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Article 43 of the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child mandates state parties to report on their efforts made towards implementing treaty provisions to the African Committee on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACERWC). The aim of this process is to afford states an opportunity to internally assess their progress and to grant the ACERWC an opportunity to guide states in the implementation of the treaty provisions through constructive dialogue during the state reporting process and through concluding observations which states are required to implement. While much has been written about the value of the state reporting process, not much has been said about the measures taken by states to implement the concluding observations from the state reporting process. The concluding observations offer a premise on which to advance a discourse on state implementation of the regional norms, given that they emanate from an incisive reflection of state parties' reports by the ACERWC. This paper finds that while the ratification of the African Children's Charter by the countries under consideration has led to normative and institutional changes in these countries, there are pertinent challenges that need to be addressed in the realisation of children's rights in Africa. Through the concluding observations, this paper examines the domestic implementation of children's rights in four African countries, namely: Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa and Egypt.

In response to the rise in extremist violence within Kenya, the Strengthening Resilience to Violent Extremism Programme was launched to counter the threat of violent extremism (VE) and prevent the radicalisation and recruitment of vulnerable youth. To assess the extent to which the Programme was able to achieve its objective, an evaluation of the Programme's key component – a mentoring and counselling-based project intervention, was conducted between 2017-19. In total, 347 youth, identified as being 'at risk', were included as part of the evaluation. This paper presents the principal findings of the evaluation and assesses the effect of the intervention on three key dimensions: the youth's attitudes, their social networks and levels of awareness of the risks of VE and the strategies for countering violent extremist activities. Using logit models and controlling for any confounding effects of socio-demographic differences, the evaluation finds evidence of improvements in the at-risk groups' knowledge of the risks posed by VE groups as well as the strategies for countering VE. However, mixed results were noted in the groups' attitudes towards violence, their levels of self-confidence and the extent and diversity of their social networks. Across two of the dimensions, more significant effects were also observed among 'at-risk' groups who were employed versus those who were unemployed. Some variability in outcomes was also found among at-risk groups who had been exposed to the intervention for longer compared to those who had been in the Project for shorter periods. Taken together, these findings underscore the need for extending the Project's existing engagements and incorporating a nuanced and sustained approach for engendering more long-term change. The analytical insights presented also offer critical lessons for designing and implementing similar interventions in Kenya and in the wider global context.

In the recent past, E-commerce has been growing rapidly, the tremendous growth of online companies mushrooming everywhere. This has created many business opportunities for the different segment of business in Kenya. Business to Business, Business to Consumers, Consumers to Consumers, However, we will concentrate on the Business to Consumers form of business. Therefore, this paper will do research reviews on issues of security, privacy, and trust surrounding e-commerce in Kenya to ensure that the consumers gain trust in these online companies. The purpose of the study will be to provide solutions facing e-commerce in terms of the trust, security, and privacy. Consumer distrust is a major concern, mainly regarded as the protection of private information and the fear of the risk of being exposed to online fraudulent activities. This has been the main obstacle to e-commerce in Kenya. With all the benefits that online business present to the companies and consumers, it is the best interest of the companies to increase its trustworthiness to its users. Some of the online crimes will be analyzed and solutions provided with practical guidelines to achieve confidence in the online business environment. The research will be significant to scholars, government, academicians and other stakeholders in the implementation of policy and laws that can govern E-commerce in Kenya. This will be made possible by analysis of the Jumia company which has been operating in Kenya for the last for the last five years with the tremendous growth and been preferred by most of the consumers in the country. It will demonstrate how different reviews conducted previously were of additional value to the current research. The research shows the challenges faced by e-commerce and also provides the possible solutions for the challenges. In the conclusion, it recommends what the government, online companies, and consumers should do to embrace online business and reap the full benefits of e-commerce.

Great post-independence migration from rural areas to urban centers has brought contact and competition to African linguistic gene pools. In Nairobi, Kenya, the main contestants are a trio of English, Swahili, and the indigenous language, making the duel a truel. Though the obvious outcome has been an ecological imbalance in socioeconomics (Mufwene 2008), few studies, other than Laitin and Eastman (1989: 52), have addressed the motivations and constraints on the speakers of the dueling languages. This paper introduces the concept of the truel from game theory (Kilgour & Brams 1997) to analyze and illuminate the linguistic tussle between an ex-colonial language, a native lingua franca, and local African Urban Youth Language (AUYL) practices (e.g., Sheng and Engsh). Mufwene and Vigouroux (2008: 23) argue that the elite keep the ex-colonial language as an entitlement. Nationalists support Swahili as a Pan- Africanist unifier. Historically, however, no one wishes to support anyone else’s mother tongue, so the indigenous language loses out. A series of motivations for each language variety is described, and it is shown that in each case, the player takes a rational strategy in the competition, but produces the illusion that the indigenous language has lost out. This new approach dramatically reduces the impression that the native speaker of indigenous African languages has lost the linguistic battle, and hence makes the rational choices of linguistic practices clearer.

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Whilst mobility has long been a key theme within African archaeology, its study has usually focussed on cases of far-ranging nomadism, particularly amongst ‘hunter-gatherer’ pastoralist populations. Conversely, changes in the form and distribution of sedentary settlement have most commonly been studied across wide spatio-temporal ranges that do not consider the role of mobile livelihood practices at scales appreciable to the people who actually performed them. This paper seeks to rectify this scholarly lacuna through the practical application of the concept of ‘shifting sedentism’ amongst the communities of Kenya’s northern Elgeyo Escarpment. Combining archaeological/contemporary household survey data with local oral histories, this paper explores how the incremental movement of individual housing compounds has contributed to the gradual shift of Marakwet settlement across the landscape over the past two centuries. Shifting patterns of residence will be linked with broader trends in mobile livelihood practice that extend across the surrounding landscape and run through multiple generations. These practices have themselves adeptly incorporated many major changes to community lifeways—including the introduction of new crops, Christian missionisation, road building and the growth of small commercial centres. Such practices embody a particularly flexible approach to socio-cultural continuity, in which situational mobility has been vital in ensuring the overarching resilience of these communities and the rugged landscape they call home. Fine-grained and multi-disciplinary approaches are key to the recognition of mobility’s importance within such otherwise sedentary contexts, and it is hoped this particular study will inspire further such efforts across the continent.