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Background: Postbiotics comprise soluble compounds freed from the structure of destroyed bacteria or created by living bacteria. Such byproducts provide the host with enhanced biological function as well as specific physiological consequences. This research aims to examine the characteristics and possible health advantages of -derived postbiotics. Methods: The antibacterial effects of postbiotics derived from were examined in vitro against various infectious gastrointestinal agents, as well as pasteurized milk and minced beef. Postbiotic activity potential was evaluated using disc-diffusion agar, minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, and well-diffusion agar methods. Postbiotics were tested for antioxidant activity against zinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) free radicals. Additionally, the total phenolic and flavonoid content of the postbiotics was determined. The colorimetric MTT was used to investigate the potential cytotoxicity of postbiotics. The chemical makeup of the postbiotics was also determined using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Results: The antibacterial capacity was mostly related to pyrrolo[1,2-a] pyrazine-1,4-dione, benzoic acid, and laurostearic acid. Gram-positive microbes were more influenced by microbial byproducts in vitro than Gram-negative bacteria (P

Background: In the oral cavity, root canal treatment failure (endodontics) is often due to the persistence of microorganisms in the root canal system after treatment, or re-infection of the root due to insufficient flooding. In addition, microorganisms are essential for the development of peri radicular diseases and are one of the main factors related to root canal treatment failure. Microorganisms that are commonly isolated from teeth that have failed endodontic treatment include and . Bacterial infection is closely related to the failure of root canal treatment, and the use of root sealer with antimicrobial activity and biological compatibility is necessary for the success of root canal treatment. One of the main goals of endodontic treatment is to eliminate intracanal infection and root canal flooding in order to prevent re-infection. Therefore, the aim of the current study is to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal activity of ZOE, AH26 and Endoseal sealers .Methods: To study the effect of each sealer; AH26, ZOE and Endoseal on and , 10 samples were considered. Firstly, the freshly prepared sealers were poured inside the microtube with nutrient broth and then 10 µl of and suspensions were separately added into a microtube and were kept 24 hours in the incubator to grow. Results: The data were analyzed with Kolmogrov-Smirnov test and SPSS Version 19. Our results demonstrated that the resistance rate of to ZOE, Endoseal and AH26 sealers was 0%, 100% and 70%, respectively. These values for the was 80%, 100% and 40% respectively. The resistance was defined when the microorganism was growth in subculture in LB agar. Conclusion: ZOE sealer has highest antimicrobial effect after that AH26 sealer and the least antimicrobial effect is related to Endoseal sealer.

On May 30th, Iraq’s Court of Cassation (CC) issued an unprecedented decision invalidating a previous ruling by the country’s highest court in the land, the Federal Supreme Court (FSC). The CC’s judicial coup and self-aggrandizement rests on a flawed doctrinal foundation and runs counter to the judicial hierarchy set out by Iraq’s constitution.

Im Jahr 2006 starteten bei VitaPlant für die Mutterfirma Max Zeller Söhne die Arbeiten an der Entwicklung einer nachhaltigen Produktion von Wurzeldroge von Actea racemosa (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa). Aus dem Screening erfolgte die Selektion von zwei Genotypen. Für die Vermehrung von Pflanzen entwickelte VitaPlant eine effiziente in vitro Methode. Pflanzen der beiden Genotypen wurden auf Klonbasis für die Pilotversuche und den anschliessenden großflächigen Anbau in Polen und Holland produziert. In den Untersuchungen bei Max Zeller Söhne an der Wurzeldroge aus dem Anbau konnten bereits nach 2-jährigem Anbau Triterpenglykosid-Gehalte oberhalb der Ph.Eur.-Grenze von 1 % ermittelt werden. In den Versuchen zeigte sich, dass neben der Anbaudauer auch die Bodenstruktur und die klimatischen Verhältnisse eine wichtige Rolle bei der Ausbildung der Triterpenglykoside spielen. Nach 4-jährigem Anbau lagen die Erträge zwischen 7,5–8,5 t/ha getrockneter Wurzeldroge.

The uneven recovery in the world economy since the start of Covid-19 wreaking havoc in 2020 has given us a new shape in economic development: the K-shape. As an alternative to the K-shape, we found the possibility of an even worse development: the G-shape. Indonesia, which experienced the deceleration of its economic growth in the pre-pandemic period, can struggle with a G-shaped recovery. This paper evaluates this possibility by comparing the country to other emerging economies. This study uses 10 economic performance indicators to determine the possibility of a G-shaped recovery in an economy, which represent the demand side, supply side, monetary policy, fiscal policy, health and institutional quality (credit, labor, Total Factor of Productivity, Human Development Index, regulatory quality, CA balance to GDP, current health expenditure, internet bandwidth, debt to GDP, and economic openness). The research sample covers 33 countries. Among them, 7 countries with the highest possibility of G-Shaped economic development were identified: Pakistan, Mexico, Egypt, South Africa, Nigeria, Indonesia, and Brazil. Several counties in samples, including Pakistan, Mexico, Egypt, South Africa, Nigeria, Indonesia, and Brazil, are trapped in long stagnation. The regression result shows a positive relationship between each dependent variable and the GDP, except for economic openness. From the results, the Human Development Index has the highest coefficient among the other independent variables. This paper also employed the Computable General Equilibrium simulation analysis model to project Indonesian economic growth, which shows Indonesia's possibility of being trapped in the G-shaped recovery.

