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Copyright of Info DaF: Informationen Deutsch als Fremdsprache is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Pädagogik is the property of Julius Beltz GmbH & Co. KG Beltz Juventa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Katalanistik is the property of Zeitschrift fur Katalanistik and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Facultatis Philosophicae Universitatis Ostraviensis. Studia Germanistica is the property of Acta Facultatis Philosophicae Universitatis Ostraviensis. Studia Germanistica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Seventy years after the insurrection of Spanish military forces against the democratically elected government of the Second Republic, several political, cultural and scientific initiatives have set out to reinforce the historical memory of the Spanish Civil War. An objective historical debate about the war was impossible in Spain under the Franco regime and quite difficult during the transition period to a democratic state because of the ongoing conflict between Francoists and democrats, which led to an attempted military coup against the new Spanish democracy in 1981. The stable democracy Spain now enjoys allows us to revisit the history of the Civil War from a republican and democratic point of view, in order finally to offer a just remembrance of the war's victims on the Republican side, something which has been neglected for decades. This paper explores the representation of the Spanish Civil War in children's drawings, which were collected by several institutions, among them the Biblioteca Nacional de Espana. The existence and preservation of these drawings is the result of unique circumstances. The Spanish Civil War was the first conflict in which modern arms were intentionally used against the civil population on a large scale, so that children became eyewitnesses of military attacks. The government of the Republic organised the evacuation of the civilian population, especially children, from the war zones, using an existing system of school colonies. Guided by their educators, these children started to reflect on their new experiences - the bombardments, the evacuation, the separation from their parents, but also the games, lessons and other activities in the school colonies - in their drawings. These drawings had a double purpose. On the one hand, they were designed as a therapeutic measure to help the children to overcome the traumas produced by the war. On the other hand, these drawings were used as propaganda in order to convince the Western democracies to support the legitimate Spanish government and to stop their policy of non-intervention, which only favoured the military rebels and their supporters, National-socialist Germany and Fascist Italy. Today, the children's drawings of the Spanish Civil War represent a valuable and direct testimony of different aspects of this conflict: life before the war, the breakdown of the Lebenswelt of the children, the presence of the war in daily life, humanitarian support and evacuation, organisation and life in the school colonies and the politicisation of the children. Nowadays, children who suffer the horrors of war continue to draw their experiences. The only difference with the drawings of the children of the Spanish Civil War is that today there is more blood, weapons are more powerful, and society is indifferent and has become accustomed to coexisting with injustice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historische Zeitschrift is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of ifo Dresden Berichtet: Ueber Konjunktur, Struktur, Wirtschaftspolitik is the property of ifo Institute for Economic Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article reviews the critical reception of Mozart's work in Barcelona and, in ' particular, the operatic corpus of the composer from Salzburg. The years 1787 ' and 1798 marked two important milestones with regard to the arrival of the ' works of Mozart in Barcelona: the former is the date of the first music performance of operatic fragments written by the composer and the latter is the year ' of the'premiere of "Cos fan tutte". This paper reviews and recreates - when ' documentary sources allow it - those operatic performances, as well as the only ' opera by Mozart staged in the nineteenth century, "Don Giovanni", and analyses its reception through the articles and reviews published in the press of that time. ' The article covers the late eighteenth century to the present, in the context of a city marked by the Italian tradition in musical tastes with a fixation on Wagner. \ However, since the last decade of the twentieth century, interest in Mozart finally ' is growing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manuscript Salmaticensis 2659, which contains Dioscorides' treatise De materia medica, arrived at Salamanca after being bought by a Spanish scholar in Italy. It had been copied in Corfú by John Moschus and it was used in Venice as a model for the Aldine edition of 1499. This paper traces the origin of the manuscript by means of palaeographical, textual and cultural considerations. It is suggested that it was George Moschus, John's son, who took the manuscript to Italy, while the hypothesis that it was Ianos Lascaris who transferred it to the West is rejected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Spain, domestic workers in the informal sector are often recruited and placed in Spanish households by local institutions such as NGOs. One of the central and biggest institutions which recruit female immigrants for formal as well as informal domestic work is the Catholic Church. It acts as a mediator for domestic workers especially in its own parishes within the scope of social work called "Caritas parroquial". Beforehand, the immigrants are often trained to be domestic workers. The topic of this paper is one of these training courses for domestic workers including the later procurement of a job, which was studied during one year field research in Madrid. It is based on participant observation as well as interviews with migrants, instructors and Church officials. The article starts with an analysis of current domestic work in the context of the global financial crisis. Afterwards a short account of the training course in a Catholic parish is given; domestic work and the role of the Spanish Catholic Church in it are outlined and subsequently, the assumptions of the interactions in the domestic service course, the construction of otherness and of migrant domestic workers are analysed, and finally these interactions are explained within different power structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the panel "Entgrenzungen (nationaler) Geschichte und Erinnerung: Historische Deutungskonflikte und Aussöhnung im Spannungsfeld von Wissenschaft, Öffentlichkeit und Politik," part of the Historikertag (Annual Meeting of the German Historians' Association [VHD]) in Berlin from September 29 to October 1, 2010. The papers discussed several cases of conflict and reconciliation regarding the interpretation of history after 1945, including Spain, East Asia, and Hungary.

