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The Republic of Moldova’s energy sector faces significant challenges, including reliance on imported energy, outdated infrastructure, and increased demand for sustainable solutions. Digitalization offers a transformative pathway to enhance resilience, optimize resource use, and improve energy efficiency. This article explores the benefits and challenges of digitalizing Moldova’s energy sector, focusing on smart grid implementation, data-driven decision-making, and the integration of renewable energy. By adopting digital solutions, Moldova can build a more robust, sustainable energy system that aligns with European energy standards and addresses the country’s unique challenges.

This study investigates the influence of product, service and process innovation on a company's competitive advantage. The study was conducted at small and medium-sized enterprises level from the Western Region of Romania. This research is structured in 5 parts: 1) an introduction illustrating the general context of the business environment in the Western Region of Romania and the opportunity to conduct this type of research; 2) a literature review illustrating the state of knowledge and other similar research conducted on this topic; 3) description of the methodological process of conducting empirical research by using the questionnaire as a method of collecting data from the regional business environment; 4) analysis and discussion based on empirical research following the aspects identified by applying the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) method; 5) conclusions. This study comes to complement a series of previous studies both at national and international level, which aimed to research the impact of innovation on the competitiveness of SMEs. The results of the current research have highlighted the importance of process innovations, respectively product or service innovations, on obtaining sustainable competitive advantage by small and medium-sized enterprises in the Western Region of Romania, more precisely in Timiș, Arad, Hunedoara and Caraș-Severin counties. Moreover, the results of this study can be used both by general managers of companies, by entrepreneurs and last but not least by public policy makers with a direct

Research and development (R&D) efforts have a great impact on the performance of companies. However, the costs and time frame are difficult to anticipate. Evaluation of research and development (R&D) activity assumes many aspects related to the size of efforts and the quantification of their effects on entrepreneurial activity, which can be achieved by aggregating several economic indicators. The effectiveness of R&D can be regarded from various perspectives: the extent to which it supports the increase in company performance, the time frame in which such performance appears, and from the standpoint of the degree to which research activities uphold performance at its maximum efficiency point. This empirical research aims to conduct a comparative study at the Romanian level on the impact of research activity carried out within three reputable research environments: the private (business) environment, the government (public) environment, and the university environment. The study aims to differentiate between the results of these environments. This quantitative research has been carried out based on data processed by regression analysis extracted from three different sources and covers the time interval 2005-2022. The findings show that the research results referring to the private environment are visible in the current year, whereas the effects exhibit volatility in the following years. University environment research can be regarded as the most effective as it yields a subsequent constant increase of the effects on the entrepreneurial environment over the following three years subjected to analysis, while the measured intensity of its impact is clearly superior to that of the other research environments: private and governmental.

A variety of studies are being developed to investigate sustainable business models. This research is part of a wider one and aims at the theoretical deepening of the existing paradigms in the literature. The realization of the bibliometric analysis in the field of sustainable business models was mainly influenced by the extent of this type of business models. The data in this study were collected through the use of bibliometric tools, identifying and then analyzing the most influential and cited publications from the Scopus and Google Scholar Metrics platforms for the same time periods. The keyword phrase was searched in the databases as a first step that initiates the continuation of this analysis. This action helps to obtain valuable data for the purpose of this study. The inspiration of the topic is guided by two objectives formulated in the form of research questions: In empirical studies how is the sustainability of a business evaluated? What are the dimensions that lead to the sustainability of business models, the focus on which can reveal previously unexplored directions? We emphasize that from the total of 20 studies selected for the bibliometric analysis, 14 of them are original articles and 6 are review analyses. Some criteria or exponents of research units serve to conclude the findings and conclusions of the bibliometric analysis. The construction of a comprehensive visual analysis represented in the following figures and graphs corresponds precisely to the results achieved by this research. Then, in this framework we integrate the framework findings-results for the search for sustainable business models. The findings of this study indicate that the trend of the production of academic studies in the field of sustainability of business models is relatively positive. We aim to identify the state of research and the possibility of completing it with a current documentary or empirical analysis useful for the two countries, Romania and Albania. On sustainable business models, in the future we propose to do a case study on the evolution of the production activity system from eco-design and the effective implementation of eco-innovative practices in these two countries, in order to capitalize on the results obtained from the bibliometric analysis.