In the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, 4IR or Industry 4.0, since highly advanced technology largely replaced human works, many production activities of both goods and services were required to be innovative. The purposes of this study were to examine the role of energizing self-efficacy as a mediator of leadership empowering and innovative behavior to analyze the mediator’s role of affective commitment between the two. A survey method was used by distributing online questionnaires to 617 lecturers in Indonesia. For researching the interrelation of empowering leadership, energizing self-efficacy, affective commitment, and innovative behavior via statistical examination of their interrelationship, we applied Stata 13 software to test the hypotheses. The results pinpointed the significant impact of empowering leadership on affective commitment, energizing self-efficacy, and innovative behavior. Energizing self-efficacy significantly influenced innovative behavior, but the impact vice versa is not significant. There was an indirect effect of empowering leadership on innovative behavior through energizing self-efficacy, but the affective commitment was not a mediator between empowering leadership and innovative behavior. These findings indicated that lecturers could stimulate their innovative behaviors by increasing their self- efficacy through empowering leadership. Our research findings highlight the importance of enhancing innovative behavior, self-efficacy, and empowering leadership.

Mike Davis schrieb zeitlebens aus einer zutiefst kritischen, durch Aktivismus geschulten Perspektive heraus zu raumpolitischen Entwicklung in Los Angeles. Sein Blick auf die Stadt hätte kaum weiter von dem eines weiteren präsenten Autors im Feld abweichen können: dem des britischen Architekturtheoretikers Reyner Banham. Banham veröffentliche 1971 das Buch Los Angeles: The architecture of four ecologies, dem folgte 1972 die BBC Fernsehdokumentation Reyner Banham loves Los Angeles. Banhams Buch, wie auch die Sendung, zeugten von einer großen Faszination und lesen sich heute als ein Loblied auf die so „andere“, un-europäische Stadt. Was Banham nicht zu sehen schien, so die These, rückte für Davis umso mehr in den Vordergrund: die Rassen- und Klassenkonflikte, die Polizeigewalt und die radikale Gentrifizierung vieler Stadtviertel. Der Beitrag nimmt die Relektüre von „Fortress L.A.“ deswegen zum Anlass, die Potenziale, Limitationen und Problematiken beider Annäherungen an eine historische Stadtforschung über Los Angeles herauszuarbeiten und zu fragen: Wie können Forscher_innen heute produktive Fragen an eine Stadt der Extreme stellen?

Abstract The year 2021 has brought new momentum to climate protection efforts in Germany. The amendment to the Climate Protection Act stipulates a 65 % reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 compared to 1990. A major contribution to this will come from a massive expansion of electricity generation from renewable energies. Following the tightening of the climate protection measures, the question arises as to whether the current electricity market design and the associated remuneration rules for electricity generation are still suitable for achieving the goals of security of supply and low prices stipulated in the Energy Industry Act, even with an electricity market dominated by renewable energies.

Geheimdienstberichte und internationale Studien verweisen darauf, dass dschihadistische Radikalisierung mehrheitlich bei Jugendlichen zu beobachten ist. Dieser Artikel beschäftigt sich mit dem Dschihad-Verständnis in der salafistisch- dschihadistischen Tradition. Dabei werden die Konzepte wichtiger dschihadistischer Persönlichkeiten dargelegt, wie auch Nuancen innerhalb des Dschihadismus behandelt, sodass Lehrkräfte mit der Genese des salafistisch-dschihadistischen Weltbildes vertraut sind. In einem weiteren Schritt wird mit der Pädagogik der Menschenrechte ein erzieherischer Ansatz beschritten, mit dem der Grundstein für eine demokratische und pluralistische Gesellschaft gelegt wird und die Rahmenbedingungen für eine funktionierende freie Allgemeinheit diskutiert.

