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The treatise "Glass and faience in the territory of Poland in the 2nd–1st millennium BC: production technology, origin and incoming directions" examines finds of glass and faience objects in Poland from the 2nd to 1st millennium BC. The finds provide evidence of trade along long-distance trade routes in the region. Faience beads were already produced in Central Europe during the early Bronze Age. Glass objects from Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Alps reached Poland from the Bronze Age II onwards. During the Hallstatt C period, glassy faience from Italy or the Alps was most widespread. Trade in glass-like products was dominated by the Alpine region. The study provides archaeometric evidence for the import of materials from Egypt, the Near East, and other parts of Europe. A total of 245 samples of glass-like materials were analyzed, including faience, glassy faience, and true glass. The analysis methods included the EPMA method and the LA-ICP-MS method. Different types of alkali flux were used to identify different technological groups. The dominant colors were blue and turquoise, while green, aquamarine, yellow, and white were less common. The article describes various finds of glass beads at different archaeological sites in Poland. The beads come from different time periods, including the Hallstatt C - La Tène B period (approx. 800/750 - 260/250 BC). The beads are made of true glass and have different colors and degrees of transparency. The finds demonstrate the use of glass and faience in the Polish region from the 2nd to 1st millennium BC. The present study examines glass and faience beads from archaeological sites in Poland from the 2nd to 1st millennium BC. Various types of glass and faience with different colors and degrees of transparency were found. Higher concentrations of alkali compounds were found in the faience beads, while mixed alkali sources were used in the glass beads. The exact origin of the alkali compounds used for faience production is difficult to determine, but it is believed that both mineral soda and plant ash were used. The study highlights the diversity of glass and faience production in Poland during this time period. The present analysis examines the composition of glass and faience materials from the 2nd to 1st millennium BC in Poland. It is found that various sources of flux were used, including soda-rich plant ash and mineral soda. Silicon dioxide was obtained either from quartz sand or ground quartz stones. Copper compounds were used as colorants, especially in the Bronze Age. Cobalt compounds were also used as colorants, mainly in faience, glazed faience, and true glass. The results show that copper compounds were mainly used in the Bronze Age, and cobalt compounds were mainly used in the HaC-LTC period. The present study examines glass and faience materials from the 2nd to 1st millennium BC in Poland. Data on the ingredients of various types of glass are presented, including Bronze Age, Hallstatt, and La Tène glass. The materials were colored with various compounds such as cobalt, tin, and lead to produce different colors such as blue, violet, turquoise, and green. It is found that different methods were used to opacify glass and faience, and iron compounds were used to create glass in various shades of green. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Nachrichten aus der Chemie is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on the CottonX patented technology by Argaman Technologies Ltd. which turns cotton fibers into active smart fibers by infusing them with various copper compounds without losing the natural attributes of cotton, and mentions sound wave energy is used to blast copper compounds into the fibers.