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Im vorliegenden Artikel werden drei Forschungsarbeiten über Deutschlandbilder chinesischer und japanischer Deutschstudierender verglichen mit dem Ziel, die forschungsmethodische und unterrichtspraktische Relevanz der Nationenbilderforschung aufzuzeigen. Bei zwei der Studien liegt der Fokus auf unterrichtlichen Einflüssen auf die Deutschlandbilder, während die dritte Studie die Wirkungen eines bis zu einjährigen Studienaufenthalts in Deutschland beschreibt. Im Vordergrund des Vergleichs stehen Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede des methodischen Vorgehens und der erzielten Ergebnisse. Darüber hinaus werden Bezüge zur sozialpsychologischen Forschung über Einstellungen und Einstellungsveränderungen hergestellt. Schließlich werden einige Schlussfolgerungen sowohl für die Forschungs- als auch die Unterrichtspraxis gezogen und Ausweitungen des forschungstheoretischen und -methodologischen Rahmens im Fach DaF angeregt.The following article compares three studies about images of Germany from Chinese and Japanese students of the German language, with the aim of demonstrating the relevance of research about national images for research methods and teaching practice. Two of the studies focus on the influences of the learning procedure on images of Germany, whereas the third study describes the effects of studying abroad in Germany for up to one year. The focus of the comparison is on the similarities and differences of the methodical procedure and the achieved results. Moreover, connections are made to research of attitudes and attitude change in social psychology. Finally, some conclusions are drawn for research and teaching practice, as well as encouraging an extension of the theoretical and methodological research framework in the subject of German as a foreign language.

Background Growth curves have been widely used in genetic analyses to gain insights into the growth characteristics of both animals and plants. However, several questions remain unanswered, including how the initial phenotypes affect growth and what is the duration of any such impact. For beef cattle production in Japan, calves are procured from farms that specialize in reproduction and then moved to other farms where they are fattened to achieve their market/purchase value. However, the causal effect of growth, while calves are on the reproductive farms, on their growth during fattening remains unclear. To investigate this, we developed a model that combines a structural equation with a growth curve model. The causal effect was modeled with B-splines, which allows inference of the effect as a curve. We fitted the proposed structural growth curve model to repeated measures of body weight from a Japanese beef cattle population (n = 3831) to estimate the curve of the causal effect of the calves’ initial weight on their trajectory of growth when they are on fattening farms. Results Maternal and reproduction farm effects explained 26% of the phenotypic variance of initial weight at fattening farms. The structural growth curve model was fitted to remove the effects of these factors in growth curve analysis at fattening farms. The estimated curve of causal effects remained at approximately 0.8 for 200 d after the calves entered the fattening farms, which means that 64% of the phenotypic variance was explained by the initial weight. Then, the effect decreased linearly and disappeared approximately 620 d after entering the fattening farms, which corresponded to an average age of 871.5 d. Conclusions The proposed model is expected to provide more accurate estimates of genetic values for growth patterns because the confounding causal factors such as maternal and reproduction farm effects are removed. Moreover, examination of the inferred curve of the causal effect enabled us to estimate the effect of a calf’s initial weight at arbitrary times during growth, which could provide suitable information for decision-making when shifting the time of slaughter, building models for genetic evaluation, and selecting calves for market. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12711-019-0461-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Introduction: We have developed an endoscope-assisted single-needle technique, which is an improvement of Yamane’s double-needle technique of the intrascleral intraocular lens (IOL) fixation techniques. In this surgical procedure, the IOL is manipulated in the vitreous cavity, and the IOL haptic is externalized from the eye one by one with the aid of an ophthalmic endoscope. The purpose of this study was to report the postoperative visual function and safety of this new technique. Methods: Overall, 19 consecutive eyes (16 patients; mean age, 75.1 ± 9.6 years; mean follow-up period, 5.7 months) that underwent intrascleral IOL fixation surgery with our new technique were included in the study. Manifest refraction, uncorrected/corrected visual acuity, and corneal endothelial cell density were measured before and after surgery. Tilt and decentration of IOL were analyzed using anterior segment optical coherence tomography. Results: The mean absolute prediction error (spherical equivalent) was 0.82 ± 0.52. The mean postoperative best-corrected visual acuity had significantly improved at the final visits (p = 0.02). No significant differences in the mean corneal endothelial cell density were observed between the first (2,232 ± 751 cells/mm2) and final (2,099 ± 649 cells/mm2) visits (p = 0.35). The mean IOL tilt was 8.1 ± 3.2°. There were no vision-threatening complications, such as retinal detachment, endophthalmitis, or IOL dislocation, during or after surgery. Conclusions: The endoscope-assisted single-needle technique is a safe and effective method of intrascleral IOL fixation surgery.