This study investigated the medical students’ English language learning needs and their perceptions of ESP courses in an academic environment. To do this, 100 medical students studying medical sciences in the faculty of medicine in Mashhad, Iran, were selected as the participants. Hutchinson and Waters’ target language needs analysis framework was drawn on as the analytic model guiding the study. A needs analysis questionnaire was used for data collection. The questionnaire designed to identify the learners’ perceptions of the frequency of English language skills/sub-skills use, the importance of English language learning, their ability in using language skills, their needs of language learning and their preferences of an English language course. After gathering and analyzing the data, it was found that reading skill is given priority by the students in terms of frequency of use, importance and proficiency. It also revealed that students need and prefer training in speaking, listening and communication skills. Considering the students’ perceptions of the current ESP course, the findings implied that the English language skills incorporated in the current ESP book for the medical students and the allocated time for this course are not compatible with the English language learning needs and wants of the students.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of the use of communicative methods and form-focused methods as implemented in English for Specific Purposes (ESP) courses. To accomplish this, two groups of management students were selected for the study. Each group consisted of 30 participants. Their level of proficiency in English and their subject matter knowledge were tested through a sample of IELTS and a pre-test. The two groups were at the same level of proficiency in both general English and English for Students of Management before receiving treatment in 20 sessions within a period of 75 days. Participants in Group A received a form-focused method with some occasional uses of their L1. In Group B, however, the participants were exposed to a communicative ESP course which exclusively relied on English the L2. After the period of treatment, the two groups were examined via a post-test. Results showed that Group B was more successful in the post-test. Moreover, the learners who were proficient in English and the subject matter achieved more from the communicative methods of language teaching in the ESP course. Findings imply that the nature of the subject matter, or whether it is theoretical or applied, could be a factor in deciding a method of language teaching for ESP courses.

Since textbooks are one of the integral components of the learning process, their evaluation is important to improve their correspondence to the learners’ needs and goals. Particularly, in societies in which English is used as a foreign language, ESP textbooks play a crucial role in developing students’ skills of English in job-related situations. The present paper discusses the quality of ESP textbooks by performing a case study of an English for Specific Purposes (ESP) textbook “English for the students of Visual Arts (Painting, Graphics, & Sculpture)” developed and published by SAMT as the pioneer in developing ESP textbooks in Iranian academic setting. The study tries to investigate the overall suitability and pedagogical value of the ESP textbook and the features which make it distinguishable among its global counterparts. The study was carried out by drawing on a model proposed by McDonough and Shaw (2003), with an intention to evaluate the present quality of the Visual Arts ESP textbook critically. Both visual and content-based aspects of the book were thoroughly evaluated to identify their general pedagogical value by using the method of qualitative descriptive analysis. In that way, the Visual Arts textbook was analysed on the basis of the framework and guidelines suggested in the available checklist. In addition, semi structured interviews with graduate students, English instructors, subjectspecific instructors, and experts in Visual Arts Courses such as Painting were performed to clarify their opinions about the need for ESP and to analyze their perceptions of English language in general and English for special purposes in particular. The findings of the present study have revealed that there is a fundamental necessity for revision and development of future ESP textbooks in Iranian context. Moreover, the findings imply that traditional materials and frameworks are not responsive to students’ needs and genre knowledge in majors of the Visual Arts.

Salafistisch-dschihadistische Propaganda erreichte in den letzten Jahren auch Österreich. Wie aus den Berichten von Sicherheitsbehörden zu entnehmen ist, wurden hierzulande hunderte junge MuslimInnen rekrutiert. Dem islamischen Religionsunterricht kann im Zuge dessen eine noch bedeutendere Rolle zukommen, indem dieser im Sinne einer Extremismusprävention ideologische Konzepte theologisch dekonstruiert. In diesem Artikel soll eine Hilfeleistung diesbezüglich darstellen.

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[english] Information technology in health care has a clear potential to improve quality and efficiency of health care, especially in the area of medication processes. On the other side, existing studies show possible adverse effects on patient safety when IT for medication-related processes is developed, introduced or used inappropriately. The objective of this paper is to summarize definitions and observations on IT usage in pharmacotherapy, and to derive recommendations and future research priorities for decision makers and domain experts. The recommendations address, among others, a stepwise and comprehensive strategy for IT usage in medication processes, the integration of contextual information for alert generation, the involvement of patients, the semantic integration of information resources, usability and adaptability of IT solutions and the need for their continuous evaluation.

The present article reviews recent progress in the measurement of aggregation rates in colloidal suspensions by light scattering. Time-resolved light scattering offers the possibility to measure absolute aggregation rate constants for homoaggregation as well as heteroaggregation processes. We further discuss the typical concentration dependencies of the aggregation rate constants on additives. Addition of simple salts containing monovalent counterions leads to screening of the electrostatic repulsion of the charged particles and a transition from slow to rapid aggregation. Addition of salts containing multivalent counterions may lead to a charge reversal, which results in a sequence of two instability regions. Heteroaggregation rates between oppositely charged particles decrease with increasing salt level. This decrease is caused by screening of the electrostatic attraction between these particles.