61 results on '"Amyloid beta-Peptides"'
Search Results
2. [Biomarkers for the diagnosis of cognitive impairment - Recommendations from the Swiss Memory Clinics]
- Author
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Julius, Popp, Dan, Georgescu, Markus, Bürge, Esther, Mundwiler-Pachlatko, Luca, Bernasconi, and Ansgar, Felbecker
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Amyloid beta-Peptides ,Alzheimer Disease ,Humans ,tau Proteins ,Cognitive Dysfunction ,Cognition Disorders ,Biomarkers ,Switzerland ,Aged - Abstract
Established cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers allow for earlier and more accurate etiological diagnosis of cognitive impairment. Information and counselling are needed both before and after biomarker-supported diagnosis. The procedures for diagnostic lumbar punctures and pre-analytical sample handling should follow published consensus recommendations. The results must be interpreted in the context of the other available history information and assessments. Blood-based biomarkers and other non-invasive markers are expected to become available for clinical practice soon. Consequently, a broader usage of biomarkers is expected and may accelerate the development of individually tailored prevention and treatment approaches. This article provides the recommendations of the Swiss Memory Clinics for the use of biomarkers in clinical practice.Les marqueurs du liquide céphalorachidien établis permettent un diagnostic des troubles cognitifs plus précoce et précis. Il est nécessaire de conseiller les patients avant et après un examen des biomarqueurs. Les procédures de la ponction lombaire et de traitement préanalytique des échantillons doivent suivre des recommandations publiées. L’interprétation des résultats prendra en compte les antécédents médicaux et les autres résultats d’examen disponibles. Des marqueurs sanguins pourraient être disponibles dans un avenir proche. Cela pourrait conduire à une utilisation plus large des biomarqueurs et accélérer le développement d’approches personnalisées de prévention et de traitement. Cet article présente les recommandations de Swiss Memory Clinics concernant l’utilisation des biomarqueurs en pratique clinique.
- Published
- 2022
3. [Blood Based Biomarker for Optimization of Early and Differential Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Dementia]
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Niels, Hansen, Carolin, Rauter, and Jens, Wiltfang
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Diagnosis, Differential ,Amyloid beta-Peptides ,Alzheimer Disease ,Humans ,tau Proteins ,Biomarkers - Abstract
Dementia in Alzheimer´s disease is a global challenge. There is growing evidence that investigating blood biomarkers to diagnose Alzheimer´s disease is a promising fast, minimally invasive, and less costly method. The aim of this study was to review available studies on promising biomarkers for Alzheimer´s disease.The latest studies were collated for this review.Immunoassays followed by mass spectrometry and immunomagnetic reduction were reported to be highly relevant methods for detecting amyloid-ß 42 (Aß42) and amyloid-ß 40 (Aß40) to calculate the Aß42/Aß40 ratio, thereby improving the early diagnosis of Alzheimer´s disease. Amyloid-ß (Aß) peptides in blood plasma were considered as potential markers, as they correlated with the brain's Aß pathology. Phosphorylated tau protein 181 (p-tau181), phosphorylated tau protein 217 (p-tau217) and phosphorylated tau protein 231 (p-tau231) in blood samples assessed via Simoa technology served as parameters for the early and differential diagnosis of AD, and were markers of tau pathology in the brain. Neurofilament light chain (Nfl) and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) were additional markers possibly facilitating the assessment of axonal and astroglial brain damage in Alzheimer´s disease. GFAP in blood was useful as an additional marker to detect early and to predict the time course of Alzheimer´s disease.Determining blood biomarkers represents less invasive and less costly diagnostics for Alzheimer´s disease. The investigation of blood biomarkers such as the Aß42/Aß40 ratio, p-tau217, p-tau231, Nfl and GFAP have been promising in establishing the AT(N) classification for Alzheimer´s disease. High-throughput methods should be evaluated in large patient cohort studies and via meta-analyses of studies. Consensus criteria with standard protocols for measuring these biomarkers while considering ethical issues and Alzheimer´s phenotype should unify normative values from different laboratories. The AT(N) classification of Alzheimer´s disease in blood would be a key element towards the implementation of minimally-invasive precision medicine.Die Demenz bei Alzheimer-Krankheit ist eine globale Herausforderung. Studien weisen auf Blutbiomarker zur Diagnose der Alzheimer-Krankheit als eine minimal invasive, schnellere, kostengünstigere und daher zukunftsträchtige Methode hin. Ziel dieser Übersicht ist es, Studien zu vielversprechenden Biomarkern der Alzheimer-Krankheit darzustellen.Für diese Übersichtsarbeit wurden aktuelle Studien zusammengestellt.Immunassays mit anschließender Massenspektrometrie und solche mit immunmagnetischer Reduktion sind aussichtsreiche Methoden für die Bestimmung von Amyloid-ß 42 (Aß42) und Amyloid-ß 40 (Aß40) für die Bildung der Ratio von Aß42/Aß40 zur blutbasierten Früh- und Differentialdiagnostik der Alzheimer-Krankheit. Die Amyloid-ß (Aß) Peptide im Blutplasma sind ein potentieller Marker der Aß-Pathologie, da sie mit der Aß-Pathologie im Gehirn korrelieren. Das mittels der Simoa Technologie bestimmte phosphorylierte Tau-Protein 181 (p-tau181), das phosphorylierte Tau Protein 231 (p-tau231) und das phosphorylierte Tau Protein 217 (p-tau217) im Blut sind vielversprechend hinsichtlich einer möglichen Optimierung der Früh- und Differentialdiagnostik der Alzheimer-Krankheit und sind Marker einer Tau-Pathologie im Gehirn. Die Neurofilamente Leichtketten (Nfl) und das saure Gliafaserprotein (GFAP) sind als Zusatzmarker hilfreich, um eine axonale und astrogliale Hirnschädigung bei Alzheimer-Krankheit zu beurteilen. GFAP im Blut könnte vor allem als Zusatzmarker zur Frühdiagnostik und Prädiktion des Verlaufs der Alzheimer-Krankheit sinnvoll sein.Blutbasierte Biomarker sind ein wichtiger Schritt in Richtung einer weniger invasiven und kostengünstigeren Diagnostik der Alzheimer-Krankheit. Die Ratio Aß42/Aß40, das p-tau181, das p-tau217, das p-tau231, die Nfl und das GFAP sind vielversprechende Blutbiomarker unter Beachtung der AT(N) Klassifikation der Alzheimer-Krankheit. Hochdurchsatzfähige Methoden sollten in großen Kohorten und Metanalysen evaluiert werden. Zudem sollten Konsensus Kriterien mit einheitlichen Protokollen mit Normwerten zur Messung dieser Biomarker erstellt werden. Die Etablierung der AT(N) Klassifikation der Alzheimer-Krankheit im Blut ist unter Berücksichtigung ethischer Gesichtspunkte sowie des Alzheimer Phänotyps ein wichtiger Baustein für die Implementierung einer minimal-invasiven Präzisionsmedizin.
- Published
- 2022
4. [Therapy Developments in Alzheimer's Disease]
- Author
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Timo, Grimmer
- Subjects
Europe ,Amyloid beta-Peptides ,Alzheimer Disease ,Germany ,Disease Progression ,Antibodies, Monoclonal ,Humans ,Cognitive Dysfunction - Abstract
The development of new therapies to treat Alzheimer's disease is a focus of global drug discovery. Research is being conducted into more potent therapies for symptomatic treatment, particularly for behavioral disturbances, but also into drugs that intervene in the pathophysiology of the disease, with the aim of halting or at least slowing the progression of the disease. To this end, the focus of identifying people with Alzheimer's disease is shifting to stages of pre-dementia such as that of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), almost synonymous with prodromal AD, or even to asymptomatic stages. Currently, passive immunization using monoclonal antibodies against Aβ42 has shown the most encouraging results. However, it has not been possible to demonstrate statistically significant differences on the primary target parameters in multiple completed pivotal trials. The anti-amyloid antibody aducanumab received conditional preliminary approval in the U.S. based on amyloid reduction; approval for its use in Europe is an ongoing process. Current pharmacological treatments of Alzheimer's disease offer limited symptomatic benefit. No drugs to delay progression of the disease is yet on the market in Germany. Therefore, it is recommended that patients, especially those in pre-dementia stages or at the onset of Alzheimer's disease, be encouraged to participate in clinical trials in order to help develop new drugs that are more effective in the treatment of this disease and that can then benefit many more patients in the future.Die Entwicklung neuer Therapien zur Behandlung der Alzheimer-Krankheit ist ein Fokus der weltweiten Arzneimittelforschung. Es wird an potenteren Therapien zur symptomatischen Behandlung, insbesondere zur Behandlung von Verhaltensstörungen, aber auch an Medikamenten, die in die Pathophysiologie der Erkrankung eingreifen, geforscht, mit dem Ziel, das Voranschreiten der Alzheimer-Krankheit aufzuhalten oder zumindest zu verlangsamen. Dazu verlagert sich der Schwerpunkt der Identifikation von Menschen mit Alzheimer-Krankheit in Stadien der Prä-Demenz wie das der leichten kognitiven Störung (Mild Cognitive Impairment, MCI oder nahezu gleichbedeutend beginnende Alzheimer-Demenz: prodromal AD) oder gar in asymptomatische Stadien. Bisher ermutigendste Ergebnisse liegen für den Ansatz der passiven Immunisierung mittels monoklonaler Antikörper gegen Aβ42 vor. Bisher gelang es nicht, mit mehreren abgeschlossenen zulassungsrelevanten Studien statistisch signifikante Unterschiede auf den primären Zielparametern zu demonstrieren. Der Antikörper gegen Amyloid Aducanumab erhielt, basierend auf der Reduktion von Amyloid, eine vorläufige Zulassung mit Auflagen in den USA; das Zulassungsverfahren für Europa ist noch im Gange. Die gegenwärtigen pharmakologischen Ansätze zur Behandlung der Alzheimer-Krankheit bieten einen begrenzten symptomatischen Nutzen. Bisher ist noch keine verlaufsverzögernde Behandlung gegen die Alzheimer-Krankheit in Deutschland auf dem Markt. Daher ist zu empfehlen, Patienten, insbesondere in prä-dementiellen Stadien oder im Stadium der beginnenden Alzheimer-Demenz, eine Teilnahme an klinischen Studien zu empfehlen, um die Entwicklung von neuen und besser wirksamen Medikamenten zur Behandlung der Alzheimer-Krankheit, die dann vielen Patienten zu Gute kommen können, zu beschleunigen.
