becomes part of other complex words derived from it, such as “the goal of growth” or “the growth rate”. An expression “foreign growth” is commonly used, readers do not relate it to growth of foreign plants, nor associate it with humans. In addition to the so-called ‘empty’ metaphors in business language, which are hardly ever perceived as such, business journalism uses numerous terms that are dependent on the business cycle and often coined spontaneously. They reflect the economic situation as visual metaphors at a specific moment in history. Such metaphorical measures, shown here in the contexts of the economic press of the end of the twentieth century and compared with those from the late nineteenth century, are discussed in this article.

This article examines a highly-regarded but little-studied work of the major American novelist John Dos Passos, the travel memoir Orient Express (1927), the account of a 1922 journey from Constantinople, through the South Caucasus and through Iran and Iraq to the Levant. Situating Orient Express within the development of Dos Passos’s distinctive brand of experimental, modernist prose culminating in the U.S.A. trilogy (1930–1937), attention is drawn to the visual and auditory landscapes of the text. Dos Passos’s use of various modernist devices in his portrayal of Near Eastern cities — including the use of overlapping perspectives, interacting planes of light and color, the observer-in-motion, and the superimposition of real and imagined city landscapes — approach what has been termed the “proto-cubist” or “proto-expressionist” effect typical of his urban American novels. Orient Express is also characterized by its unique auditory landscape, a patchwork of overheard speech which prefigures Dos Passos’s mature conception of a fragmentary, “objective” art in which authorial agency consists primarily in ordering various strands of external discourse. These verbal and material planes, image and history, intersect in a crucial meditation on material artifacts abandoned by their owners in the wake of the Red Army’s invasion of Georgia, which reflects a conception of the “the writer’s vital role in opposing the dehumanizing impact of mechanization,” and provides important context for the much remarked-upon transition in Dos Passos’s political views toward the end of the 1930s.

A vivid illustration of the successes of U.S.–Soviet diplomacy during the period of allied relations was the magazine Amerika, published in the United States in Russian and distributed in the USSR. The magazine was intended to inform Soviet citizens about real American life, familiarize them with the achievements of the United States in science and culture. It was important to present American literature on the pages of the magazine: authors new to Soviet readers and stories by well-known writers translated into Russian for the first time. The article concludes that, along with the rest of the magazine's content, its literary section sought to demonstrate American prosperity and emphasize the closeness of American and Russian cultures. After the war, however, relations between the two countries went into decline again. The USSR continued to translate, censor, and distribute Amerika, but at the same time launched a campaign against the magazine in the Soviet press. In 1952, the symbol of US — Soviet alliance of 1941–1945 ceased to exist. The canceled project was restarted however four years later. The history of the magazine is reconstructed on the basis of Soviet press and archival materials, including transcripts of conversations, Agitprop reports, correspondence between the U.S. Ambassador to the USSR W.A. Harriman and V.M. Molotov, the First Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR A.A. Gromyko and the U.S. Charge d'Affaires in the USSR W. Barbour.

Demokrat Parti muhalefette olduğu yıllarda demokratikleşme vaatleri ve basının sorunlarını gidereceği söylemleriyle geniş kesimlerin desteğini almıştır. Ancak iktidara geldikten sonra icraatlarının eleştirilmeye başlanması, basınla olan iyi ilişkilerinin bozulmasına neden olmuştur. 27 Mayıs 1960’da gerçekleşen Askeri Müdahale genel olarak basın tarafından olumlu karşılanmıştır. Bu süreçte DP yanlısı basın organlarının bir kısmı MBK’nın faaliyetleri karşısında sessiz kalırken, ulusal basının önemli bir bölümü ise MBK’ya destek veren bir yayın politikası izlemiştir. Ulusal basının takındığı tutumun yerel basında da benzer şekilde tezahür ettiği görülmektedir. Askeri Müdahalenin gerçekleştiği 1960 yılına girilirken Tokat’ta yayınlanmakta olan iki gazete bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan Tokat Sesi gazetesi iktidarı destekleyen bir tutuma sahipken Tokat gazetesi ise yerelde basın alanında muhalefetin temsilcisi olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Askeri Müdahale öncesinde DP’yi destekleyen Tokat Sesi gazetesi müdahale sonrasında MBK lehinde ve DP aleyhinde haberleri sütunlarına taşımıştır. Bu yönüyle müdahale sonrası Tokat Sesi ve Tokat gazetelerinin yayın politikasında ortak bir paydada buluştukları söylenebilir. Bu çalışma 1960 yılında Anadolu’nun orta büyüklükteki bir vilayet merkezinde yerel basının 27 Mayıs Askeri Müdahalesi öncesi ve sonrasındaki yayın politikalarının karşılaştırılması suretiyle nasıl bir değişim ve dönüşüm içerisine girdiklerini ortaya koymak amacıyla hazırlanmıştır.

