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This article compares the treatment of honorifics in English translations of Hong Lou Meng by Henry Bencraft Joly, a British diplomat and David Hawkes, a British sinologist, in light of Translator Behaviour Criticism (TBC). The research adopts an integral method that starts with a textual analysis of the translator’s construal choices, then examines the identification of the translator’s behaviour pattern and finally his social motivations. The analysis has led to five major findings: 1) Joly’s version intended to preserve the traditional Chinese ritual culture contained in the honorifics and attached great importance to restoring the honorific function of the original address terms. 2) Joly tended to subscribe to the “truth-seeking” principle even at the cost of readability to maintain the original honorifics’ function. Nonetheless, in effect, he did it to translate and annotate a teaching material for British diplomatic interns, which led to the alignment of his “truth-seeking” behaviour with his “utility-attaining” pursuit. 3) Hawkes’ version, upholding the “utility-attaining” principle, established an addressing system adapted to the target language readers’ cognitive habits with the social norms and family relations of the modern English world taken as background domain. He also made use of some creative translation strategies that had enhanced expressivity and influenced the characterization. 4) Hawkes’ “utility-attaining” behaviour is sustained by a “truth-seeking” basis because he aspired to reconstruct in modern English the literariness of the classic Chinese novel. 5) The different behaviours of the two translators demonstrated through construal choices in translating the honorifics in the novel conform to their respective social identities and professional habitus.

The construction of languages has always been related to linguistics. Most of these initiatives address real scientific questions but from a non-academic point of view. The fact that Ferdinand de Saussure's own brother, René de Saussure, wrote a theoretical essay on the construction of the Esperanto word (de Saussure 1914) is an amusing illustration of this. In this paper, we propose a method inspired by experimental archaeology. The experiment consists in trying to obtain an artifact similar to the one observed using this or that construction method. An equivalent approach in linguistics would be the generation of linguistic systems based on explicitly formulated principles. Trying to generate similar systems pushes the linguist to explicitly define the principles that are needed and to explore all their consequences. In this context, we show that the use of notions induced by the observation of natural languages leads to a certain degree of circularity and that it is therefore more interesting to explore a priori principles based on very general assumptions.

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The aim of this research is to explore what relations self-affection bears to the intuitions of inner sense. I propose that self-affection makes some contribution to formal intuitions and empirical consciousness by arguing that the functions of self-affection consist respectively in conceptualising and conscious-making. I begin by examining Kant’s concept of inner sense and point out that inner sense as a receptive faculty depends on self-affection. In so doing, I emphasise that self-affection includes both a pure and an empirical aspect which corresponds to Kant’s distinction between the transcendental synthesis of imagination and the empirical synthesis of apprehension. Then, I focus on the pure aspect and argue that the conceptualising function involved in the pure self-affection is decisive for the generation of formal intuition. In particular, I explain why the formal intuition of time depends on the intuition of space and how it is constituted by drawing a line. After that, I turn to analysing the empirical aspect of self-affection and show that by virtue of the empirical synthesis of apprehension one is aware of both the empirical contents of representations and the mental actions performed on them, whereby I suggest that this empirical conscious-making function can be understood as an act of distinguishing from a mereological point of view.

Abstract Background Genetic improvement of wool and growth traits is a major goal in the sheep industry, but their underlying genetic architecture remains elusive. To improve our understanding of these mechanisms, we conducted a weighted single-step genome-wide association study (WssGWAS) and then integrated the results with large-scale transcriptome data for five wool traits and one growth trait in Merino sheep: mean fibre diameter (MFD), coefficient of variation of the fibre diameter (CVFD), crimp number (CN), mean staple length (MSL), greasy fleece weight (GFW), and live weight (LW). Results Our dataset comprised 7135 individuals with phenotype data, among which 1217 had high-density (HD) genotype data (n = 372,534). The genotypes of 707 of these animals were imputed from the Illumina Ovine single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) 54 BeadChip to the HD Array. The heritability of these traits ranged from 0.05 (CVFD) to 0.36 (MFD), and between-trait genetic correlations ranged from − 0.44 (CN vs. LW) to 0.77 (GFW vs. LW). By integrating the GWAS signals with RNA-seq data from 500 samples (representing 87 tissue types from 16 animals), we detected tissues that were relevant to each of the six traits, e.g. liver, muscle and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract were the most relevant tissues for LW, and leukocytes and macrophages were the most relevant cells for CN. For the six traits, 54 quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified covering 81 candidate genes on 21 ovine autosomes. Multiple candidate genes showed strong tissue-specific expression, e.g. BNC1 (associated with MFD) and CHRNB1 (LW) were specifically expressed in skin and muscle, respectively. By conducting phenome-wide association studies (PheWAS) in humans, we found that orthologues of several of these candidate genes were significantly (FDR