Development issues have always been considered among the most important challenges in most countries of the world, and especially for poor and developing countries. Tourism being one of the major social and economic phenomena of modern times, it is not surprising that, in theory or practice, tourism is considered as an effective tool for development. Given that development can have different meanings and priorities, depending on the historical, social economic, community or personal context, understanding the role of tourism in the world's economies must also be seen in a broader development perspective, from theory to practice, revealing both its positive effects and negative implications. However, analysis of the literature and practice in the field shows a timid, unconvincing and often uncommitted integration of tourism into development plans at local, regional and national levels. This could postpone or even ignore the essentials of balanced and sustainable economic and social development, aggravating inequalities, perpetuating underdevelopment and negative effects on the environment and the quality of human life, on the natural and cultural-historical values of humanity. In this paper we aim to analyse how tourism can and should be integrated into regional development plans, starting from theoretical considerations on the meaning and significance of economic growth in the literature, the theories and models of growth, and the development objectives in different countries of the world, depending on their level of development or specificities. We have also addressed a regional and local perspective of growth, bringing into discussion tourism as an engine of economic growth and the importance of its integration into regional development plans. We completed our analysis with the main challenges and difficulties of integrating tourism into development models and plans, highlighting relevant solutions and experiences.

Rivalry, competition itself, is essentially ancient to humanity, but the concept's rise to prominence dates back to the 19th century, a natural feature of capitalist economies, in the underlying marketplace, all essential activities take the form of competition. The concept of competitiveness, however, only entered the public consciousness in the 1980s, in connection with the activities of the Sectoral Competitiveness Committee set up by Ronald Reagan. In 1979, he published his academic paper "How Competitive Forces Shape Strategy", in which he identified the five forces that influence industry competition, providing a framework for conducting industry analysis and business strategy development. In the years that followed, an increasing number of academic works on the conceptual definition and empirical analysis of competitiveness were published. Among the competitiveness approaches, there are comprehensive analyses that look at the main elements and aspects of competitiveness in a general sense. In addition to comprehensive approaches, academic works identifying different levels of competitiveness predominate, with national and regional competitiveness being the most frequently highlighted on a territorial basis, and industry and firm competitiveness being the most frequently highlighted in relation to economic factors. There is no consensus on the relationship between the different levels.

The pressure on conventional resources, along with the consequences of global warming, have imposed a reaction by International Economic and Environmental Organizations regarding their more careful management. Our study analyzes the current state of the vehicle park in Romania from the point of view of the degree of aging of the vehicles distributed in the development regions of Romania, analyzing the situation of almost 10,000 trucks with a mass of more than 7.5 tons. The novelty of this research is not given from the analysis of the types of vehicles that can be purchased, which is a controversial and long-debated issue in the specialized literature. The model we developed shows that in most cases the earnings from salaries and wages, and the inflation rate have a positive influence on the decision to purchase a new freight vehicle, as against the length of modernized roads and the GDP. We believe that increased attention should also be given to increasing the degree of digitization in transport companies, an activity that can highlight a series of negative consequences of old vehicles.

In our research, we analyzed the shopping habits that have developed due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The reason for this is that, as a result of the pandemic, consumers were forced to adapt to the new conditions, which caused a significant increase in online grocery shopping. In our research, we tried to examine the impact of Covid on the online food market. Consumer behavior is a complex pattern of behavior that is made up of many elements, from individual needs to environmental factors and available information. Within this, the purchase decision process plays a prominent role, which we analyzed in our research using a five-step model. The model spans from recognition to post-purchase evaluation and is key to understanding consumer satisfaction. In the early stages of the epidemic, panic buying occurred, which is why we considered it important to examine the topic. We examine the evolution of the number of online food orders, the popularity of online food shopping, and the issue of sustainability and environmental awareness in the field of online shopping. In order to review the topic, we conducted a questionnaire survey, as we found that the Covid-19 epidemic brought about fundamental changes in consumer behavior and online food shopping. In our research, we performed a detailed analysis based on the answers of the respondents. The obtained results can highlight the importance of sustainability and trust in digital transactions, as well as the evolution of modern consumer behavior and shopping preferences.