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- 2022
5. [Prognostic and diagnostic value of cerebrospinal fluid analysis in neurodegenerative dementia diseases]
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R, Haußmann, P, Homeyer, M D, Brandt, and M, Donix
- Subjects
Amyloid beta-Peptides ,Alzheimer Disease ,Humans ,tau Proteins ,Neurodegenerative Diseases ,Prognosis ,Biomarkers - Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis is an important diagnostic tool in the assessment of dementia. For the differentiation of Alzheimer's disease from other etiologies of dementia syndromes, established biological markers could be helpful to confirm a distinctive neuropathology. Whereas negative CSF findings can rule out the majority of primarily neurodegenerative disorders, overlapping biomarker profiles remain a diagnostic challenge. Therefore, it is important to interpret CSF results within a specific clinical context. Furthermore, atypical CSF data can be challenging and require profound knowledge of preanalytics, biomarker profiles and the broad spectrum of diseases associated with cognitive decline. Beyond the Alzheimer's disease clinical spectrum, current studies aim at investigating CSF biomarkers to better differentiate tauopathies, TDP43(Transactive response DNA binding protein 43 kDa)-proteinopathies and synucleinopathies.Die Liquordiagnostik im Rahmen von Demenzerkrankungen ist trotz neuer diagnostischer Möglichkeiten im Bereich der PET(Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie)-Bildgebung weiterhin von hoher klinischer Relevanz. Insbesondere für die Alzheimer-Erkrankung existieren validierte Biomarker, die die Diagnose untermauern und bei der diagnostischen Abgrenzung anderer Demenzätiologien hilfreich sein können. Während unauffällige Liquorbefunde mit negativen Demenz- und Destruktionsmarkern die überwiegende Mehrzahl neurodegenerativer Demenzursachen mit hoher diagnostischer Sicherheit ausschließen, stellen in der klinischen Praxis vor allem überlappende Biomarkerprofile bei primär neurodegenerativen Demenzursachen ein substanzielles Problem bei der Befundinterpretation dar. Deshalb bedarf die Liquorbefundinterpretation stets einer kontextualisierten Betrachtung unter Würdigung der klinischen Symptomatik und Verlaufscharakteristika des entsprechenden demenziellen Syndroms. Außerdem stellen auch Mischbefunde eine häufige diagnostische Herausforderung dar, für deren Interpretation es profunder Kenntnisse im Bereich von Präanalytik, möglicher Liquorbefundkonstellationen und natürlich der verschiedenen in Betracht kommenden Demenzätiologien bedarf. Auch Liquorbiomarker für Synukleinopathien, Tauopathien sowie TDP43(Transactive response DNA binding protein 43 kDa)-Proteinopathien sind Gegenstand aktueller Untersuchungen, wenngleich diese noch nicht den Weg in die klinische Routinediagnostik gefunden haben.
- Published
- 2022
6. [Causal treatment of Alzheimer's disease: amyloid antibodies]
- Author
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Matthias, Pawlowski and Tobias, Warnecke
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Amyloid beta-Peptides ,Alzheimer Disease ,Immunization, Passive ,Antibodies, Monoclonal ,Humans ,Plaque, Amyloid ,Amyloidosis - Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. The number of people affected will increase dramatically in the coming decades due to the demographic change. Causal pharmacological approaches have not been available to date. The monoclonal anti-amyloid beta antibody aducanumab was recently approved for the treatment of AD in the USA but was rejected in Europe in December 2021 by the European Medicines Agency (EMA).This review presents the background and rationale for amyloid beta-directed treatment approaches in AD. The focus is on passive immunization with monoclonal anti-amyloid beta antibodies.There are four monoclonal anti-amyloid beta antibodies in an advanced stage of clinical development. Evidence of a clear and significant reduction of the cerebral amyloid load was found for all of them. In the case of aducanumab this has already led to approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In the USA donanemab, gantenerumab and lecanemab have received the status of a so-called breakthrough therapy and are expected to go through an accelerated approval process by the FDA in the next 1-2 years.Anti-amyloid antibodies represent the first cause-based, disease-modifying therapy for AD approved in the USA. Compared to the near-complete removal of cerebral amyloid plaques, the magnitude of the clinical effect is smaller and the benefit for patients is currently subject to controversial discussions. Nonetheless, the new treatment option represents an important step in the development of effective treatment. Future strategies for the treatment of AD will likely aim at a multimodal concept with different molecular targets. A prerequisite for all effective disease-modifying therapies will be an early biomarker-based diagnosis prior to the onset of a dementia-type syndrome.HINTERGRUND: Die Alzheimer-Krankheit (AK) ist die häufigste Ursache einer Demenz. Die Zahl der Betroffenen wird aufgrund des demografischen Wandels in den kommenden Jahrzehnten dramatisch zunehmen. Kausale pharmakologische Ansätze waren bisher nicht verfügbar. In den USA wurde kürzlich der monoklonale Amyloid-β-Antikörper Aducanumab zur Behandlung der AK zugelassen, in Europa im Dezember 2021 von der Europäischen Arzneimittel-Agentur aber abgelehnt. ZIEL DER ÜBERSICHT: Hintergründe und Rationale der gegen das Amyloid β gerichteten Therapieansätze bei der AK werden vorgestellt. Der Fokus liegt auf der passiven Immunisierung mit monoklonalen Anti-Amyloid-β-Antikörpern.Vier monoklonale Anti-Amyloid-β-Antikörper befinden sich in einem fortgeschrittenen klinischen Entwicklungsstadium. Für alle wurde der Nachweis einer eindeutigen und deutlichen Reduktion der zerebralen Amyloidlast erbracht. Dies hat im Fall von Aducanumab bereits zur Zulassung durch die U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) geführt. Donanemab, Gantenerumab und Lecanemab haben in den USA den Status einer „breakthrough therapy“ erhalten und werden in den kommenden ein bis 2 Jahren voraussichtlich ein beschleunigtes Zulassungsverfahren der FDA durchlaufen.Anti-Amyloid-Antikörper stellen die erste, in den USA zugelassene, ursachenorientierte, krankheitsmodifizierende Therapie der AK dar. Im Vergleich zur nahezu vollständigen Entfernung zerebraler Amyloidplaques ist das Ausmaß des klinischen Effekts geringer, und der Nutzen für Betroffene wird derzeit kontrovers diskutiert. Nichtsdestotrotz stellt die neue Therapieoption einen wichtigen Schritt in der Entwicklung wirksamer Behandlungen dar. Zukünftige Strategien zur Behandlung der AK werden voraussichtlich auf ein multimodales Konzept mit verschiedenen molekularen Ansatzpunkten abzielen. Voraussetzung aller effektiven krankheitsmodifizierenden Therapien wird eine frühzeitige, biomarkerbasierte Diagnose noch vor dem Auftreten eines demenziellen Syndroms darstellen.
- Published
- 2022
7. [Alzheimer's disease-Which substances are at present in phase III studies?]
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Klaus, Hager
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Amyloid beta-Peptides ,Cognition ,Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic ,Alzheimer Disease ,Humans ,tau Proteins ,Neuropsychological Tests - Abstract
The recent approval of aduhelm/aducanumab by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in June 2021 raised hopes that further substances against Alzheimer's disease might be approved in the near future.The current status of phase III studies for Alzheimer's disease was evaluated.The American database www.gov was searched on 7 August 2021 for phase III studies which target the cognitive functions affected by Alzheimer's disease. The mode of action of the different substances was classified according to the Common Alzheimer's Disease Research Ontology (CADRO).With the applied search criteria 53 studies were found, 32 studies with 25 substances dealt with cognition, which was demonstrated by a cognition test as one of the primary outcome measures, 20 of the studies are recruiting, 4 are not yet recruiting and 8 studies are active but not recruiting. Of the studies seven target amyloid beta-peptide as well as tau protein. For 20 substances a disease modifying action is assumed. In 2022 and 2023 a total of 8 studies each are planned to be terminated.The mode of action of the substances, which are currently in studies, seems broad and for their action a modification of the disease is mostly assumed. Therefore, there is hope that in the next 2 years further drugs against Alzheimer's disease might be approved.HINTERGRUND: Die kürzlich von der US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) zugelassene Substanz Aduhelm/Aducanumab schürt die Hoffnung, dass weitere Substanzen gegen die Alzheimer-Erkrankung vor der Zulassung stehen könnten.Ziel war es, den Stand der derzeitigen Phase-III-Studien zur medikamentösen, auf die Verbesserung der Kognition gerichteten Therapie bei Alzheimer-Erkrankung aufzuzeigen.Die US-amerikanische Datenbank, www.gov , wurde 07.08.2021 nach aktuellen Studien zur Alzheimer-Erkrankung durchsucht und diejenigen Phase-III-Studien weiter ausgewertet, deren primärer Endpunkt eine Verbesserung der Kognition war. Das Wirkprinzip der Substanzen wurde nach der Common Alzheimerʼs Disease Research Ontology (CADRO) klassifiziert.Von den gefundenen 53 Studien bezogen sich 32 Studien mit 25 Substanzen auf die Beeinflussung der Kognition, kenntlich an einem entsprechenden Test als einem der primären Endpunkte. Zwanzig der Studien sind derzeit aktiv und rekrutieren, 4 weitere rekrutieren noch nicht und 8 nehmen derzeit keine Patienten auf. Sieben Studien zielen auf Beta-Amyloid sowie Tau. Bei 20 Substanzen wird eine die Krankheit verändernde Wirkung postuliert. Jeweils 8 der Studien werden voraussichtlich 2022 und 2023 beendet sein.Das Spektrum der Wirkmechanismen der Substanzen, die sich derzeit in Studien befinden, erscheint breit und hat überwiegend eine Veränderung des Krankheitsverlaufs zum Ziel. In den kommenden 2 Jahren besteht daher die Möglichkeit, dass weitere Medikamente gegen die Alzheimer-Erkrankung zugelassen werden könnten.
