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The spatial differences in income in Bavaria were examined in the context of the goal of equivalent living and working conditions anchored in the Bavarian constitution and state planning. Disparities in income distribution, taking into account spatial differences in purchasing power, are of central importance as a measure of equal living conditions. The presented analysis of spatial income disparities uses consistent time series data for the Bavarian counties in the period 1991 to 2018, which were determined as part of the national accounts. Using the Theil index, it can be shown for Bavaria that spatial disparities in the primary income of counties are significantly reduced by taxes and social benefits, and have generally decreased in recent decades. This applies both to differences between and within administrative districts, as well as to differences between and within types of counties which reflect the degree of urbanisation. An adjustment for regional housing costs further reduces spatial disparities in material living standards, whereby large-scale interregional differences become less significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regiopolises and regiopolitan regions are receiving unprecedented attention in German spatial planning policy. In addition to the promotion of the German RegioPole network by the federal government, regiopolises and regiopolitan regions are already designated in several spatial development plans. In the academic discourse, however, regiopolises are hardly taken up. This is particularly evident in the fact that dimensions such as city size (more than 100,000 inhabitants) and spatial location (outside metropolitan regions) are used to empirically identify regiopolises as such. A specific functionality or a specific significance in the German urban system, however, is only hinted at, following the established spatial planning concepts of metropolitan regions and central places. Against this background, this paper examines the question of what constitutes a regional centre or region in terms of its specific functionality and what significance it has in the urban system. The international discourses on second-tires-cities, borrowed size and agglomeration shadow are also taken up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present collection of articles deals with the role of the urban in religious history. The focus is placed on the cultural significance of the urban, not just on the urban space itself. The articles cover various topics from Mesoamerica to Europe, and from South and East Asia, examining the interactions between religion and urbanization. The authors analyze historiographical approaches and historical developments in various religious traditions. The articles are based on a collaboration within the framework of the Collaborative Research Center "Religion and Urbanity: Reciprocal Formations," funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG). [Extracted from the article]

The present study examines the relationship between urbanism and religion in the Greek-Roman Mediterranean region. The urbanized regions of southern Etruria and southeastern Iberia are compared to investigate the differences in socio-political relationships and their impact on religious practice. It is argued that religious cult enabled various forms of trade with the gods and led to the political-ideological exploitation of symbols by the elite. The study emphasizes the importance of material culture in the construction of subjectivity and social bonding in religious practice. It also addresses the differences between Etruria and Iberia in terms of the design of religious spaces and the nature of the exchange with the divine. [Extracted from the article]

The article argues that cities have been neglected as specific places of religious developments and driving forces in religious change. It discusses the historical perspective of religious history and how religion was viewed in early cities. The text addresses the role of religion in the ancient urban environment of the Mediterranean region and emphasizes the importance of religion for the social development of cities. It points out that previous research on religion in cities has mainly focused on political identity rather than spatial practices. It emphasizes that the investigation of religious practices in relation to urbanization in the ancient Mediterranean region still needs to be further explored. [Extracted from the article]

The book "After Suburbia. Urbanization in the Twenty-First Century" is part of the project "Global Surbanisms" led by Roger Keil at York University in Toronto. It provides a comprehensive overview of contemporary research on urban peripheries. The book consists of 21 chapters, divided into three parts and a conclusion. It addresses topics such as land, governance, and infrastructure, and includes case studies from different parts of the world. The book raises the question of whether the era of suburbs is over and emphasizes the need for a new perspective on urban peripheries. [Extracted from the article]