High-latitude, small-scale plasma density irregularities are observed by the Advanced Land Observation Satellite 2, Phase Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar-2 and the European Incoherent Scatter radar in Tromsø, Norway. Under high levels of ionization of up to approximately 300 km in height triggered by nighttime particle precipitation, high-resolution SAR images detect horizontal distributions of azimuth shifts resulting from the spatial gradients of electron density. The irregular electron density is characterized by tens of kilometers of band-like structures aligned in the east–west direction with small patch-like structures. We present a method for estimating the local change of TEC gradient and the height of ionospheric irregularities by using single-image SAR sub-band data. The results suggest that these observed structures are likely to be associated with density irregularities caused by precipitating electrons that may have been cascaded into smaller scales by plasma instability processes at F region altitudes. This study presents the first coordinated observations of high-latitude ionosphere features by using SAR satellites and incoherent scatter radar.

The ethnic political mobilizations, which were originally led by the non-titular nations of the Soviet republics, traced different paths at their latter phase, after the collapse of the USSR in particular; the emerging of de facto independent states inside de jure newly-established states (Moldova and Georgia), the political reconciliation by forming autonomy (Moldova and Ukraine), the uprising of the inter-state war (Azerbaijan and Armenia), and the ethnic tension toward improvement of minority rights (Lithuania and Estonia). The four casestudies presented in this paper demonstrate that rich material and immaterial resources increased the sustainability of ethnic political mobilization. The sustainability was an important factor in achieving de facto independent states after the collapse of the Soviet Union. This paper emphasizes that these material and immaterial resources were not valid for the mobilization until the appearance of political opportunity and political will for collective action by social political organizations. The political mobilization in Transnistria not had only rich resources, but strong political will among associates toward regional independence. The political actors discovered the resources, supplied the resources to the participants of collective action, motivated them toward political activity and increased the potentiality of immaterial resources.

Johann Heinrich Schmelzer war der erste einheimische Kapellmeister am Wiener Hof in der Barockzeit und ein bedeutender Komponist für Instrumentalmusik vor Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber. Für fast alle Veranstaltungen am Hof dieser Zeit schrieb Schmelzer vornehmlich Stücke mit Ballettmusik, von denen viele noch erhalten sind. Außerdem existieren drei Drucke von Sonatensammlungen. Insbesondere beweisen die fünf dramatischen Werke sein großes Talent als Kapellmeister. Trotz seines damaligen Ruhms ist der Komponist heute leider in Vergessenheit geraten. Es existieren zwar einige Forschungen zu seinen Werken, jedoch wurde bisher kein umfassendes Werkverzeichnis von Johann Heinrich Schmelzer verfasst. In dieser Arbeit versuche ich daher, dies zusammenzufassen und einen gesamten Überblick zu schaffen. Der Hauptteil wird in drei Teile aufgeteilt: in Drucken überlieferte Werke inklusive der Handschriftfassung, in Handschrift überlieferte Werke und Anhang. Im Anhang werden zweifelhafte, fälschlich zugeschriebene sowie verschollene Werke behandelt. Die Konkordanz der Quellen ermöglicht einerseits eine gegenseitige Ergänzung und eine Vervollständigung der werklichen Gestalt. Andererseits bringen manche Komplexe durch die Konkordanz ein Irrtum oder großes Rätsel hervor.