- Published
- 2022
8. Blutbasierte Biomarker zur Optimierung der Früh- und Differentialdiagnostik der Alzheimer-Demenz
- Author
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Niels Hansen, Carolin Rauter, and Jens Wiltfang
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Diagnosis, Differential ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Amyloid beta-Peptides ,Neurology ,ddc:150 ,diagnosis [Alzheimer Disease] ,Humans ,tau Proteins ,Neurology (clinical) ,Biomarkers - Abstract
Zusammenfassung Ziele der Studie Die Demenz bei Alzheimer-Krankheit ist eine globale Herausforderung. Studien weisen auf Blutbiomarker zur Diagnose der Alzheimer-Krankheit als eine minimal invasive, schnellere, kostengünstigere und daher zukunftsträchtige Methode hin. Ziel dieser Übersicht ist es, Studien zu vielversprechenden Biomarkern der Alzheimer-Krankheit darzustellen. Methodik Für diese Übersichtsarbeit wurden aktuelle Studien zusammengestellt. Ergebnisse Immunassays mit anschließender Massenspektrometrie und solche mit immunmagnetischer Reduktion sind aussichtsreiche Methoden für die Bestimmung von Amyloid-ß 42 (Aß42) und Amyloid-ß 40 (Aß40) für die Bildung der Ratio von Aß42/Aß40 zur blutbasierten Früh- und Differentialdiagnostik der Alzheimer-Krankheit. Die Amyloid-ß (Aß) Peptide im Blutplasma sind ein potentieller Marker der Aß-Pathologie, da sie mit der Aß-Pathologie im Gehirn korrelieren. Das mittels der Simoa Technologie bestimmte phosphorylierte Tau-Protein 181 (p-tau181), das phosphorylierte Tau Protein 231 (p-tau231) und das phosphorylierte Tau Protein 217 (p-tau217) im Blut sind vielversprechend hinsichtlich einer möglichen Optimierung der Früh- und Differentialdiagnostik der Alzheimer-Krankheit und sind Marker einer Tau-Pathologie im Gehirn. Die Neurofilamente Leichtketten (Nfl) und das saure Gliafaserprotein (GFAP) sind als Zusatzmarker hilfreich, um eine axonale und astrogliale Hirnschädigung bei Alzheimer-Krankheit zu beurteilen. GFAP im Blut könnte vor allem als Zusatzmarker zur Frühdiagnostik und Prädiktion des Verlaufs der Alzheimer-Krankheit sinnvoll sein. Schlussfolgerungen Blutbasierte Biomarker sind ein wichtiger Schritt in Richtung einer weniger invasiven und kostengünstigeren Diagnostik der Alzheimer-Krankheit. Die Ratio Aß42/Aß40, das p-tau181, das p-tau217, das p-tau231, die Nfl und das GFAP sind vielversprechende Blutbiomarker unter Beachtung der AT(N) Klassifikation der Alzheimer-Krankheit. Hochdurchsatzfähige Methoden sollten in großen Kohorten und Metanalysen evaluiert werden. Zudem sollten Konsensus Kriterien mit einheitlichen Protokollen mit Normwerten zur Messung dieser Biomarker erstellt werden. Die Etablierung der AT(N) Klassifikation der Alzheimer-Krankheit im Blut ist unter Berücksichtigung ethischer Gesichtspunkte sowie des Alzheimer Phänotyps ein wichtiger Baustein für die Implementierung einer minimal-invasiven Präzisionsmedizin.
- Published
- 2022
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9. [Neuroprotective treatment of tauopathies]
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Gesine, Respondek, Lea, Krey, Meret, Huber, Henning, Pflugrad, Florian, Wegner, and Günter U, Höglinger
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Corticobasal Degeneration ,Amyloid beta-Peptides ,Tauopathies ,Alzheimer Disease ,Humans ,tau Proteins - Abstract
Tau pathology is now considered to be the main cause of a wide spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases, which are collectively referred to as tauopathies. These include primary tauopathies, in which tau plays the main role in the pathogenesis as well as secondary tauopathies, such as Alzheimer's disease, in which amyloid beta also plays a substantial role in the disease process in addition to the tau pathology. Primary tauopathies include progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, Pick's disease and rare hereditary tauopathies, which are referred to as frontotemporal lobar degeneration with microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) mutation. Tauopathies differ from each other pathologically by the affected brain regions and cell types as well as by the biochemical characteristics of the aggregated tau protein. Various tau-centered neuroprotective treatment approaches are currently in preclinical and clinical development. They target different mechanisms, including the reduction of tau expression, inhibition of tau aggregation, dissolution of tau aggregates, improvement of cellular mechanisms to eliminate toxic tau species, stabilization of microtubules and prevention of intercellular tau spreading. This review article gives an overview of tauopathies and the current concepts for the development of disease-modifying treatment.Tau-Pathologie gilt heute als Hauptverursacher eines breiten Spektrums neurodegenerativer Erkrankungen, die als Tauopathien zusammengefasst werden. Dazu gehören primäre Tauopathien, bei denen Tau die Hauptrolle bei der Pathogenese spielt, sowie sekundäre Tauopathien wie die Alzheimer-Krankheit, bei der neben Tau auch Amyloid‑β eine wesentliche Rolle im Krankheitsprozess zukommt. Zu den primären Tauopathien gehören unter anderem die progressive supranukleäre Blickparese, die kortikobasale Degeneration, die Pick-Krankheit und seltene hereditäre Tauopathien, welche als frontotemporale Lobärdegeneration mit MAPT(„microtubule-associated protein tau“)-Mutation bezeichnet werden. Tauopathien unterscheiden sich pathologisch durch die betroffenen Hirnregionen und Zelltypen sowie durch die biochemischen Merkmale des aggregierten Tau-Proteins. Verschiedene Tau-zentrierte neuroprotektive Therapieansätze befinden sich aktuell in der präklinischen und klinischen Entwicklung. Dabei werden unterschiedliche Mechanismen, wie die Verringerung der Tau-Expression, die Hemmung der Tau-Aggregation, das Auflösen von Tau-Aggregaten, die Verstärkung der zellulären Mechanismen zur Beseitigung toxischer Formen von Tau, die Stabilisierung von Mikrotubuli und die Hemmung der interzellulären Ausbreitung von Tau, untersucht. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit geben wir einen Überblick über Tauopathien und die aktuellen Konzepte zur Entwicklung krankheitsmodifizierender Therapien.
- Published
- 2021
10. [Current findings on the coincidence of cerebral amyloid angiopathy and Alzheimer's disease]
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R, Haußmann, P, Homeyer, M, Donix, and J, Linn
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Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy ,Amyloid beta-Peptides ,Alzheimer Disease ,Brain ,Humans ,Cognitive Dysfunction ,Plaque, Amyloid ,Neuropsychological Tests - Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is closely related to Alzheimer's disease (AD) despite having distinct pathomechanisms. The CAA modulates cognitive impairment within AD by synergistic effects. The pathophysiologic relations are complex and incompletely understood, possibly due to the heterogeneous nature of CAA with its different subtypes. Both diseases are characterized by a pathologic amyloid metabolism but the pathologic processing of amyloid precursor proteins is distinct. The manifestation of vascular and parenchymal amyloid deposits can either overlap or occur independently and isolated. The investigation of the specific contribution of co-occurring CAA within AD to cognitive deficits requires diagnostic methods that sufficiently identify CAA severity and complexity as well as detailed neuropsychological testing to precisely characterize the cognitive deficits and to draw conclusions regarding their etiology.Die zerebrale Amyloidangiopathie (CAA) tritt trotz verschiedener Pathomechanismen häufig koinzident zur Alzheimer-Demenz auf. Sie moduliert kognitive Defizite im Rahmen der Alzheimer-Erkrankung (AD) annehmbar durch additive Effekte, auch wenn die diesbezüglichen Zusammenhänge komplex sind. Die pathophysiologische Gemeinsamkeit beider Erkrankungen besteht in einem gestörten Amyloidmetabolismus, distinkt ist jedoch die pathologische Prozessierung von Amyloidvorläuferproteinen. Die CAA mit ihren verschiedenen Subtypen ist eine pathomechanistisch heterogene Gefäßerkrankung des Gehirns. Vaskuläre und parenchymatöse Amyloidablagerungen kommen gemeinsam, aber auch isoliert und unabhängig voneinander vor. Um den spezifischen Beitrag der CAA zu kognitiven Defiziten im Rahmen der AD zu untersuchen, bedarf es daher geeigneter diagnostischer Methoden, die der Komplexität der histopathologischen bzw. bildmorphologischen Charakteristika der CAA gerecht werden, sowie differenzierender testpsychometrischer Verfahren, anhand derer der Beitrag der CAA zu kognitiven Defiziten deskriptiv erfasst und damit ätiologisch besser zuordenbar wird.