In the last two decades, German major cities have shown an impressive comeback as places to live and work. Using the case of Germany's 33 largest cities in terms of population and employment and their functional hinterland, this study identifies cities characterised by above-average growth processes ("boom") and how this "boom" effects the cities' hinterlands. A distinction of these "spillover effects" is made between "slop over effects" in the sense of suburbanisation into the closer hinterland and "enrichment effects" in the sense of regional urbanisation of the wider hinterland. The "spillover effects" are analysed using population and employment dynamics in the cores and the first and second ring of the hinterland. While population development continues to move into the hinterland, employment growth in the surrounding region is orientated towards existing centres and transportation axes. Theories of regional urbanisation developed in other geographical contexts, especially in North America, thus can only be transferred to a limited extent to the German urban context with its historically grown small-scale polycentric structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global urban growth trend is also evident in Germany and the pressure on the real estate markets is pushing construction activity to the threshold of available building land. To limit urban expansion, additional space is to be created primarily through brownfield development, but here large housing potentials are usually only to be found on sites that are difficult to develop. The framework conditions that have arisen here in the interplay between land and real estatemarkets in conjunction with the multidimensionality of urban planning problems suggest a need for urban planners and researchers to develop more effectivemethods. This paper therefore describes a GISbasedmethod for optimising building sites, which can be used to evaluate sites in context and optimise them attribute-spatially. It combines a fuzzy methodology with a heuristic optimisation algorithm, the Parameterised Region-Growing, and demonstrates it using the example of the Holsten site in Hamburg. It successfully generates spatially compact and coherent, highly valued residential building areas, to which urban development parameters are assigned. Comparisons with existing planning show instructive results, e.g., regarding more effective utilisation of good micro-locations, realistic building density values and realisable area parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The guidelines of the German Society for Neurology regarding the diagnostics and treatment of acute ischemic stroke contain the general recommendation of treatment on a stroke unit (SU) and the use of recanalizing treatment (intravenous thrombolysis, IVT; mechanical thrombectomy, MT) in appropriate patients. The nationwide availability of all three components represents a large organizational and healthcare political challenge. Objective: Updated nationwide analysis of treatment rates in Germany based on a regionalized evaluation. Methods: Based on the patient's place of residence, nationwide data of all hospitalized patients were evaluated using the German diagnosis-related groups (DRG) statistics from 2018 and compared with previous years. The rates for SU treatment, IVT and MT in the 412 German regional districts were analyzed. The 412 regions were grouped according to the degree of urbanization. Results: Nationwide, a total of 224,647 patient cases with a main diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke were treated in 1382 hospitals in Germany in 2018. Overall, relatively high treatment rates were determined (SU = 73.3%; IVT = 16.4%; MT = 6.5%). Only 10.2% of treatments in the SU were performed on a SU located at a hospital with no neurology department. The regionalized analysis showed large treatment ranges for all three therapeutic components, with significantly lower treatment rates in regions with a lower degree of urbanization (SU, IVT, MT rates: urban = 75.4%, 17.4%, 7.5% and rural = 67.1%; 15.4%, 5.3%, respectively). Conclusion: Hospitalized healthcare in Germany shows high treatment rates for both SU admission and acute recanalization treatment in patients with acute ischemic stroke; however, there is further optimization potential in rural regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide urban expansion induces degradation of the natural environment, resulting in new constraints in terms of breeding sites, anthropogenic disturbances as well as food resources. The alteration of resource abundance and type may induce non-adaptive investments in reproduction from urban dwellers. Food availability and quality have been identified as potential drivers of the decline in passerine body mass and fledging success in urbanized landscapes, particularly if birds misinterpret cues of food abundance used to adjust their reproductive investment. In a previous study, we demonstrated in urban great tits, Parus major, that highly preferred larger cavities have larger clutches with lower breeding success, leading to a maladaptive breeding investment. Previous studies also showed that urban great tits are smaller or thinner than rural ones, both at nestling and adult stages. Here, we present the results of a food-supplementation experiment to examine whether food resources mediate this maladaptive breeding investment and constrain the reproductive performance of this urban bird population. We predicted higher performance in foodsupplemented broods, especially in larger cavities, and stronger effects of the supplementation in more artificialized territories. Surprisingly, we found that food-supplemented nestlings and their parents had lower body mass and condition, especially in areas with more pedestrians. Supplementation was also associated with lower nestling survival until fledging in places that presented lower levels of naturalness, independently of cavity size. This work highlights a lack of knowledge on avian feeding behaviour in cities, a key element for understanding how breeding performance is affected by human presence and habitat naturalness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Knowledge networking and metropolitan region. A network analysis of the innovation system of the Hannover Braunschweig Göttingen Wolfsburg metropolitan region" deals with the analysis of cooperation networks in the Hannover Braunschweig Göttingen Wolfsburg metropolitan region. Six competence fields of the region are examined, including mobility economy, production technology, life science, information and communication technology, energy transition, and creative economy. The analysis also takes into account the spatial location of the actors and compares the metropolitan regional networks with other German metropolitan regions and their international integration. The article provides recommendations for a policy of knowledge networking in the metropolitan region. [Extracted from the article]