This paper explores the relationship between governance quality and European Structural and Investment Funds (ESI Funds) efficiency at the European Union (EU) level. This research proposes a new approach by classifying Member States into distinct groups based on governance indicators and ESI Funds absorption. The study uses a comprehensive dataset for 27 EU Member States from 2007 to 2022. This time frame covers the last two multiannual financial frameworks (MFFs): 2007-2013 and 2014-2020. The main results reveal a clear connection between the quality of governance and the degree of ESI Funds absorption for each period. Countries with high regulatory standards, the rule of law, and government efficiency demonstrate remarkable results in absorbing ESI Funds. These findings highlight the essential role of aligning national regulations with those of the EU. On the other hand, low levels of these governance indicators generate deficiencies in managing these financial resources. The comparative analysis of the two MFFs reveals notable progress in streamlining European funds' regulations and absorption process. The reduction in the number of clusters from six in 2007-2013 to four in 2014-2020 signifies a more streamlined and efficient distribution and absorption of ESI Funds. Countries with robust governance systems, such as Denmark, Finland, and Sweden, demonstrate tangible advantages in managing these funds. On the other hand, countries with weaker governance, including Romania and Bulgaria, demonstrate a low absorption rate. Intermediate clusters with a moderate level of all indicators – such as Italy and Spain – oscillate between the groups in which they are located, which reveals both periods of progress and stagnation. The insights gained from this research underline the importance of fostering governance reforms tailored to the specific needs of Member States to ensure fair and balanced utilisation of European financial resources. This study provides valuable information for policymakers, highlighting the need to adapt monitoring mechanisms to identify the individual challenges and opportunities of each Member State. The analysis promotes equitable development in the European Community by strengthening administrative capacities and reducing inequalities.

The geostrategic and macroeconomic landscaped is quickly changing and, lately at a faster pace. The European Union is faced with many challenges and has to find appropriate instruments to address them. Cohesion policy was a staple of EU instruments addressing regional disparities by supporting competitiveness, human capital and territorial cohesion and quality of life. The fields of intervention of the cohesion policy have increased over time and have diversified in a multitude of objectives and programs diluting its resources. But new circumstances require new approaches. NextGenerationEU RRF has risen to be an adapted instrument to a multitude of crises with a performance mechanism that sees reforms performed at the same time with investments. In this article we analyse the concepts, macroeconomic neoclassical theory and empiric results a show that there is still an important role for the Cohesion policy especially in increasing the efficiency factors in the neoclassical production functions which would ensure and advancement in the growth of the EU economy while also allowing for cohesion “the glue that keeps Europe together”.

The present research aims to analyze the impact of the allocation of structural and investment funds on regional development in the new member states of Central and Eastern Europe and to identify pragmatic ways to improve absorption, useful in the future financial exercises. The aim of the research is to discover ways to improve the quality of life and increase the absorption of European funds in Central and Eastern Europe by: identifying the ways in which the countries of Central and Eastern Europe know how to benefit from and manage the structural funds, funds in which they participate by co-financing projects financed from the respective funds, identifying the main shortcomings of the systems, proposing viable solutions to improve the absorption model of the funds.

This paper explores the connection between corruption and usurpation aspirations. The article demonstrates that corruption continues to permeate all levels of the political and socio-economic system. The study reveals strong evidence that apart from the traditional factor of corruption – it is also a driver for fraud. In short, our analysis draws attention to the fact that the phenomena of corruption and fraud in society are placed at the center of public opinion, daily either through the press, radio or television, from the Parliament's rostrum and other sources, various facts of a criminal nature regarding fraud and corruption in Romanian society in which representatives of state authorities, political parties and officials of various ranks are involved. It is obvious that the appearance and development of these phenomena has destabilized Romania over time. It is also very true that in the analysis and evaluation of these phenomena, sometimes rhetorical notions are used, inaccurate or exaggerated statements are made. However, there are important differences between the phenomena of fraud and corruption in the legal sense and their perception by public opinion.

Financial markets are the backbone of the economy for many countries worldwide due to their importance in achieving balance within the overall financial system. They do this through various roles and tasks, such as hedging operations and managing different investments in financial instruments like stocks and bonds. This makes the management policies of financial markets significantly impact the financial environment specifically, and the global economy in general. The primary objective of this study is to clarify the role played by various government policies and procedures in improving the performance of financial markets and enhancing their contribution to the local economies of emerging countries, with a focus on the case of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Equally important is the study’s aim to draw attention to ways to improve the performance of financial markets and provide an initial study on this topic, which is relatively new for Arab countries, where previous local studies remain scarce. On another level, diagnosing the governmental policies adopted in managing financial markets and revealing their various advantages and the challenges they face is highly beneficial for developing future strategies to advance these markets and enhance their competitiveness. To achieve this objective, an exploratory study was conducted based on various secondary sources, data, and reports issued by the Saudi Tadawul market. The study concluded that the different government measures adopted by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia as part of its vision during the period 2010-2030 had a positive impact on the Saudi financial market, which has notably improved despite the economic conditions and geopolitical crises the world is currently witnessing.