- Published
- 2021
11. [First causally effective drug against Alzheimer's? : The FDA approves aducanumab]
- Author
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Klaus, Hager
- Subjects
Amyloid beta-Peptides ,Alzheimer Disease ,Humans ,Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized - Published
- 2021
12. Neuroprotektive Therapien bei Tauopathien
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Florian Wegner, Meret Huber, Günter U. Höglinger, Henning Pflugrad, Gesine Respondek, and Lea Krey
- Subjects
Gynecology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Amyloid beta-Peptides ,Microtubule-associated protein tau ,business.industry ,Progressive supranuclear palsy ,tau Proteins ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,Neuroprotection ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Corticobasal Degeneration ,Neurology ,Microtubule associated protein tau ,Alzheimer Disease ,medicine ,Corticobasal degeneration ,Humans ,Neurology (clinical) ,ddc:610 ,drug therapy [Tauopathies] ,Causal treatment ,business ,Alzheimer’s disease - Abstract
Tau-Pathologie gilt heute als Hauptverursacher eines breiten Spektrums neurodegenerativer Erkrankungen, die als Tauopathien zusammengefasst werden. Dazu gehoren primare Tauopathien, bei denen Tau die Hauptrolle bei der Pathogenese spielt, sowie sekundare Tauopathien wie die Alzheimer-Krankheit, bei der neben Tau auch Amyloid‑β eine wesentliche Rolle im Krankheitsprozess zukommt. Zu den primaren Tauopathien gehoren unter anderem die progressive supranukleare Blickparese, die kortikobasale Degeneration, die Pick-Krankheit und seltene hereditare Tauopathien, welche als frontotemporale Lobardegeneration mit MAPT(„microtubule-associated protein tau“)-Mutation bezeichnet werden. Tauopathien unterscheiden sich pathologisch durch die betroffenen Hirnregionen und Zelltypen sowie durch die biochemischen Merkmale des aggregierten Tau-Proteins. Verschiedene Tau-zentrierte neuroprotektive Therapieansatze befinden sich aktuell in der praklinischen und klinischen Entwicklung. Dabei werden unterschiedliche Mechanismen, wie die Verringerung der Tau-Expression, die Hemmung der Tau-Aggregation, das Auflosen von Tau-Aggregaten, die Verstarkung der zellularen Mechanismen zur Beseitigung toxischer Formen von Tau, die Stabilisierung von Mikrotubuli und die Hemmung der interzellularen Ausbreitung von Tau, untersucht. In dieser Ubersichtsarbeit geben wir einen Uberblick uber Tauopathien und die aktuellen Konzepte zur Entwicklung krankheitsmodifizierender Therapien.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. [Early detection of Alzheimer's disease and dementia prediction in patients with mild cognitive impairment : Summary of current recommendations]
- Author
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Ayda, Rostamzadeh and Frank, Jessen
- Subjects
Amyloid beta-Peptides ,Alzheimer Disease ,Germany ,Activities of Daily Living ,Disease Progression ,Humans ,Cognitive Dysfunction ,tau Proteins ,Biomarkers - Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is characterized by cognitive deficits but essentially preserved competence in activities of daily living. It is a risk factor for the development of dementia and can reflect a prodromal predementia state of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The pathology of AD is defined by cerebral deposition of amyloid-beta-1-42 protein and aggregation of phosphorylated tau protein, which can be identified in vivo by biomarkers for these alterations. As a result of advances in the field of biomarker-based early detection of AD, it is possible to differentiate between MCI patients with and without a pathological AD condition and therefore, between patients with a low and those with a high risk for the development of dementia. At present there are no specific guideline recommendations in Germany for the diagnostic use of biomarkers in predementia detection of AD and for dementia risk assessment in patients with MCI. This article summarizes the current recommendations of a European expert consensus publication and a multidisciplinary working group of the Alzheimer's Association on the clinical application of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for the diagnostics of AD in patients with MCI. If the clinical diagnostic criteria for MCI are fulfilled according to the medical history and neuropsychological testing, it is recommended to carry out further diagnostics (blood test, brain imaging) in order to more precisely define the differential diagnostic classification. Counseling on the potential benefits, limits and risks of biomarker testing for early AD detection and dementia risk prediction should always precede assessment of CSF biomarkers. Information about the individual risk of developing dementia has potential consequences for the psychological well-being and life planning; therefore, clinical follow-up visits are recommended.
- Published
- 2020
14. [Alzheimer's disease-Which substances are at present in phase III studies?]
- Author
-
Hager K
- Subjects
- Amyloid beta-Peptides, Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic, Cognition, Humans, Neuropsychological Tests, tau Proteins, Alzheimer Disease diagnosis, Alzheimer Disease drug therapy
- Abstract
Background: The recent approval of aduhelm/aducanumab by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in June 2021 raised hopes that further substances against Alzheimer's disease might be approved in the near future., Objective: The current status of phase III studies for Alzheimer's disease was evaluated., Material and Methods: The American database www., Clinicaltrials: gov was searched on 7 August 2021 for phase III studies which target the cognitive functions affected by Alzheimer's disease. The mode of action of the different substances was classified according to the Common Alzheimer's Disease Research Ontology (CADRO)., Results: With the applied search criteria 53 studies were found, 32 studies with 25 substances dealt with cognition, which was demonstrated by a cognition test as one of the primary outcome measures, 20 of the studies are recruiting, 4 are not yet recruiting and 8 studies are active but not recruiting. Of the studies seven target amyloid beta-peptide as well as tau protein. For 20 substances a disease modifying action is assumed. In 2022 and 2023 a total of 8 studies each are planned to be terminated., Conclusion: The mode of action of the substances, which are currently in studies, seems broad and for their action a modification of the disease is mostly assumed. Therefore, there is hope that in the next 2 years further drugs against Alzheimer's disease might be approved., (© 2022. The Author(s).)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. [Gene-specific treatment approaches in Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies]
- Author
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E, Feneberg and M, Otto
- Subjects
Amyloid beta-Peptides ,Alzheimer Disease ,Humans ,tau Proteins ,Genetic Therapy ,Immunotherapy ,Oligonucleotides, Antisense - Abstract
The pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease are aggregation and accumulation of amyloid-β and tau proteins. So far most interventional studies have focused on the removal of the toxic protein products, such as antibody-based immunotherapies targeted against amyloid-β and tau proteins; however, the development of gene therapies targeting gene products involved in the disease has opened up new therapeutic strategies to reduce the development of toxic protein aggregates by inhibiting the translation of pathological Alzheimer genes using antisense oligonucleotides (ASO). This has a timely influence on development of the disease. This article gives an overview of new advances in ASO-based treatment strategies for Alzheimer's disease.
- Published
- 2020
16. [Alzheimer's disease - State of the art, and emerging diagnostics and therapeutics]
- Author
-
David, Winkler and Thomas, Leyhe
- Subjects
Amyloid beta-Peptides ,Alzheimer Disease ,Humans ,tau Proteins ,Biomarkers ,Peptide Fragments - Abstract
Alzheimer's disease - State of the art, and emerging diagnostics and therapeutics Abstract. Alzheimer's disease (AD) constitutes the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, and the most frequent cause of dementia. Current diagnostics include a clinical examination, brain imaging, as well as laboratory testing in order to exclude other treatable disorders. Depending on the findings constellation a lumbar puncture with determination of amyloid-β-, tau- and phospho-tau-proteins, PET imaging and if necessary further investigations are performed. Acetylcholineesteraseinhibitors as well as the NMDA-antagonist mematine allow symptomatic treatment of AD. The development of novel curative drugs is now showing considerable progress. After initially frustrating results, immunotherapies addressing amyloid-β pathology are now showing first positive effects when administered early in the disease course. First immunotherapies targeting tau pathology are furthermore reaching phase 2 and 3 trials, after hints of positive clinical effects in phase 1 trials. An additional set of more than 70 trials investigates non-immune mediated treatment strategies. Diagnostic advances include the development of amyloid-PET imaging, where after the amyloid-β-PET, tau-PET imaging is now reaching clinical implementation. In parallel to the technical advances in cerebrospinal fluid diagnostics, first blood-based biomarkers for AD are being developed.Zusammenfassung. Die Alzheimer-Krankheit ist die häufigste neurodegenerative Erkrankung und die häufigste Demenzursache. Die heutige Routinediagnostik basiert auf der klinischen Untersuchung, einer kraniellen Bildgebung sowie Laboruntersuchungen zum Ausschluss anderer behandelbarer Ursachen. Je nach Befundkonstellation können ergänzend eine Lumbalpunktion mit Bestimmung von Amyloid-β-, Tau- und phospo-Tau-Proteinen, eine PET-Bildgebung sowie ggfs. weitere Untersuchungen erfolgen. Als symptomatische Therapien stehen verschiedene Acetylcholinesterasehemmer sowie der NMDA-Rezeptor-Antagonist Memantine zur Verfügung. Neue, kurative Therapieansätze sind in der Entwicklung. Führend sind aktuell Immuntherapien, welche gegen Amyloid-β- und Tau-Proteine gerichtet sind. Nach initial enttäuschenden klinischen Resultaten von Amyloid-β Immuntherapien zeigen sich nun bei Therapiebeginn im Frühstadium der Erkrankung erste positive Resultate dieses Ansatzes. Zudem erreichen die ersten Tau-orientierten Immuntherapien die klinischen Phasen 2 und 3, nachdem positive Signale auch bezüglich des kognitiven Verlaufes in Phase 1 vermeldet wurden. Weiter werden über 70 nicht-immunbasierte Therapieansätze in klinischen Studien geprüft. Auch zeigen sich Fortschritte in der Diagnostik. Mit Hilfe spezifischer Liganden können Amyloid-β und Tau im PET dargestellt werden, was wiederum die Differenzierung von Patienten in den Studien zur Therapieentwicklung erleichtert. Nebst technischen Verbesserungen der Liquordiagnostik werden erste blut-basierte Tests entwickelt, welche in Studien bereits eine gute Korrelation mit Liquor- und PET-Befunden erreichen.
- Published
- 2019
17. [Therapy Developments in Alzheimer's Disease].