The storage of renewable energy is crucial for the substitution of fossil fuels with renewable energy. Hydrogen is the first step in the conversion of electricity from renewable sources to an energy carrier. However, hydrogen is technically and economically challenging to store, but can be converted with CO2 from the atmosphere or oceans to hydrocarbons. The heterogeneously catalyzed gas phase reaction and the electrochemical CO2 reduction are reviewed and the application of a new type of reactor is described. The mechanism of the gas phase CO2 reduction on a heterogeneous catalyst is shown in detail and the function of the supported catalyst is explained. Finally, an economic estimation on the cost of synthetic methane is presented which leads to a cost of 0.3 CHF/kWh in CH4.

Abstract Background Competition is a common social interaction among shrimp and depending on its intensity, it can affect heritable variation and response to selection. Little is known about the variance of indirect genetic effects (IGE) under competitive and non-competitive conditions in shrimp. In this study, we used extended mixed linear models to estimate genetic parameters for the direct genetic effect (DGE) and IGE on body weight in Litopenaeus vannamei raised under ad libitum (AF, non-competitive environment) and restricted (RF, competitive environment) feeding regimes. Results Estimates of heritabilities for body weight obtained with a traditional animal model (i.e. without accounting for IGE) were 0.11 ± 0.09 under AF and 0.25 ± 0.11 under RF. With extended animal models that accounted for IGE, the corresponding estimates for body weight were 0.07 ± 0.08 and 0.34 ± 0.11. Thus, heritabilities were higher under the RF regime than under the AF regime, regardless of whether IGE was accounted for or not. The log-likelihood ratio test revealed significant IGE under the RF regime. Although estimates of indirect genetic variance were low (0.0023 ± 0.0013 for AF and 0.0028 ± 0.0012 for RF), they contributed substantially to the total heritable variance: 66.8% for AF and 692.2% for RF. The total heritable variance was smaller under the RF regime (0.7 ± 1.3) than under the AF regime (5.8 ± 2.6) because of the high contribution of the negative covariance between DGE and IGE (− 7.03). Estimates of the correlation between DGE and IGE were 0.32 ± 0.47 under AF and − 0.93 ± 0.15 under RF, those of DGE and IGE for body weight between both regimes were 0.94 ± 0.07 and 0.67 ± 0.20, respectively, and those of IGE for body weight with DGE for survival were − 0.12 ± 0.22 under AF and − 0.58 ± 0.20 under RF. Conclusions These results indicate that strong competitive interactions occurred under the RF regime in L. vannamei. Significant reranking and variation in IGE of individuals were observed between the two feeding regimes. Strong competitive interactions reduced the total heritable variation for body weight when food was restricted. These results indicate that the extent of competition among L. vannamei depends on the feeding regime applied and that this competition affects the genetic basis of body weight.

Abstract Background Residual feed intake (RFI) was investigated as a measure of feed efficiency in a breeding population of Litopenaeus vannamei. Shrimp from 34 families were housed individually and feed efficiency and growth traits were recorded during two successive growth periods. The objectives of this study were (1) to estimate the heritability of RFI and related traits, including feed efficiency ratio (FER), average daily gain (ADG) and daily feed intake (DFI), (2) to determine the relationships between RFI and other traits, and (3) to evaluate the variation of these traits across two growth periods. Results Shrimp displayed large inter-individual variation in RFI, FER, ADG and DFI during each growth period. Heritability estimates of all these traits during both periods reached high values (0.577 ± 0.232 to 0.707 ± 0.252). RFI showed weak and no genetic correlations with ADG during the two growth periods between days 1 to 21 (0.135 ± 0.204) and 22 to 42 (–0.018 ± 0.128), respectively, but high positive genetic correlations with DFI (>0.8). Weak and moderate negative genetic correlations were observed between RFI and FER during the two periods (–0.126 ± 0.208 and –0.387 ± 0.183). As evidenced by the high genetic correlations between the two periods for each trait (>0.6), trait performance of the shrimp tended to be consistent across periods. Conclusions For the first time, accurate measurement of individual feed efficiency on a large scale was achieved in shrimp. Although the estimated heritability reported here for RFI may be overestimated, it is a heritable trait in L. vannamei that can be improved by genetic improvement. For L. vannamei, the biggest potential advantage in using RFI as a measure of feed efficiency is that it is independent of growth rate, and thus genetic selection on RFI has the potential to improve feed efficiency and reduce feed intake, without compromising growth performance.