Copyright of Revista de Lingüística y Lenguas Aplicadas (RLLA) is the property of Universidat Politecnica de Valencia, Department of Applied Linguistics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the German Pavilion at the 1929 World's Fair in Barcelona, Spain, designed by architect Mies van der Rohe and brought to a German readership in a series of 14 surviving photographs. Attempts to discover the authorship of the photographs in a documentary and particularly copyright paper trail are reviewed. A number of photographs from the pavilion and related exhibition are reprinted. Van der Rohe's approval of and support for the photo series is noted. The contributors to the picture-taking are surmised as Lily Reich and Sasha Stone.

Copyright of Journal for Business, Economics & Ethics / Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts und Unternehmensethik is the property of Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

For the past several years a passionate debate has been taking place in Spain about how to deal with its own past. In order to understand the bitterness and the arduous polemic of the different interpretative positions, the paper first looks back, into the Franco dictatorship (1939-1975) and into the first years of the democratization process after Franco's death. The article deals with the long period of time, more or less 70 years, from the Civil War (1936-1939) until today. The first part of the text focuses on the subject of the politics of memory and the „imposed memory“ during Francoism. The second section deals with the politics of memory in the transition to democracy (1975-1982) and with the aspirations of the Spanish society in the years before the political change from the Socialists to the Conservatives (1996). There are also mentioned alternative forms of the remembrance in Catalonia and the Basque Country. From 1996 onward, a revisionist interpretation of history invaded the public discussion and claimed an interpretation monopoly concerning the Civil War and Francoism. As a reaction, the left opposition has now „discovered“ the politics of the past as a fructiferous political arena, and the different views of the past have become more and more antagonistic. Furthermore, the civil society has played an increasing interpretative role with multiple activities and initiatives. Therefore, the third part deals with the „return of the past“ in the remembrance discourse and reaching up until the present-day. The text finishes with the discussion of the „Law of Historical Memory“, issued at the end of 2007, from which a huge polemic between the political opponents in the Parliament had arisen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Geographischen Gesellschaft is the property of Oesterreichische Geographische Gesellschaft (Austrian Geographical Society) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Comparativ: Leipziger Beiträge zur Universalgeschichte und Vergleichenden Gesellschaftsforschung is the property of Leipziger Universitaetsverlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses censorship of women foreign correspondents during the Spanish Civil War with a focus on the censorship of Austrian journalist Ilse Kulcsar at the Spanish Press Office in Madrid and the activities of war correspondents Milly Bennett, Kitty Bowler, and Kate Mangan in Valencia. Alleged subjectivity and bias on the part of journalists covering the war is scrutinized along with their respective backgrounds, nationalist influences on their reporting, and economic conditions faced by the reporters.

The automotive industry is one of the industries reflecting most clearly the process of globalization and its effects on national labour relations and labour standards, in a comparison of four countries - Germany, Italy, Spain and Hungary, we try to analyse the changes of labour relations and standards in the industry. The analysis reveals that in the age of globalization trade unions as supporters of collective social standards are on the defensive. However, the different national paths of this process also show that states and trade unions are more than mere victims of the pressures of globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Studies from different countries have shown that a small number of insured persons (high-cost patients) are responsible for a large portion of health care spending. At the same time, it is assumed that some of these costs could be saved by a better management of this group of people. The aim of this article is to analyze the performance and cost profiles of high-cost patients, to put them in an international comparison, and to derive a better management approach., Methods: Retrospective observation study based on statutory health insurance data from two statutory health insurances for the year 2013., Study Population: top 5 %, as well as top 1 % of the most expensive insured persons. Identification of characteristics of high-cost patients and international comparison with the Netherlands, the USA, Canada, Spain, England and Japan., Results: 5 % of insured persons account for almost half of the total costs and the most expensive 1 % of 22 %. These high-cost patients in Germany are, on average, 20 years older than the general population. Almost every person of the high-cost population was prescribed at least one medication during the study period (99.2 %), and 85.8 % had at least one hospital stay. Hospital care accounts for the biggest part of total costs: 75 % together with drugs. The average per capita costs caused by one of the 5 % most expensive insured persons in the year under review are 20 times higher than that of the other 95 % of insured persons. High-cost patients are generally more multimorbid and have higher mortality rates. The most common diagnoses of these patients are hypertension, lipoprotein metabolism disorder and back pain., Conclusion: Similar to other developed countries, Germany faces the challenge to develop and implement adequate intervention approaches addressing the special requirements of high-cost insured persons. This paper provides a first basis. The analogies of high-cost patients in Germany and other countries illustrate the need for transnational research and intervention approaches on this specific issue. More in-depth work is needed to investigate the potentials of Predictive Modelling and integrated care approaches to the management of this group of insured persons., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier GmbH.)