- Author
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Grimmer T
- Subjects
- Amyloid beta-Peptides, Antibodies, Monoclonal therapeutic use, Disease Progression, Europe, Germany, Humans, Alzheimer Disease drug therapy, Cognitive Dysfunction
- Abstract
The development of new therapies to treat Alzheimer's disease is a focus of global drug discovery. Research is being conducted into more potent therapies for symptomatic treatment, particularly for behavioral disturbances, but also into drugs that intervene in the pathophysiology of the disease, with the aim of halting or at least slowing the progression of the disease. To this end, the focus of identifying people with Alzheimer's disease is shifting to stages of pre-dementia such as that of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), almost synonymous with prodromal AD, or even to asymptomatic stages. Currently, passive immunization using monoclonal antibodies against Aβ42 has shown the most encouraging results. However, it has not been possible to demonstrate statistically significant differences on the primary target parameters in multiple completed pivotal trials. The anti-amyloid antibody aducanumab received conditional preliminary approval in the U.S. based on amyloid reduction; approval for its use in Europe is an ongoing process. Current pharmacological treatments of Alzheimer's disease offer limited symptomatic benefit. No drugs to delay progression of the disease is yet on the market in Germany. Therefore, it is recommended that patients, especially those in pre-dementia stages or at the onset of Alzheimer's disease, be encouraged to participate in clinical trials in order to help develop new drugs that are more effective in the treatment of this disease and that can then benefit many more patients in the future., Competing Interests: The author reports no conflicts of interest during the conduct of the study; outside the submitted work the author reports consulting fees from Abbvie, Anavex, Biogen, Bracket, Eli Lilly, Functional Neuromodulation, Grifols, Iqvia, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Noselab, NuiCare, Roche Diagnostics, Roche Pharma, Toyama, and Vivoryon; and lecture fees from Actelion, B.Braun, Biogen, Eli Lilly, Life Molecular Imaging, Novartis, Parexel, and Roche Pharma., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. [First causally effective drug against Alzheimer's? : The FDA approves aducanumab].
- Author
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Hager K
- Subjects
- Amyloid beta-Peptides, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized therapeutic use, Humans, Alzheimer Disease drug therapy
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Untersuchung des Einflusses von APP-Spaltprodukten auf eine chemisch induzierte Langzeitpotenzierung mit Hilfe FRET-basierter Biosensoren
- Author
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Bott, Patricia, Arnim, Christine von, and Baumann, Bernd
- Subjects
Fluoreszenz-Resonanz-Energie-Transfer ,CREB ,Alzheimerkrankheit ,Amyloid beta-peptides ,A beta ,Alzheimer Demenz ,ERK ,Spectrometry, Fluorescence ,ddc:610 ,LTP ,sAPP alpha ,Alzheimer disease ,Amyloid-Precursor-Protein ,Langzeitpotenzierung ,sAPP beta ,DDC 610 / Medicine & health ,FRET-Biosensoren ,Biosensor - Abstract
Die Alzheimer Demenz ist eine neurodegenerative Erkrankung, bei der es zur Störung der Gedächtnis- und Lernfunktion, bzw. dessen zellulären Korrelat der Langzeitpotenzierung (LTP), kommt. Dabei scheint das Amyloid-beta (Aβ) eine entscheidende Rolle in der Pathogenese der Erkrankung zu spielen. Aber auch andere Derivate des Amyloidvorläuferproteins (APP) wie die lösliche α- und β-Form des Proteins (sAPPα und sAPPβ) werden immer mehr in Betracht gezogen die Gedächtnisfunktion ebenfalls zu beeinflussen. Dabei sind die genauen Wirkmechanismen all dieser Proteine bisher jedoch noch nicht vollständig geklärt. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es daher mit Hilfe von zwei Förster-Resonanzenergietransfer (FRET) basierten Biosensoren zu untersuchen wie sich die Phosphorylierung der extracellular signal-regulated Kinase (ERK) und des cAMP responsive element binding Protein (CREB), zweier bedeutender Kinasen der LTP, durch die Behandlung mit sAPPα, sAPPβ und Aβ verändert. Dabei ließen sich zunächst Unterschiede in der Phosphorylierung feststellen, abhängig von dem zur Induktion der LTP verwendtem Stimulans. So fällt die Phoyphosphorylierung durch die Stimulation mit KCl geringer aus als durch die Stimulation mit Glutmat. Anschliessend wurde die Wirkung der verschiedenen Peptide auf die durch KCl oder Glutamat induzierte Phosphorylierung von ERK und CREB untersucht. Dabei zeigte sich, dass es durch sAPPα sowohl für ERK als auch für CREB zu einer Erhöhung der Phosphorylierung kommt, sowohl unter Stimulation mit Glutamat ebenso wie unter Stimulation mit KCl. Durch sAPPβ zeigte sich eine Abnahme der Phosphorylierung von ERK nach Stimulation mit Glutamat und eine Zunahme nach Stimulation mit KCl. Für CREB zeigte sich keine Änderung nach Behandlung mit sAPPβ und Stimulation mit Glutamat und eine Erhöhung nach Stimulation mit KCl. Im Gegensatz dazu lässt sich durch die Behandlung mit Aβ eine Abnahme nicht nur für ERK, sondern auch für CREB beobachten. Die hier beschriebenen Beobachtungen sind konsistent mit anderen Studien, die eine neuroprotektive und LTP fördernde Wirkung von sAPPα und eine LTP hemmende Wirkung von Aβ postulieren. Für sAPPβ konnte erstmalig ein Einfluss auf die Phosphorylierung von ERK und CREB und damit auf die LTP gezeigt werden. Die Wirkung ist dabei abhängig vom Stimulationsreagenz sowohl phosphorylierungsfördernd und -hemmend. Insgesamt konnte nicht nur bestätigt werden, dass sAPPα, sAPPβ und Aβ die LTP über eine Änderung der Phosphorylierung von ERK und CREB beeinflussen, sondern jeweils auch eine zeitliche Dynamik der Änderung aufgezeigt werden, die es ermöglicht genauere Rückschlüsse auf die Pathomechanismen der Alzheimer Demenz zu ziehen
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. [In process]
- Author
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Abdol A, Ameri
- Subjects
Inflammation ,Amyloid beta-Peptides ,Cell Death ,Alzheimer Disease ,Cannabinoids ,Humans - Published
- 2018
21. [Disease-modifying treatment approaches for Alzheimer's disease].
- Author
-
Frölich L and Hausner L
- Subjects
- Amyloid beta-Peptides, Humans, tau Proteins, Alzheimer Disease diagnosis, Alzheimer Disease drug therapy
- Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is one the major common diseases but so far only with symptomatic treatment options. New insights define the disease as a slowly progressive continuum with very long preclinical and early symptomatic phases. Innovative molecular treatment strategies are based on an improved understanding of the molecular neurobiology of the disease, opening up a variety of therapeutic targets. For the first time, an anti-amyloid antibody has been approved in the USA in 2021 as a disease-modifying treatment for Alzheimer's disease, representing a first highly controversial step towards a molecular, cause-oriented treatment. This review presents the most advanced molecular treatment strategies and discusses the implications of the approved antibody treatment for the clinical practice. The special features of this long-term treatment with i.v. infusions in a particularly vulnerable population and a special side effect profile will impose significant challenges for implementation in the practice and will require a high degree of cooperation within the healthcare system. The future of Alzheimer's treatment with a multimodal therapeutic approach with different classes of drugs will probably reinforce these trends., (© 2021. Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature.)
- Published
- 2021
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22. [Biomarker-based diagnostics of Alzheimer's disease : Concept of suspected non-Alzheimer pathology]
- Author
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Fliessbach, K. and Schneider, A.
- Subjects
Prodromal Symptoms ,MAPT protein, human ,Plaque, Amyloid ,tau Proteins ,cerebrospinal fluid [Amyloid beta-Peptides] ,Hippocampus ,blood [Alzheimer Disease] ,Alzheimer Disease ,Predictive Value of Tests ,Risk Factors ,Humans ,Cognitive Dysfunction ,ddc:610 ,cerebrospinal fluid [Peptide Fragments] ,pathology [Plaque, Amyloid] ,Phosphorylation ,blood [Biomarkers] ,Amyloid beta-Peptides ,diagnosis [Alzheimer Disease] ,Neurofibrillary Tangles ,Organ Size ,amyloid beta-protein (1-42) ,Prognosis ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Peptide Fragments ,pathology [Hippocampus] ,diagnosis [Cognitive Dysfunction] ,cerebrospinal fluid [tau Proteins] ,blood [Cognitive Dysfunction] ,Positron-Emission Tomography ,Disease Progression ,pathology [Neurofibrillary Tangles] ,Biomarkers - Abstract
In the field of prodromal Alzheimer's disease biomarker-based diagnostics are becoming increasingly more important. Unclear biomarker constellations, such as suspected non-Alzheimer pathology (SNAP) can lead to diagnostic and prognostic uncertainty. The use of biomarker-based research criteria in the clinical routine is therefore not without problems. Despite sometimes contradictory findings it appears to be nearly certain that the biomarker constellation of SNAP indicates an increased risk of progression to dementia, at least in patients with mild cognitive deficits (MCI). This article discusses the prognostic implications of a SNAP result and the diagnostic and prognostic problems of biomarker-based diagnostic criteria are presented based on the SNAP.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. [Amyloid positron-emission-tomography with [
- Author
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S, Schönecker, C, Prix, T, Raiser, N, Ackl, E, Wlasich, G, Stenglein-Krapf, E, Mille, M, Brendel, O, Sabri, M, Patt, H, Barthel, P, Bartenstein, J, Levin, A, Rominger, and A, Danek
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Amyloid beta-Peptides ,Aniline Compounds ,Brain ,Reproducibility of Results ,Middle Aged ,Sensitivity and Specificity ,Molecular Imaging ,Positron-Emission Tomography ,Stilbenes ,Humans ,Dementia ,Female ,Tissue Distribution ,Radiopharmaceuticals ,Biomarkers ,Aged - Abstract
To this day the definite diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease still relies on post-mortem histopathological detection of neurofibrillary tangles and beta-amyloid deposits. Amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) is a new diagnostic tool that enables the in vivo quantification of pathological beta-amyloid deposits. The aim of the current study was to evaluate to what extentImaging with FBB-PET was performed on 33 patients from our outpatient department for cognitive neurology. Beforehand all patients underwent a comprehensive clinical, neuropsychiatric and laboratory examination as well as imaging by means of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and fluorodeoxyglucose-PET. The working diagnoses before and after FBB-PET imaging were compared.17 out of 33 patients were scored as FBB-PET positive. In four cases the initial diagnosis had to be changed to Alzheimer's disease (three cases) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (one case) due to the positive FBB-PET scan. 16 patients showed a negative FBB-PET scan. In three patients the initial diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease could be ruled out due to the negative FBB-PET scan. Overall, in 7 out of 33 examined patients the initial diagnosis had to be changed because of the findings of the FBB-PET scan. In 24 patients the initial diagnosis was confirmed by the results of the FBB-PET scan.Amyloid-PET is currently no standard procedure in the diagnosis of dementia; however, it can be a helpful additional diagnostic tool when used according to the "Appropriate Use Criteria" and the S3 guidelines on dementia in cases of unclear clinical presentation, atypically early age of onset as well as in patients with persistent or progressive unexplained mild cognitive impairment. By facilitating early diagnosis amyloid-PET imaging allows patient selection for therapeutic drug trials.