C22H26O6, orthorhombic, P212121 (no. 19), a = 7.6648(5) Å, b = 11.2663(6) Å, c = 22.7321(7) Å, V = 1963.0(2) Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0652, wRref(F2) = 0.1399, T = 273(2) K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This research aims to set up a comprehensive index system to evaluate the sustainable development level of the industrial sector in China and to determine the key influencing factors that hinder the sector’s sustainable development. To achieve these research goals, we build a theoretical model with 26 indexes selected from resource, environment, economy, and society subsystems. An empirical analysis is conducted through Principal Component Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling. Results indicate that the sustainable development level of China’s industrial sector became positive in 2007 and peaked in 2012. The environment subsystem has the largest effect on the sustainable development level. The sustainable development level is also greatly influenced by solid wastes, production of non-renewable resources, energy consumption per unit of gross domestic product (GDP), and industrial research and development (R&D) expenditure. The basic conclusion is that the sustainable development level of the industrial sector in China can be enhanced through improving the utilization efficiency of resources, increasing the contribution of technology progress to GDP, and developing renewable resources.

Root-knot nematodes cause significant economic losses worldwide each year. Species with especially high relevance in the tropical and subtropical part of China are Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica. The disomic rapeseed-radish chromosome addition line ee was shown in former experiments to be highly resistant against these southern root-knot nematodes. In this study, differen­tially expressed proteins in the roots of the addition line ee, its radish donor line and its rapeseed recipient line cv. Madora were screened by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and Image Master 5.0 software. These proteins were identified by MALDI-TOF-TOF/MS. Three radish-specific proteins with an increased expression in rapeseed-radish addition line ee will be further analyzed for their potential role in nematode resistance.

La metáfora EL SER HUMANO ES UNA PLANTA en Sueño en el Pabellón Rojo (红楼梦) y su traducción al español constituyen un tema poco estudiado en los trabajos anteriores a pesar de su posición prominente en la obra. Este artículo aborda el tema desde la perspectiva cognitiva apoyándose en la Teoría de la Metáfora Conceptual de Lakoff y Johnson (1980) y Lakoff (1992). El estudio se desarrolla basándose en un corpus paralelo chino-español con 160 casos de expresión de dicha metáfora recolectados de la novela y de sus dos versiones en español mediante una versión modificada del método MIP (Metaphor Identification Procedure, Pragglejaz Group, 2007). Los resultados del estudio permiten extraer las siguientes conclusiones: 1) en la versión original de la novela la metáfora estudiada forma una red jerárquica de proyecciones metafóricas en tres rangos; 2) se nota una considerable pérdida de las proyecciones metafóricas en la traducción al español, pero las asociaciones metafóricas cognitivamente prominentes en el contexto están mejor conservadas; 3) en un 26,9% de los datos recogidos se observan notables diferencias de sentido o de imagen metafórica en la versión de Zhao y García Sánchez respecto a la de Láuer, en las cuales se manifiestan un mayor nivel de precisión en el uso léxico, más consciencia de las diferencias culturales, una mayor tendencia hacia el mantenimiento de la metáfora original, una mejor coherencia interna entre las imágenes metafóricas de un mismo contexto y una inclinación hacia mayor especificidad en la descripción de las imágenes metafóricas.

Diterpenoids are high value compounds characterized by high structural complexity. They constitute the largest class of specialized metabolites produced by plants. Diterpenoids are flexible molecules able to engage in specific binding to drug targets like receptors and transporters. In this review we provide an account on how the complex pathways for diterpenoids may be elucidated. Following plant pathway discovery, the compounds may be produced in heterologous hosts like yeasts and E. coli. Environmentally contained production in photosynthetic cells like cyanobacteria, green algae or mosses are envisioned as the ultimate future production system.