The paper examines the history of former influenza pandemics from the perspective of changing nosographic categories. Special emphasis is put on the so-called Spanish flu of 1918. Due to its high mortality rates this pandemic is often highlighted as a warning sign for what may happen during a future pandemic. After a short introduction into the problematic status of the validity of retrospective diagnoses the history of influenza pandemics is discussed. The pandemic of 1918 is analysed from the perspective of the public health system being connected to and relying on medical and scientific debates. The reasons for this pandemic's rank as the long forgotten pandemic are discussed.

Objective: The paper examines the importance of the Spanish author John of the Cross (1542-1591) for the history of research on depressive disorders., Methods: In view of the allegoric nature of his prose and lyric texts, a critical analysis of his work was performed., Results: John of the Cross provides essential information not only on diagnostic but also on therapeutic issues., Conclusions: Taking into account the importance he attributes to the spiritual dimension of the human nature, an effort is made to show his pioneering role regarding modern approaches to the therapy of depressive disorders and to emphasize the need for heightened sensitivity towards the spiritual needs and interests of the modern patient.

This paper centers on the relationship between renaissance medicine and antitrinitarianism forming an important part of the radical reformation in 16th century. Antitrinitarians denied the theological concept of the triune Christian God. Modern antitriniarianism was first formulated by Michael Servetus, a Spanish physician. The doctrine soon won disciples in northern Italy (Padua, Pisa, Rome) and in some countries of eastern central Europe (Poland, Moravia, Transylvania). Physicians who believed in or sympathized with antitrinitarianism revolutionized the theory of blood flow. They developed new concepts leading to Harvey's theory of the circulation of the blood. Parts of Servet's theory looked like Paracelsus's mystical idea of the eternal flesh of the body of Christ (Latin limbus aeternus), but later the medicine and natural philosophy of antitrinitarian physicians tended to be empiristic, rational and sometimes materialistic. They contributed heavily to the diffusion and physiological foundation of antitrinitarian concepts like unitarianism, tolerance and irenism.

The study, based on interview data of 500 school children, aimed at clarifying some pertinent issues of health and illness behavior of primary school children. Those answers are presented in this paper, which deal with experience of children with doctors.

The investigation was intended to analyse the attitude towards hygiene and cleanliness in the Federal Republic of Germany, France, and Spain. On the basis of a theoretical explanatory model and empirically gained qualitative raw data a standardized questionnaire was prepared; in a number of questions comparability with a study carried out in the Federal Republic of Germany in 1968 was ensured. In all countries the population was subjected to representative random tests (Federal Republic of Germany n = 1016; France n = 517; Spain n = 514). The paper presents a review of the hypothesis that quality and intensity of the cleanliness increases with (1) the extent of personal sensitivity to hygiene in the private, professional and public sphere, (2) with increasing physical sensibility, (3) the increase in our knowledge of hygiene and health, (4) with the increase in the personal behavioral standards for measures concerned with prevention, hygiene of the body, household, underwear and environment, (5) with the increasing weight given to hygiene and toilet during the process of development, and (6) with the extent of regular control of education in cleanliness based on established rules of behavior. The spheres of behavior investigated and mentioned below confirmed the validity of the hypothesis for (1) household hygiene (spring-cleaning, window cleaning, cleaning of the home: dusting, vacuum-cleaning, cleaning of the floor), (2) hygiene of the body (frequency of taking a shower, bathing, toothbrushing, intimate hygiene), (3) hygiene of the laundry (frequency of changing underclothes such as panties/underpants, brassieres, nightgowns/pyjamas, stockings/socks, linen, pillows, dish and kitchen towels). The following general findings were established: (1) In the Federal Republic of Germany the attitude towards hygiene and cleanliness has improved over the last 20 years. (2) The level of hygiene and cleanliness in France and Spain is significantly higher than in the FRG. (3) The use of regular and also strict parental controls of the child's attitude towards cleanliness, as well as the continuity and systematic pursuance of this hygiene-orientated education is far more spread in France and in Spain than in the Federal Republic of Germany. (4) Within the population of a country differences are attributable to the quality of the parental educational efforts, to the importance of sex-specific cleanliness and toilet standards, to the knowledge of or the prejudices against the interrelationship between hygiene, cleanliness and health, the degree of private, public and professional hygiene sensibility, and physical sensibility.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)