- Published
- 2016
24. [Sporadic Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy: An Overview with Clinical Cases]
- Author
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F, Schöberl, O E, Eren, F A, Wollenweber, T, Kraus, and L, Kellert
- Subjects
Aged, 80 and over ,Cerebral Cortex ,Male ,Amyloid beta-Peptides ,Age Factors ,Cerebral Arteries ,Middle Aged ,Cerebral Veins ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Peptide Fragments ,Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy ,Meninges ,Disease Progression ,Humans ,Cognitive Dysfunction ,Female ,Aged ,Cerebral Hemorrhage - Abstract
Sporadic cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a cerebral small vessel disease in the elderly. Neuropathologically, it is characterized by deposition of amyloid-ß (Aß) in the wall of small to medium-sized arteries, capillaries and venules of the cerebral cortex and leptomeninges. Over the last years it was recognized as an important cause of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage and cognitive deficits in the elderly. The clinical and radiological manifestations are diverse ranging from acute onset focal neurological deficits due to intracerebral lobar hemorrhage to subacute progressive cognitive impairment due to Aß-mediated inflammation confluent subcortical edema. The wide clinico-radiological spectrum of CAA is a major challenge for the neurologist and stroke physician. This review provides a structured and detailed look at recent developments in CAA, and is illustrated with case studies.
- Published
- 2016
25. [German Society of Nuclear Medicine procedure guideline on beta-amyloid brain PET imaging]
- Author
-
Henryk, Barthel, Philipp T, Meyer, Alexander, Drzezga, Peter, Bartenstein, Henning, Boecker, Peter, Brust, Ralph, Buchert, Heinz H, Coenen, Christian, la Fougère, Gerhard, Gründer, Frank, Grünwald, Bernd J, Krause, Torsten, Kuwert, Matthias, Schreckenberger, Klaus, Tatsch, Karl-Josef, Langen, and Osama, Sabri
- Subjects
Amyloid beta-Peptides ,Evidence-Based Medicine ,Germany ,Positron-Emission Tomography ,Practice Guidelines as Topic ,Brain ,Humans ,Nuclear Medicine ,Radiopharmaceuticals ,Biomarkers ,Societies, Medical ,Molecular Imaging - Abstract
Recently, a number of positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracers have been approved for clinical use. These tracers target cerebral beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaques, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. Increasing use of this method implies the need for respective standards. This German Society of Nuclear Medicine guideline describes adequate procedures for Aβ plaque PET imaging. It not only discusses the tracers used for that purpose, but also lists measures for correct patient preparation, image data generation, processing, analysis and interpretation. With that, this "S1" category (according to the German Association of the Scientific Medical Societies standard) guideline aims at contributing to quality assurance of nuclear imaging in Germany.
- Published
- 2016
26. [Early detection of Alzheimer's disease and dementia prediction in patients with mild cognitive impairment : Summary of current recommendations].
- Author
-
Rostamzadeh A and Jessen F
- Subjects
- Activities of Daily Living, Amyloid beta-Peptides, Biomarkers, Disease Progression, Germany, Humans, tau Proteins, Alzheimer Disease diagnosis, Cognitive Dysfunction diagnosis
- Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is characterized by cognitive deficits but essentially preserved competence in activities of daily living. It is a risk factor for the development of dementia and can reflect a prodromal predementia state of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The pathology of AD is defined by cerebral deposition of amyloid-beta-1-42 protein and aggregation of phosphorylated tau protein, which can be identified in vivo by biomarkers for these alterations. As a result of advances in the field of biomarker-based early detection of AD, it is possible to differentiate between MCI patients with and without a pathological AD condition and therefore, between patients with a low and those with a high risk for the development of dementia. At present there are no specific guideline recommendations in Germany for the diagnostic use of biomarkers in predementia detection of AD and for dementia risk assessment in patients with MCI. This article summarizes the current recommendations of a European expert consensus publication and a multidisciplinary working group of the Alzheimer's Association on the clinical application of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for the diagnostics of AD in patients with MCI. If the clinical diagnostic criteria for MCI are fulfilled according to the medical history and neuropsychological testing, it is recommended to carry out further diagnostics (blood test, brain imaging) in order to more precisely define the differential diagnostic classification. Counseling on the potential benefits, limits and risks of biomarker testing for early AD detection and dementia risk prediction should always precede assessment of CSF biomarkers. Information about the individual risk of developing dementia has potential consequences for the psychological well-being and life planning; therefore, clinical follow-up visits are recommended.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. [New therapeutic approaches]
- Author
-
Alexander, Kurz and Timo, Grimmer
- Subjects
Neurotransmitter Agents ,Amyloid beta-Peptides ,Alzheimer Disease ,TDP-43 Proteinopathies ,Vaccination ,Immunization, Passive ,Brain ,Humans ,Nerve Tissue Proteins ,Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases ,Aged - Abstract
The most prevalent causes of dementia are progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative diseases of the brain. Alzheimer's disease ranks first and is follwed by Parkinson and Lewy body disease as well as the Frontotemporal lobar degenerations. These neurodegenerative processes are characterised by the production, aggregation and deposition of pathological proteins. These are β amyloid and tau in Alzheimer's disease; α synuclein in der Parkinson's- and Lewy body disease, and tau, TDP-43 as well as FUS in the Frontotemporal lobar degenerations. Aggregation into oligomers and fibrils and subsequent sedimentation of these proteins lead to nerve cell dysfunction, synaptic failure and ultimately to the demise of neurons. The deficits and imbalance of neurotransmitter systems which represent an important target of the current pharmacological treatment of dementia are consequences of nerve cell loss. Many of the novel treatment approaches that are being tested in clinical trials are aimed at preventing, slowing or ameliorating the production, aggregation and deposition of pathological proteins. Key strategies are inhibition of secretases which generate β amyloid, active and passive immunisation against β amyloid, restriction β amyloid and tau aggregation as well as stimulation of β amyloid clearance. In addition clinical trials are ongoing on symptomatic treatments including the simultaneous stimulation of multiple neurotransmitter systems, compensation of brain insulin resistance, and neuroprotection through certain nutrients. In addition to novel drug treatments non-pharmacological interventions are also being developed.Die häufigsten Ursachen der Demenz sind fortschreitende und irreversible neurodegenerative Krankheiten des Gehirns. An erster Stelle steht die Alzheimer-Krankheit, gefolgt von Parkinson- und Lewy-Körper-Krankheit und den Frontotemporalen lobären Degenerationen. Die neurodegenerativen Prozesse sind durch die Entstehung, Zusammenballung und Ablagerung von pathologischen Proteinen gekennzeichnet. Diese sind β-Amyloid und Tau bei der Alzheimer-Krankheit; α-Synuklein bei der Parkinson- und Lewy-Körper-Krankheit sowie Tau, TDP-43 und FUS bei den Frontotemporalen Degenerationen. Die Aggregation zu Oligomeren und Fibrillen sowie die nachfolgende Sedimentierung dieser Proteine führen zur Funktionsstörung von Nervenzellen, zum Versagen von synaptischen Verbindungen und schließlich zum Zelluntergang. Die Defizite und Imbalancen von Neurotransmittersystemen, die einen wichtigen Ansatzpunkt der derzeitigen pharmakologischen Therapie der Demenz darstellen, sind Folgen des Nervenzelluntergangs. Viele der neuen, in Entwicklung befindlichen Therapieansätze sind darauf gerichtet, die Entstehung, Zusammenballung und Ablagerung pathologischer Proteine zu verhindern, zu verlangsamen oder abzumildern. Wichtige Strategien sind Hemmung der Sekretasen, die β-Amyloid generieren, aktive und passive Immunisierung gegen β-Amyloid, Hemmung der Aggregation von β-Amyloid und Tau sowie Stimulierung des aktiven Transports von β-Amyloid aus dem Gehirn. In klinischer Prüfung befinden sich auch neue symptomatische Therapieformen einschließlich der simultanen Stimulation mehrerer Neurotransmittersysteme, des Ausgleichs der zerebralen Insulinresistenz und der Neuroprotektion mittels spezieller Nahrungsbestandteile. Neben den pharmakologischen Behandlungsformen werden auch nicht-medikamentöse Interventionen weiterentwickelt.
- Published
- 2015
28. [Do antibodies provide advantages for the therapy of Alzheimer's disease? Solanezumab: the jury is still out]
- Author
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Oliver, Peters
- Subjects
Male ,Amyloid beta-Peptides ,Alzheimer Disease ,Humans ,Female ,Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized ,Article - Published
- 2014
29. Materials Taking a Lesson from Nature
- Author
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Emmanuel Croisier, Liangfei Tian, and Holger Frauenrath
- Subjects
Nanostructure ,Amyloid beta-Peptides ,Computer science ,Nanowires ,Supramolecular chemistry ,Design elements and principles ,Nanotechnology ,02 engineering and technology ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Toolbox ,Nature ,Supramolecular self-assembly ,0104 chemical sciences ,Synthetic materials ,Biomaterials ,Chemistry ,Hierarchical structure formation ,0210 nano-technology ,Oligopeptides ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Structural biomaterials with their often extraordinary properties and versatile functions are typically constructed from very limited sets of building blocks and types of supramolecular interactions. In this review we discuss how, inspired by nature's design principles for protein-based materials, oligopeptide-modified polymers can be used as a versatile toolbox to program nanostructure and hierarchical structure formation in synthetic materials.