Este trabajo examina la motivación subléxica del fenómeno de la polisemia representado por el verbo de desplazamiento salir en el marco teórico del Lexicón Generativo. Hemos llevado a cabo un estudio bastante exhaustivo de las extensiones semánticas regulares del verbo salir, en que mostramos que su significado se extiende, sobre todo, debido a la interacción con las informaciones contenidas en la estructura léxica de los nombres que encabezan sus argumentos y adjuntos, y finalmente se forma una escala semántica que va extendiéndose desde los sentidos más básicos hasta los más periféricos. Esas informaciones relevantes se codifican como rasgos semánticos (en forma de qualia agentivo, formal, constitutivo y télico) en lo que se conoce como Estructura de Qualia (EQ); cuando el verbo se combina con la información contenida en la EQ de sus argumentos o adjuntos, van modificando sus estructuras argumental, eventiva o de qualia, de ahí que se generen los significados tradicionalmente considerados ‘metafóricos’ o ‘figurados’ en el predicado.

Abstract An F2 chicken population was established from a crossbreeding between a Xinghua line and a White Recessive Rock line. A total of 502 F2 chickens in 17 full-sib families from six hatches was obtained, and phenotypic data of 488 individuals were available for analysis. A total of 46 SNP on GGA1 was initially selected based on the average physical distance using the dbSNP database of NCBI. After the polymorphism levels in all F0 individuals (26 individuals) and part of the F1 individuals (22 individuals) were verified, 30 informative SNP were potentially available to genotype all F2 individuals. The linkage map was constructed using Cri-Map. Interval mapping QTL analyses were carried out. QTL for body weight (BW) of 35 d and 42 d, 49 d and 70 d were identified on GGA1 at 351–353 cM and 360 cM, respectively. QTL for abdominal fat weight was on GGA1 at 205 cM, and for abdominal fat rate at 221 cM. Two novel QTL for fat thickness under skin and fat width were detected at 265 cM and 72 cM, respectively.

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Rapid and selective heating of solvents by microwave irradiation coupled to nonaqueous sol–gel chemistry makes it possible to simultaneously synthesize metal oxide nanoparticles within minutes and deposit them on substrates. The simple immersion of substrates, such as glass slides, in the reaction solution results after microwave heating in the deposition of homogeneous porous thin films whose thickness can be adjusted through the precursor concentration. Here we use such a microwave-assisted nonaqueous sol–gel process for the formation of various spinel ferrite MFe2O4 (M = Fe, Co, Mn, Ni) and BaTiO3 nanoparticles and their deposition as thin films. The approach offers high flexibility with respect to controlling the crystal size by adjusting the reaction time and/or temperature. Based on the example of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles, we show how the crystal size can carefully be tuned from 4 to 8 nm, resulting in a continuous change of the magnetic properties.

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A novel Michelson interferometric hydrogen sulphide sensor coated with copper/reduced graphene oxide (Cu/rGO) composite membrane is proposed and fabricated. A section of endlessly photonic crystal fibre (EPCF) was sandwiched in two single-mode fibres (SMFs). One SMF was spliced and tapered with EPCF; the other SMF was connected with the Faraday rotator mirror to construct the Michelson structure. The cladding of the EPCF was coated by the Cu/rGO-sensing membrane, which was prepared by the dip-coating method. The obtained Cu/rGO-sensing film has a length of 25.0 mm. The fabricated sensing membrane is characterised by the scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, and so on. Experimental results demonstrated that the Cu/rGO-sensing film has a 24.56-nm thickness with a compact and uniform appearance. The XPS and Raman spectra indicate that there are three elements (C, O, and Cu), which are consistent with the expected compositions of the Cu/rGO membrane. With the increase of concentration of hydrogen sulphide, the interference spectra appear red-shifted. The linearity of 0.97662 and the sensitivity of 13.23 pm/ppm are achieved. In addition, the dynamic response and recovery time of the sensor are approximately 70 and 88 s, respectively. The surface adsorption energies of the film are calculated by the density functional theory. The theoretical results are in good agreement with the experimental findings. This sensor has some key advantages of small size, simple structure, easy fabrication, and great applicability for detecting the trace hydrogen sulphide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spirofluorenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazinan-5-ones are prepared in good to excellent yields through metal-free [3+3] cycloaddition of N -vinyl fluorenone nitrones and aza-oxyallyl cations under mild reaction conditions. Detailed studies reveal that N -vinyl fluorenone nitrones show greater reactivity in [3+3] cycloadditions with aza-oxyallyl cations compared to N -alkyl/aryl fluorenone nitrones. The spirofluorenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazinan-5-ones are easily prepared on gram scale. The present method features mild reaction conditions, broad substrate scope, good functional group tolerance and efficient [3+3] cycloadditions of 9-fluorenone nitrones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Synthesis is the property of Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)