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We report on a 19-year-old patient with Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS), accompanied by a Naevus flammeus, secondary glaucoma, and glaucomatous optic atrophy of the right eye. The painful and blind eye was enucleated. Histopathological analysis revealed a circumscribed choroidal hemangioma around the optic nerve and a smaller extrascleral hemangioma. Molecular genetic testing excluded GNA11, GNAQ, or GNAS mutations. Our work illuminates the clinical, histological, and molecular genetic aspects of this rare case, contributing to the differential diagnosis of ocular conditions in patients with SWS., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature.)

Physiological wound healing of the cornea is a complex process and involves numerous multifactorial tissue processes. A proper wound healing, especially without the formation of light-scattering scars, is essential to preserve the integrity and function of the cornea. Misdirected wound healing is of vast clinical relevance as it can lead to corneal fibrosis and the loss of optical transparency with subsequent reduction of visual acuity, up to blindness. In addition to the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms, the knowledge of therapeutic concepts and options for treating corneal wound healing disorders and fibrosis is essential to counteract a permanent damage of the cornea as early as possible. Nowadays, various pharmacological and surgical options are available for treatment. The decision, appropriate selection and indication for the optimal treatment depend primarily on the genesis and clinical appearance of the corneal wound, fibrosis or scar. The treatment of wound healing disorders ranges from the use of topical therapy and supportive measures up to tissue replacement procedures. As long as the mechanical stability of the cornea is intact and wound healing processes are still ongoing, a pharmacological modulation is reasonable, which is discussed in this article., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

As one of the most state-of-the-art procedures for retinal and choroidal imaging, ultra-widefield optical coherence tomography (UWF-OCT) offers significant gains in terms of information pertaining to peripheral retinal lesions and their differential diagnoses. In particular, it enables the presence of minimal accumulations of subretinal fluid to be assessed in detail and then documented. It also enables choroidal expansion of choroidal lesions to be precisely measured. Similar to conventional OCT, its only limitations relate to patient compliance and opacities of the ocular media. While the pupil width is somewhat less important here, the quality of the images is nevertheless better with the patient under medication-induced mydriasis. Used in combination with UWF fundus photography, UWF-OCT is a helpful tool for assessing and monitoring peripheral retinal and choroidal lesions., Competing Interests: Die Autorinnen/Autoren geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

The cornea forms the anterior border of the eye and significantly contributes to a sharp optical image quality on the retina through its transparency, avascular nature and curvature. Because of its anatomical structure and as a barrier to the environment, the cornea is particularly exposed to various external factors, such as injuries and pathogens. A correct wound healing without the formation of light diverging scarring is therefore essential to preserve the integrity and function of the cornea. Misguided wound healing is of outstanding clinical relevance and can lead to corneal fibrogenesis. Corneal fibrosis results in scarring with a loss of optical transparency, which significantly reduces eyesight and can lead to blindness. Understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of wound healing and fibrogenesis is of great importance for the diagnostics, treatment and evaluation of the subsequent healing process in order to prevent permanent damage as far as possible., (© 2021. Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature.)

Background: Non-neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is not yet treatable. This article summarises current clinical research approaches. The reasons for the current lack of success are analysed., Methods: Literature and databank search., Results: The number of therapeutic approaches and mechanisms is limited. Only reduction in lipofuscin containing deposits is specific for AMD. Further approaches include modulation of inflammation and neuroprotection. Confirmatory studies have failed to demonstrate efficacy in AMD, i.e. slowing or stopping AMD progression., Discussion: To increase the probability of success for future developments, the pharmacological target space needs to be broadened. This may be achieved by application of molecular network analyses. As visual acuity is commonly not primarily affected by non-neovascular AMD, research on patient perspective is required to define reasonable target profiles for future therapies., Competing Interests: Oliver Zeitz: Beratungstätigkeit für Bayer, Mitarbeiter der Bayer AG bis 30.09.2016, Beratungstätigkeit für Omeicos Therapeutics, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Refententätigkeit für Bayer und Novartis. Ira Seibel: Referententätigkeit für Bayer, Novartis, Pharm-Allergan. Antonia M. Joussen: Beratungstätigkeit für Bayer AG, Novartis, Allergan, Omeicos., (Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)

Investigation of vascular diseases of the peripheral retina requires imaging procedures that allow a comprehensive view of the periphery, as well as reproducible pictures. In particular, ultra-wide field fluorescence angiography facilitates diagnosis, therapeutic decisions and follow-up examinations. While vasculopathies such as Coats disease and familiar exudative vitreoretinopathy are diagnosed within the first and second decade of life, patients' compliance during fundus imaging is typically reduced within this age range. Compared to the repeated imaging procedures for composite formation, ultra-wide field imaging has significantly reduced recording time. Nevertheless, current imaging systems are not able to map the entire retina in scaled proportions. Therefore, the imaging frame must be guided by patients' gaze onto the affected retinal area. Moreover, the medical photographer must be aware of the clinical setting and the region of interest. Hence, previous detailed funduscopy by trained ophthalmologists will remain indispensable., Competing Interests: Die Autoren geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht., (Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)

Imaging of intraocular tumors is multimodal, multi-purpose, and in continuous development. Therefore, imaging is indispensable for the detection, diagnosis, therapy and monitoring of intraocular tumours. A broad spectrum of imaging procedures is available for diagnostic testing and follow-up. This includes colour image acquisition, infrared imaging, autofluorescence imaging, fluorescence and indocyanine green angiography, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and sonography (US). In this article, the various investigations and their benefits are described using individual examples for the differential diagnosis of choroidal melanoma and retinal vascular tumours located in the fundus periphery., Competing Interests: Ira Seibel: Dozententätigkeit für Allergan, Bayer AG und Novartis. Antonia Joussen: Beratungstätigkeit für Bayer AG und Novartis. Oliver Zeitz: Beratungstätigkeit für Bayer AG, Mitarbeiter der Bayer AG bis 30.09.2016, finanzielle Förderung der Forschung Novartis., (Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)

Background: Cases of endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis were analysed regarding predisposing factors, timing of diagnosis, sources of infection, causative organisms, and visual outcome. The value of an immediate vitrectomy compared to exclusively injected intravitreal antibiotics was evaluated reviewing the literature., Methods: Records of 22 consecutive cases of the last 9 years with endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis were reviewed. The identified source of infection was treated with systemic antibiotics. All affected eyes were treated with intraocular injection of antibiotics, whenever possible combined with vitrectomy., Results: 90% of the patients had severe predisposing diseases, primarily diabetes mellitus combined with renal insufficiency and urinary tract infection (70%). Diagnoses were made 3.5 days after beginning of symptoms. An average of 75% of the patients had gram-positive and 25% gram-negative bacteria as causative organisms. Most common gram-positive bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis. In 73% of all eyes vitrectomy was used as primary treatment. In 57% of the cases the visual outcome was light perception or better (excluding primary enucleations and deceased patients). 7% of the eyes had no light perception, 36% underwent secondary enucleation. Especially in cases of early diagnoses (less than or equal to 2 days) therapy was successful (60% of the patients); in contrast to delayed diagnoses (33%). The literature review suggests that immediate vitrectomy is superior to exclusive intravitreal injection of antibiotics concerning bulb conservation and remaining function., Conclusions: Immediate diagnosis and therapy are crucial for a positive outcome in this ophthalmological emergency. Immediate pars plana vitrectomy with intraocular antibiotic instillation seems to improve the prognosis of the affected eyes.