Türkiye, tüm dünyayı geniş ölçüde etkileyen II. Dünya Savaşı’na fiili olarak katılmasa da savaştan siyasi, sosyal ve ekonomik olarak etkilenmiştir. Savaş koşulları nedeniyle yeterli ihracat yapılmaması ve yurtiçi üretim değerlerindeki düşüş büyük şehirlerde iaşe sorununu doğurmuştur. Devletin mevcut zorlu şartların altından kalkabilmek için vergilere başvurmuştur. Savaş sürecinde halktan Millî Korunma Yasası, Toprak Mahsulleri Vergisi, Yol Vergisi, Varlık Vergisi gibi farklı isimlerde vergiler talep edilmiştir. Ancak bunların içinde en çok dikkat çeken Varlık Vergisi olmuştur. Savaş esnasında yüksek miktarda servet elde eden zengin kesimin mükellef olduğu Varlık Vergisi 16 ay gibi kısa bir süre uygulanmasına rağmen etkisini uzun yıllar devam ettirmiştir. Öyle ki vergi mükelleflerinin çoğunlukla gayrimüslimlerden oluşması dünya kamuoyunun dikkatini çekmiştir. Bu bağlamda İngiliz basınında oldukça etkili bir yere sahip olan The Times gazetesi de Varlık Vergisini köşesine taşımıştır. The Times’da verginin teoride makul olduğu kabul edilirken uygulamadaki aksaklıklara değinilmiştir. Türkiye’de yaşayan İngiliz vatandaşlarının vergi karşısındaki durumunun ne olacağı irdelenmiştir.

This article examines private Palestinian Arabic periodicals established during the Second Ottoman Constitutional Era, shedding light on the shifts and transformations within the press market during this dynamic period. Its aim is to piece together the circulation and distribution patterns of these publications. The research explores various facets, such as subscriber statistics, the geographical distribution of readership, and the pricing strategies. Following the Young Turk Revolution, there was a great expansion in journalistic endeavours, resulting in the establishment of numerous periodicals based in the three urban centres of Jerusalem, Jaffa and Haifa. However, the ensuing years witnessed a gradual consolidation, so that by the outbreak of World War I, only a fraction of the Arabic periodicals founded earlier continued operations. These publications followed diverse trajectories: some folded quickly owing to the fierce competition and the multitude of challenges plaguing journalistic activities, while others experienced a gradual decline but managed to sustain operations for an extended period. By contrast, the most successful among them strengthened their position by attracting prominent advertisers, actively engaging with the crucial issues of the era, introducing innovative practices, and consistently expanding their readership base, ultimately reaching their peak at the outbreak of WWI.

Copyright of Slovenská Literatúra: Revue Pre Literárnu Vedu is the property of Institute of Slovak Literature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Constitutions are linked both to the past and to the future. A central constitutional mechanism in the attempt to mark a dividing line between the past and the future, to represent a new era are unamendable provisions. Unamendable provisions, in this sense, play a “negative” role, serving as a lasting reminder of recent past devastations and as a constitutional/institutional attempt to transform and never return to past injustices. It is within this framework of ‘never again constitutionalism’ I wish to examine one of the most unique and interesting unamendable provisions in the world: the protection of ‘Liberty of the press’ in the Mexican Constitution of 1824.

This study investigates the publication and reception of the Latin American boom literature in Sweden from 1960 to 1990, focusing on Julio Cortázar, Carlos Fuentes, Gabriel García Márquez and Mario Vargas Llosa. It analyses the extent of Swedish translations of their works and the type and amount of attention they received in the Swedish press. Using a bibliometric approach for the translations, and analysing press material on the authors from the evening papers Aftonbladet and Expressen, the study found that 258 of the 532 works translated from Spanish to Swedish during the investigated period were Latin American, with 52 (20%) by the feautured authors. The press material reveals that García Márquez was the most covered, especially around his 1982 Nobel Prize, and the assessment of his literature and public persona was generally positive. Fuentes received significant attention in the 1980s and was also favourably regarded. Vargas Llosa was introduced early on to the Swedish readership, but his literary work and political engagement elicited mixed reactions. Cortázar received the least press coverage, correlating with fewer translations and less public attention.

May the 3rd marks press freedom day around the world. Today, many articles and editorials will be published across Europe, highlighting the need to put an end to threats faced by journalists in Member States. While all these pan-European threats certainly need to be tackled, one fundamental pan-European crisis faced by journalists across the continent remains widely ignored: the difficulties to access information held by public authorities and the disparities among Member States when requesting data. This article aims to review the current situation of the right to request information from public bodies in EU Member States and offers a proposal that opens the door to discussing the possibility of harmonising such a right through the internal market competence.

Copyright of Linguistische Treffen in Wrocław is the property of Oficyna Wydawnicza ATUT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)