- Published
- 2013
30. [Imaging diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease]
- Author
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C, Mänz, M, Reimold, B, Bender, R, Bares, U, Ernemann, and M, Horger
- Subjects
Cerebral Cortex ,Diagnostic Imaging ,Amyloid beta-Peptides ,Aniline Compounds ,Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ,Brain ,Organ Size ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Oxygen ,Radiographic Image Enhancement ,Thiazoles ,Diffusion Tensor Imaging ,Alzheimer Disease ,Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 ,Regional Blood Flow ,Positron-Emission Tomography ,Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted ,Humans ,Carbon Radioisotopes ,Atrophy ,Nerve Net ,Dominance, Cerebral ,Energy Metabolism ,Magnetic Resonance Angiography ,Aged - Published
- 2012
31. [Cerebral amyloid angiopathy--an update]
- Author
-
M, Gahr, D A, Nowak, B J, Connemann, and C, Schönfeldt-Lecuona
- Subjects
Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy ,Amyloid beta-Peptides ,Cognition ,Risk Factors ,Humans ,Neuroimaging - Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) belongs to the group of amyloidoses and is characterised by the deposition and accumulation of beta-amyloid (Aβ) in small arterial vessels of the brain. Hereditary forms of CAA exist but sporadic CAA is much more frequent. Deposition of Aβ induces degenerative changes of the cerebral vascular system (thickening of the vessel wall, constriction of vascular lumen, microaneurysms, dissection) that trigger the development of the typical clinical presentation of CAA, that is spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage. Apart from haemorrhages, also cerebral ischaemia, transient neurological symptoms, leukencephalopathy as well as cognitive decline and dementia can occur in association with CAA. The definite diagnosis of CAA is only possible by means of pathological examination, even though neuroimaging and clinical findings allow the diagnosis of a probable CAA. Currently, no specific causal therapy exists. Although CAA is located in the range of neurological diseases psychiatric symptoms might occur. In the review, we discuss epidemiological, pathogenetic, clinical and diagnostic aspects and possible psychiatric implications of CAA.
- Published
- 2012
32. [If the brain is 'divided']
- Author
-
Heike, Oberpichler-Schwenk
- Subjects
Lewy Body Disease ,Amyloid beta-Peptides ,Alzheimer Disease ,Humans ,Neurodegenerative Diseases - Published
- 2011
33. [Biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease]
- Author
-
Claudia, Borchard-Tuch
- Subjects
Amyloid beta-Peptides ,Alzheimer Disease ,Disease Progression ,Humans ,Neurodegenerative Diseases ,Biomarkers ,Aged - Published
- 2011
34. [Molecular principles of tau-induced toxicity: new experimental therapy strategies for treatment of Alzheimer's disease]
- Author
-
A, Schneider, P, Falkai, and A, Papassotiropoulos
- Subjects
Aged, 80 and over ,Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 ,Neurotransmitter Agents ,Amyloid beta-Peptides ,Alzheimer Disease ,Brain ,Humans ,tau Proteins ,Immunotherapy ,Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases ,Aged - Abstract
Neurofibrillary tangles are the hallmark of Alzheimer's disease together with amyloid plaques. They are composed of hyperphosphorylated and aggregated Tau proteins. Consequently, experimental disease modifying approaches include kinase and aggregation inhibitors as well as substances which increase degradation of Tau proteins.
- Published
- 2010
35. [Does acidosis in brain play a role in Alzheimer's disease?]
- Author
-
Michael, Pirchl and Christian, Humpel
- Subjects
Inflammation ,Neurons ,Amyloid beta-Peptides ,Cell Death ,Brain ,tau Proteins ,Cerebral Arteries ,Brain Ischemia ,Cholesterol ,Alzheimer Disease ,Blood-Brain Barrier ,Risk Factors ,Humans ,Lactic Acid ,Acidosis ,Homocysteine - Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by beta-amyloid plaques, tau pathology, cell death of cholinergic neurons, inflammatory processes and cerebrovascular damage. The reasons for the development of this chronic disease are not known yet. We hypothesize that chronic long lasting mild damage of the cerebrovascular brain capillaries cause hypoperfusion, acidosis and neurodegeneration, and induces a cell death cascade with beta-amyloid dysfunction and tau-pathology and inflammation. Vascular risk factors, such as hyperhomocysteinemia or hypercholesterolemia, may play a role in this process. The accumulation of chronic silent strokes may cause cognitive defects as seen in vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease. This summary tries to link the different events, which occur in Alzheimer's disease, focusing on the cerebrovascular hypothesis.
- Published
- 2009
36. [The role of blood-brain barrier in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer dementia--implications for immunological therapies for plaque dissolution]
- Author
-
J, Pahnke, M, Krohn, and K, Scheffler
- Subjects
Neurons ,Amyloid beta-Peptides ,Alzheimer Disease ,Blood-Brain Barrier ,Humans ,ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters ,Plaque, Amyloid ,Immunotherapy - Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder affecting more than 27 million people worldwide and leading to severe social-economic problems. One characteristic hallmark of AD--the amyloid plaques--are still being discussed to be one important triggering factor. However, current animal and autopsy studies refer to soluble and highly toxic A block oligomers as the deadly agent for the neurons. Current therapies mainly rely on the abatement of symptoms without antagonizing the etiology of the disease. Potential new approaches address reduced production, increased degradation and/or evacuation of toxic A block peptides from the brain. Among others one important group of target-proteins are the ABC transporters of the blood-brain barrier which contribute importantly to the detoxification of the brain. Changes of specific transport functions evoke important alterations for the known pathogenesis and future therapies of AD, especially approaches that target plaque dissolution and plaque reduction.
- Published
- 2009
37. [Sensitivity of neurochemical dementia diagnostics in CSF compared to 99mTc-SPECT in Alzheimer's dementia]
- Author
-
M, Weih, M, Krinninger, R, Zimmermann, P, Lewczuk, J, Svitek, G, Schaller, U, Degirmenci, T, Richter-Schmidinger, J, Wiltfang, T, Kuwert, J, Kornhuber, and D, Schmidt
- Subjects
Cerebral Cortex ,Male ,Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon ,Amyloid beta-Peptides ,Genotype ,Reproducibility of Results ,Technetium ,tau Proteins ,Amyloidosis ,Neuropsychological Tests ,Apolipoproteins E ,Alzheimer Disease ,Humans ,Dementia ,Female ,Aged - Abstract
The diagnosis of Alzheimer's dementia is currently changing from a late and exclusion diagnosis towards a pathophysiology-based early and positive diagnosis. Especially advances in neuro-chemical dementia diagnostics in the cerebrospinal fluid (NDD-CSF) and imaging techniques like PET, SPECT or MRI are of particular interest. Unfortunately, many studies investigated only either one or other technique. In the present study 56 patients (average 67.1 years; average mini-mental status test (MMST) 22.2) were examined with the clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's dementia. All patients both underwent NDD-CSF as well as 99mTc-SPECT. Only the SPECT, but not the NDD-CSF correlated with disease severity. Sensitivity of NDD-CSF was 89 % and SPECT 48 % for all patients and 93 % resp. 61 % for patients with MMST24. Below MMST 20 both methods had equal sensitivity. Both diagnostic techniques showed no statistic coherence (p = 0.27), neither after correction for subgroups like disease severity or the APOE genotype. Our results are compatible with the hypothesis that the NDD-CSF reflects beta-amyloid-aggregation and Tau-Protein pathology as a pathophysiologic biomarker. Our results suggest that SPECT is rather a state parameter for the rCBF changes following cortical neurodegeneration.
- Published
- 2009
38. [Amyloidoses in neuropathology]
- Author
-
S, Prokop, W, Stenzel, H H, Goebel, and F L, Heppner
- Subjects
Amyloid ,Amyloid beta-Peptides ,Brain ,Neurodegenerative Diseases ,Amyloidosis ,Neuromuscular Diseases ,Middle Aged ,Prognosis ,Prion Diseases ,Diagnosis, Differential ,Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy ,Alzheimer Disease ,Humans ,Peripheral Nerves ,Amyloidosis, Familial ,Aged ,Cerebral Hemorrhage - Abstract
Amyloidoses play an important role in neuropathology, both in autopsies and biopsy specimens. Cerebral amyloidoses are typically characterized by the deposition of beta-amyloid and mostly affect patients60 years. The cardinal symptom of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage, whereas the clinical presentation of Alzheimer's disease is dementia. Rare familial forms of amyloidoses may affect young patients and need thorough neuropathological assessment, similar to the relatively infrequent prion diseases. Amyloidoses within neuromuscular tissues mainly occur in the setting of systemic amyloid diseases. Detailed evaluation including thorough characterisation of amyloid is essential for ensuring the neuropathological diagnosis.
- Published
- 2009
39. [Innovative treatment approaches for Alzheimer's disease. Immunotherapy]
- Author
-
R, Dodel and M, Bacher
- Subjects
Clinical Trials as Topic ,Amyloid beta-Peptides ,Alzheimer Disease ,Vaccination ,Immunization, Passive ,Humans ,Neurodegenerative Diseases ,Immunotherapy ,Peptide Fragments - Abstract
Immunotherapeutic approaches for treating Alzheimer's disease were first described in 1999. A clinical trial using an active immunization with Abeta1-42 was initiated shortly thereafter, but it was halted early because of serious safety issues (acute meningoencephalitis in 6% of the treated patients). Despite this drawback, encouraging data from preclinical and clinical data were available, prompting researchers to seek alternative approaches for safer active and passive immunization. Currently, several passive and active immunotherapeutic approaches are being tested in clinical trials. However, our understanding of the mechanisms behind immunization in neurodegenerative disorders is still incomplete. In this review we present the current status of the different approaches in relation to Alzheimer's disease as well as to other neurodegenerative disorders.
- Published
- 2009
40. [Significance of CSF levels of tau protein and beta42-amyloid for diagnosis and differential diagnosis of dementia diseases in a specialized geriatric hospital]
- Author
-
H G, Nehen, J, Honneth, J, Haseke, and H, Fahnenstich
- Subjects
Aged, 80 and over ,Male ,Amyloid beta-Peptides ,Health Services for the Aged ,Incidence ,Reproducibility of Results ,tau Proteins ,Risk Assessment ,Sensitivity and Specificity ,Peptide Fragments ,Diagnosis, Differential ,Risk Factors ,Germany ,Humans ,Dementia ,Female ,Geriatric Assessment ,Biomarkers ,Aged - Abstract
Considering the incidence of dementia, the development of procedures that allow correct differential diagnosis is gaining increasing importance. The analysis of spinal fluid from 632 patients, who were admitted with suspected dementia, diagnosed dementia or dementia of unclear etiology, showed that there was high differential diagnostic power for tau protein, but not for beta-amyloid.