The article presents a report from a March 3-4, 2015 conference in Marburg, Germany on the development of public spaces in Eastern Central European cities after the 1989 end of the Cold War hosted by the Herder Institute for Historical Research on East Central Europe – Institute of the Leibniz Association historical institute and the TACT-Netzwerk / International Research on Art and the City research society. Topics of presentations delivered included controversy surrounding the replacement of the "Eternal Flame of Revolution" memorial in Budapest, Hungary by a shopping mall, industrialization and urbanization of postsocialist cities, and the Tsaritsyno Park public park in Moscow, Russia.

The article presents a report from a March 24-27, 2015 conference in Kiel, Germany on the history of the German navy (Marine) in that city hosted by the regional history department of the Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel university, the Kiel City Archives, and the Stadt- und Schifffahrtsmuseum Kiel museum. Topics of presentations delivered included the role of the presence of the Kiel naval base in the urbanization and development of the city with a focus on the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal, social contact between naval soldiers and Kiel residents, and social class aspects of the office corps of the German navy.

The article examines the 20th-century history of urbanization in Rome, Italy from the end of World War II to the mid-1970s. The political and architectural factors which influenced the city's planning are analyzed, the connection to the apocalypse in public opinion to changes in the architecture and layout of the city is described, and increases in the Roman population are examined. Information is offered on the attempts by Roman city planners to preserve the historical and mythological role and importance of the city in its revised postwar form.

The paper deals with the medical-historical-statistical writings of Eduard Gusbeth, who worked as physician in Brasov, at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. This kind of writing can be seen as a chronicle of a modern city, of its coming into being, its consolidation, its successes and problems, not only from a medical point of view (state of physical health, health care, hygiene), but also from other perspectives, some of them with no connection to medicine (like the theatre or inauguration of monuments). Gusbeth's chronicle of urban modernization is seen in the context of the birth of the modern city in Europe and in the context of the struggle between a multi-ethnic community, which defines itself as a trilingual urban community, and the state-sponsored nation-building with its obsession of linguistic and cultural conformity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) show an increase of prevalence in Switzerland. Industrialization and urbanisation correlate with an increase of incidence. IBD are the result of a continuum of interactions between genetic factors, the intestinal microbial flora, the immune system as well as environmental factors. Treatment for active Crohn's disease includes primarily systemically acting steroids for induction of remission, whereas azathioprine, methotrexate and TNF antibodies are used for maintenance of remission. Treatment for ulcerative colitis includes mostly systemic acting steroids for induction of remission and topically and systemically acting 5-ASA products and TNF antibodies for maintenance of remission. For mild active disease 5-ASA drugs are effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the findings of a research conducted on Draguc Settlement in Istria in Croatia and Slovenia. It mentions that the research was aimed at investigating urban developments with reference to already existing findings. As per the findings of the research, medieval fabric is the oldest part of settlement in Draguc. It also informs that the architectural survey indicated the development of Draguc along the south-eastern castle wall in Istria.

A report is offered from a November 24-26, 2011 conference in Regensburg, Germany on urban life in the Middle Ages. Topics of presentations given included the excavation of the extinct city of Miletus, Turkey, the decline of the Roman Empire, and research on the urbanization of Paris, France in the Middle Ages.

A report is presented from a November 23-25, 2011 meeting in Kiel, Germany about urbanization throughout central European medieval history. Topics of presentations given included the history of the government of Vienna, Austria, medieval social structures in western Hungary, and an analysis of the cultural development fostered by elite citizens in Thuringia, Germany

The article presents information about a conference held in Munich, Germany on October 5-6, 2009. Topics under discussion at the conference included the history of crises in cities and towns, the cultural and social history of West Germany in the 1970s and 1980s, and the history of metropolitan streets. Presentations were given by international historians Rebecca Knapp, Jan-Henrik Friedrichs, and David Sittler.

A report is presented from a November 2-3, 2012 conference in Berlin, Germany on the history of globalization and urbanization from the 19th century to the 21st. Topics of discussion included the role of cities in social development, the effect of suburban development on urban politics, and the effect of rent costs on the middle class in the U. S.