ヨーハン・ヴィルヘルム・リッターは、1805年バイエルン王立学術アカデミーに正教授として招かれると、就任直後より「超能力」ダウジングの研究に専心する。経験主義的かつ計量的な自然科学のあり方が急速に整備されつつあった当時、リッター自らも、厳密な物理実験技法の確立に尽力した。その一方で彼は、ダウジング研究において、自然の「意思」を直接受信する科学的な「魔術」と、特殊な「感受性」の秘儀的伝播による、まったく新しい自然知の共同体が実現する可能性を予感していた。同研究によって彼は、かつてイェーナのロマン派サークルで仲間たちと共に夢想した、学知とポエジーの総合としての自然学の礎を見出し、もってニュートンやヴォルタが拓いた物理学の「完成者」となることを期する。しかし、ダウジング現象の背後に想定される「原理」によって、精神から物質までのあらゆる事象を等し並みに解明できると確信するに至って、彼は「全知」のユートピア幻想の薄闇の中へ足を踏み入れてしまう。

Ergebnisse eines Forschungsprojektes des Netzwerkes Climate Strategies

Triafamone (approved ISO common name) is a new sulfonanilide herbicide discovered and developed by Bayer CropScience AG under the code number AE 1887196. Its mode of action is inhibition of the enzyme acetolactate synthase (ALS). Field trials since 2007 have shown that triafamone can be effectively used in direct seeded or transplanted rice from seeding or transplanting to late post-emergence at rates of 20 to 50 g a.i./ha using spray or granular formulations. Target weeds are important grasses such as Echinochloa crus-galli, Echinochloa colonum, Echinochloa oryzicola, Paspalum distichum, Isachne globosa, and sedges (including ALS resistant strains). The selective weed control spectrum is further extended in several co-formulation products being developed by Bayer CropScience AG. Environmental fate, ecotoxicology and toxicology studies indicate that triafamone has a favorable user, consumer and environmental profile. First registrations are expected in 2014.

『判断力批判』の第一部「美的（直観的）的判断力の批判」の「美の理想」について語られる場面で、カントは、美的判断に含まれる知的契機に関して、踏み込んだ考察を加えている。それが、「美の理想」を構成する二つの契機のうちの、「美的（直観的）基準理念」についての考察である。人間の形姿、またサイズには、種に固有な基準、典型というものがあるという考え方に従う概念である。カントの表現では、「美的（直観的）基準理念」というものは、「ある種族に属するすべての個々の個体の美的（直観的）判定の普遍的尺度として役立つような、その形態の構成における最大級の合目的性、すなわちあたかも自然の技巧の根底に意図的であるかのようにすえられている心像」であるとされている。身長、体重、鼻の高さ、口の大きさすべてに、それぞれ、理想の美人、美男子にふさわしいサイズというものがある。これは、私たちの心のうちで知っている観念、理念であり、それが個々の個体の美的判定の際に尺度を与えてくれるという。その際重要なことは、その理念は、構想力が与えてくれるとされていることである。『判断力批判』では、『純粋理性批判』とは異なって、悟性に対決する位置に置かれているのは、直観ではなく、構想力である。ということは構想力が直観に重ねられているということ、したがって、基準理念は感覚に近づけられているということである。さらに、この基準理念が生得的なものなのか、経験を通して獲得されるものなのかに関するカント記述は、これを「諸直観の間に揺よう曳えいする心像」としていることから明らかなように誠に微妙なものとなっている。しかし、この揺れ動きにこそ、この概念の今日的な意義があると思われる。そこに、ゲシタルト心理学や、認知心理学におけるアフォーダンス概念やトップダウン概念に関わるものの先駆形態が見出されるだけではなく、無意識に関する理論全体の捉え直しにつながるものが見出されるからである。

Small scale ionospheric disturbances may cause severe radio scintillations of signals transmitted from global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). Consequently, small scale plasma irregularities may heavily degrade the performance of current GNSS such as GPS, Glonass or Galileo. The talk presents analysis results obtained primarily from two high-rate GNSS receiver stations (MSBD 01 /02) operated by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in cooperation with the Bahir Dar University (BDU) at 11.6°N; 37.4°E. The station collects up to 50 Hz sampled raw data from which characteristic scintillation parameters such as the S4 index are deduced. The MSBD 01 receiver enables considering GPS L1, L2, and L5, GLONASS L1 and L2, and Galileo E1 and E5a frequencies since 2013. The analysis results indicate a seasonal dependence of the scintillation index with maxima around equinoxes. The scintillation index S4 may reach values up to S4=1 during sunset hours. Although the frequency range of the signals mentioned above is rather small, a frequency dependence of the scintillation strength can be deduced from the measurements. Further data analyses consider the detection of ionospheric bubbles in relation to enhanced scintillation activity and correlation studies with the MSBD 02 receiver located in the vicinity of the station mentioned above. Due to the simultaneous availability of GPS, Glonass and Galileo Systems a first attempt is made to generate scintillation maps based on ROTI and S4 measurements over the East African area.