- Published
- 2009
41. [MCI-plus: mild cognitive impairment with rapid progression. Part II: Biomarkers and research methods]
- Author
-
H, Förstl, K, Werheid, K, Ulm, P, Schönknecht, R, Schmidt, J, Pantel, R, Hörr, H, Gutzmann, H J, Gertz, L, Frölich, and H, Bickel
- Subjects
Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon ,Amyloid beta-Peptides ,Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ,Alzheimer Disease ,Positron-Emission Tomography ,Disease Progression ,Brain ,Humans ,tau Proteins ,Neuropsychological Tests ,Cognition Disorders ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Biomarkers - Abstract
Long-term studies will be pivotal in order to examine the efficacy of preventive and early therapeutic interventions during the preclinical phase of dementia. Biomarkers will be of importance due to the large sample sizes and the necessary logistic efforts, high drop-out rates and slow clinical progression. The validity of functional and even structural imaging methods is currently investigated with early and promising results; it is presently unclear whether conventional csf-markers of Alzheimer's disease (beta-amyloid and tau-proteins) are sufficiently sensitive to monitor the effects of early interventions. It also remains doubtful whether modifications of these methods will ever be useful and available for practical purposes.
- Published
- 2009
42. [Clinical trials go on: will vaccination against Alzheimer's come soon?]
- Author
-
Horst, Gross
- Subjects
Disease Models, Animal ,Mice ,Amyloid beta-Peptides ,Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic ,Alzheimer Vaccines ,Alzheimer Disease ,Positron-Emission Tomography ,Animals ,Brain ,Humans ,Forecasting - Published
- 2009
43. [Mechanism of action of orally-applied proteolytic enzymes: mechanistic and therapeutic aspects]
- Author
-
G, Birkenmeier
- Subjects
Antigen Presentation ,Amyloid beta-Peptides ,Fibrinolysis ,Immunity ,Administration, Oral ,Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ,Alzheimer Disease ,Neoplasms ,Cytokines ,Humans ,Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ,Protease Inhibitors ,alpha-Macroglobulins ,Blood Coagulation ,Complement Activation ,Peptide Hydrolases - Published
- 2008
44. [New perspectives in the laboratory diagnosis of dementia]
- Author
-
M. Bibl and Jens Wiltfang
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Neurology ,Plaque, Amyloid ,tau Proteins ,Disease ,Diagnosis, Differential ,Cerebrospinal fluid ,Alzheimer Disease ,Predictive Value of Tests ,mental disorders ,medicine ,Dementia ,Humans ,Medical diagnosis ,Phosphorylation ,Intensive care medicine ,Amyloid beta-Peptides ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Lumbar puncture ,business.industry ,Psychosomatic medicine ,Brain ,Neurofibrillary Tangles ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,Peptide Fragments ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Neurology (clinical) ,Neurosurgery ,business ,Biomarkers - Abstract
Over the past 10 years, the status of laboratory analysis in dementia has increasingly changed from its use for exclusion diagnoses for secondary causes of dementias to determining positive diagnoses of neurodegenerative dementias. This especially applies to the cerebrospinal fluid diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Just a few years ago, a lumbar puncture was advised only with sufficiently founded clinical suspicion and with higher priority for the exclusion of inflammatory causes of cognitive dementias. In contrast, pathologically changed biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid have already been indexed as supportive attributes of the diagnosis in the 2007 amended research criteria of AD. The lumbar puncture is therefore increasingly becoming part of the clinical routine diagnosis of demential processes and has, to some extent, far-reaching consequences. In this article, we discuss some of the important aspects.
- Published
- 2008
45. [Therapy of Alzheimer's disease: current status and future development]
- Author
-
Reinhold, Schmidt, Frauke, Neff, Christian, Lampl, Thomas, Benke, Martina, Anditsch, Christian, Bancher, Peter, Dal-Bianco, Franz, Reisecker, Josef, Marksteiner, Michael, Rainer, Peter, Kapeller, and Richard, Dodel
- Subjects
Amyloid beta-Peptides ,Alzheimer Vaccines ,Contraindications ,Brain ,Neurofibrillary Tangles ,Plaque, Amyloid ,Drugs, Investigational ,Drug Utilization ,Alzheimer Disease ,Memantine ,Animals ,Humans ,Patient Compliance ,Drug Interactions ,Cholinesterase Inhibitors ,Immunotherapy ,Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases ,Nootropic Agents - Abstract
Cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine can slow the course of Alzheimer's disease. In Austria the frequency of treatment is in the upper third among countries of the EU. Yet, the majority of Alzheimer patients does not receive adequate medication. Compliance to treatment is low. Studies on cholinesterase inhibitors show that only one third and one fifth of patients adhere to medication after 3 months and 12 months, respectively. Causes for low compliance are only partly patient-related, many factors are system-inherent. Knowledge of these factors is a pre-requisite for the treating physician to improve current unfavourable situation. Present treatment strategies are symptomatic, causal disease-modifying therapies are urgently needed. Research activity in the field is high and dominated by the amyloid hypothesis. We here review the basis and recent studies on secretase-inhibitors, immunization, aggregation of Abeta, statins and PPARgamma-agonists. Research towards strategies against tau-pathology is less dominant and focuses on inhibition of kinases and increase of activity of phosphatases. Causal therapies would have great effects on a population basis even if efficacy is only moderate. A disease-modifying therapy which delays the onset of Alzheimer disease by 5 years, will probably reduce the number of patients by nearly 50% during the next 50 years.
- Published
- 2008
46. [Alzheimer's disease. Molecular pathology, animal models, and current treatment]
- Author
-
T A, Bayer and O, Wirths
- Subjects
Neurons ,Amyloid beta-Peptides ,DNA Mutational Analysis ,Brain ,Apoptosis ,Mice, Transgenic ,Plaque, Amyloid ,Peptide Fragments ,Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor ,Disease Models, Animal ,Mice ,Alzheimer Disease ,Retrograde Degeneration ,Animals ,Humans ,Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases ,Nootropic Agents - Abstract
The currently approved but only mildly efficient drugs against Alzheimer's disease treat merely the symptoms. Genetic, neuropathological, and biochemical data support the importance of the amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease, at the moment the most influential hypothesis. Many treatment strategies have been performed based on this hypothesis and were markedly successful in preclinical animal models. Unfortunately the treatment is still unsuccessful in humans. This could be due to the animal models showing marginal behavioural deficits but no Alzheimer-like nerve cell loss, although they all developed a more or less pronounced plaque load. Today we know however that Alzheimer plaques are not mainly responsible for the cell loss. Therefore novel animal models have been developed that show age-dependent axonal degeneration, massive neuronal loss, and robust behavioural deficits. Successful treatment of an animal model with such robust deficits would be very likely better suited to transferral into the clinic. The final validation or disproof of individual Alzheimer hypotheses and their resulting treatment strategies can however be obtained only after clinical proof.
- Published
- 2008
47. [Hereditary Alzheimer's disease with amyloid angiopathy caused by amyloid precursor protein locus]
- Author
-
H, Axer, S, Hüge, C, Wilhelm, M, Axer, A, Kunze, J R, Reichenbach, M, Freesmeyer, J, Kohlhase, H, Sauer, and K-J, Bär
- Subjects
Male ,Heterozygote ,Amyloid beta-Peptides ,Alzheimer Disease ,Humans ,Middle Aged ,Peptide Fragments ,Pedigree - Abstract
We report a patient with early-onset autosomal dominant dementia. The CSF showed increased levels of tau protein and decreased amyloid beta (ratio 42:40) typical for Alzheimer's disease. Cerebral MRI revealed vascular lesions and white-matter changes around the posterior horns of the ventricles with only moderate atrophy of the brain. Susceptibility-weighted imaging detected multiple small hemorrhagic changes. Gene analysis revealed amyloid precursor protein (APP) locus duplication as the cause of hereditary Alzheimer's dementia. The co-occurrence of CSF changes typical for Alzheimer's disease and MRI findings of cerebral amyloid angiopathy is remarkable, as it is also described for APP locus duplication. In conjunction with a family history suggestive of hereditary dementia, such a constellation should lead to enhanced gene analysis.
- Published
- 2008
48. [Vaccination against Alzheimer's disease?]
- Author
-
Ilse, Zündorf and Theo, Dingermann
- Subjects
Neurons ,Amyloid beta-Peptides ,Alzheimer Vaccines ,Alzheimer Disease ,Humans ,Aged - Published
- 2007
49. [Paclitaxel for Alzheimer treatment]
- Author
-
Ulrike, Holzgrabe
- Subjects
Amyloid beta-Peptides ,Paclitaxel ,Alzheimer Disease ,Humans ,Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic ,Microtubules ,Cells, Cultured - Published
- 2005
50. [Neurochemical early and differential diagnostics for Alzheimer's disease]
- Author
-
J, Wiltfang, P, Lewczuk, M, Maler, St, Bleich, A, Smirnov, and J, Kornhuber
- Subjects
Aged, 80 and over ,Amyloid beta-Peptides ,Early Diagnosis ,Alzheimer Disease ,Humans ,tau Proteins ,Cognition Disorders ,Prognosis ,Biomarkers ,Peptide Fragments ,Aged - Abstract
Current medication procedures for Alzheimer's dementia (AD) such as inhibitors of acetyl cholinesterase or Memantine and future therapeutic approaches demand improved early diagnostics. However, the differentiation between early cognitive impairments due to primary progressive demential conditions and cognitive deficits in geriatric or depressive people is a great clinical challenge. The detection of biochemical markers such as beta-amyloid peptide and tau proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid can lead to improved diagnostics of the early stages and premonitory symptoms of AD. As a result, future preventive drug treatment strategies can be employed early and selectively.
- Published
- 2004
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