Seit 2007 ist die europäische Zement- und Stahlindustrie mit einer starken Nachfragereduktion konfrontiert, die zu Überkapazitäten führte. Aus diesem Grund kommt es nur in begrenztem Maße zu Reinvestitionen bei Produktionsanlagen. Dies gefährdet jedoch die längerfristige Wirtschaftlichkeit und den Erhalt vieler Anlagen. Neue Perspektiven für diese Branchen könnten sich aus Innovations-und Modernisierungsoptionen ergeben, die im Zusammenhang stehen mit neuen Anforderungen an effizientere und CO2-ärmere Produktionsprozesse, mit einer steigenden Nachfrage nach höherwertigen Materialien mit geringerem Gewicht und mit neuen Anwendungen in den Bau-, Transport- und Energiesektoren. Allerdings wurden bisher nur wenige dieser Möglichkeiten genutzt, was auf die bisherigen politischen Maßnahmen zurückgeführt werden kann. In Zukunft können solche Innovations- und Modernisierungsmöglichkeiten verstärkt wahrgenommen werden, wenn eine langfristige Perspektive geschaffen wird: Dazu gehört erstens ein effektiver CO2-Preis, der aus dem EU-Emissionshandelssystem hervorgeht. Er gibt Produzenten einen Anreiz zur Umstellung auf eine CO2-ärmere Produktion und Zwischen- und Endverbrauchern Anreize für die Nutzung CO2-ärmerer Materialien sowie eine effizientere Verwendung des jeweiligen Materials. Zweitens ist die öffentliche Förderung von Innovationen einschließlich Demonstrationsprojekten zur Kommerzialisierung neuer Prozesse und Materialien erforderlich. Drittens sollte eine Anpassung institutioneller Rahmenbedingungen wie Normen und Standards sowie die Ausbildung von Handwerkern erfolgen, um die Nutzung von neuen Produktionsprozessen und Materialien zu ermöglichen. Since 2007, the European cement and steel sectors have been characterized by substantial surplus production capacity. Hence re-investment in primary production of many materials remains limited and endangers the longer-term economic viability of many plants. Opportunities for innovation and modernization could overcome these challenges. They are linked to new demands for more efficient and lower-carbon production processes, higher-value materials with less weight and carbon intensity, and new applications in construction, transport and the energy sector. Only a limited share of these opportunities has been captured so far, which can be attributed to the policies implemented to date. For the future realization of innovation and modernization opportunities, a clear longer-term perspective is required in three policy elements. First, an effective carbon price emerging from the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) that is relevant both for producers, to facilitate switching to lower-carbon production, and also for intermediate and final consumers to create a viable long-term business case for large-scale investments in lower carbon processes, materials, and efficient use. Second, public funding for the innovation and demonstration of breakthrough technologies. Third, institutional arrangements including aspects like norms and standards as well as provisions for training of craftsmen need to be adjusted to enable the use of new production processes and materials.

P(論文)

Einleitung: Optische Stimulation der Cochlea wird als alternative Anregungsform zu mechanischer und elektrischer Stimulation diskutiert und konnte anhand von tiermodellbasierten Studien belegt werden. Offen bleibt die Frage nach dem zugrundeliegenden Mechanismus und der cochleotopen Auflösung [for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], 85. Jahresversammlung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie

Beautiful Queestown, New Zealand, was hot to the nearly 300 scientists from around the globe that came together to participate in the 5th SPARC General Assembly in 2008 meant that a lot has happened since SPARC hat its last "family reunion" in Bologna, Italy. SPARC's evaluation has continued and its reach has extended to inluce aspects of the troposphere which have links with the stratosphere