In the last decades, past financial crises have proved that financial markets worldwide are interconnected, however the subject was scarcely analysed from the viewpoint of financial stock markets. Therefore, the paper aims to analyse interconnectedness between emerging stock markets. The methodology employed is the “Wavelet Local Multiple Correlation” as it allowed to introduce the dominance feature and to capture the time-varying shifts in correlations, as well as the nonuniform frequencies over time. The study involves five emerging markets worldwide for a long-time span from 2005 to 2024. The results report considerable variations within the correlation pattern, at different frequencies over time. Therefore, the findings display considerable evidence of interconnectedness and temporal dependence among the emerging stock markets.

Recently, ethics has become increasingly central in higher education, with more and more researchers and educators focusing on its integration into curricula and academic practice. The renewed attention to ethical aspects in accounting is evident, with notable references to past scandals such as Enron, WorldCom, and Tyco, highlighting the risks of unethical behaviour. Client pressure to present a positive financial image can sometimes lead to breaches of ethical standards, underscoring the need for ongoing education and awareness in this field. The present quantitative investigation is grounded in empirical analysis and scrutinizes the perspectives of both master's and bachelor's students in accounting regarding business ethics and the aims of ethics education in accounting. To assess students' viewpoints concerning the significance of business ethics and education in accounting ethics, we use Likert scale and employ an exploratory factor analysis on data collected through a questionnaire-based survey (a replication of the one conducted by Adkins and Radtke, 2004) distributed among both bachelor's and master's accounting students at one of the universities in Romania, namely The Faculty of Economics from University of Oradea (FSE). Our results, based on statistical analyses, indicate that master's and bachelor's students exhibit consistent views on the importance of ethics courses in accounting, regardless of their completed accounting courses.

The economic growth and development of any country is determined by the future of the economic entities in each sector, and this future is an important objective, with a decision-making process that will be influenced by various factors. But what are the factors influencing bread consumption, what are the factors influencing costs and decisions in this sector? The objectives of this paper are to answer some general and specific questions in this field: What are the factors influencing costs? How can costs influence the production decision and the consumption decision? Can the concept of circular economy influence costs? Do macro-economic issues influence costs and decisions? The paper is an empirical, quantitative research, based on the analysis of cost information, analysis of cost changes and the impact of factors that we consider to be determinants: the cost of purchasing raw materials under the influence of inflation, circular economy principles and other pedoclimatic or geopolitical factors, the cost of labour under the influence of legal regulations, the cost of energy under the influence of inflation, the energy crisis, geopolitical factors. In order to have a concrete perspective, we started from a case study of an entity that has an activity authorized under CAEN code 1071 Manufacture of bread; manufacture of cakes and fresh pastry goods. The analysis of cost information and the calculation of short-term decision indicators according to the CVP model started from the concrete situation in March 2023 to analysing the situation in March 2024 while taking into account the inflation confirmed by BNR and the legislative changes and trying a prospective analysis for March 2025.

In the present paper we are discussing about legal migration inside U.E and the rights it confers. All the states members are facing migration, which is a complex of challenges, including demographic, political and economics -one of the most important, the decrease in the labour market. Every country needs to attract skills and knowledge from abroad. Innovation and transition to a green and sustainable economy is a priority for all. We also approach the peculiarities and the characteristics of European digitalisation in social security coordination in all institutions in E.U., including Romania. In 2023, more than are 17 million of Europeans citizens are working or living abroad. European Union provides information for all the workers: equal treatment, E.U. legislation, rules for each one, rights in each country and also for family members. The countries implement the European interoperability for social security institutions, to make easier the electronic exchange between the institution from all Europe. Using this type of communication, mandatory for all members countries, gradually will be removed the documents on paper support by electronic one. This is part of green economy. EESSI (Electronic exchange of social security information) is use in different branch of social security such as unemployment, old age pension, accidents at work or sickness benefits, family benefits, or maternity and paternity benefits. Labor migration is a very important aspect of European Politics. Thus, the growing flow of foreign workers, who must benefit from all the rights conferred by European citizenship, accelerate the process of using these programs, to facilitate access to all this in shortest possible time and no additional costs.

The EU is an undeniable economic and civil-normative power. Military force is a key element of “hard power.” Stability is a prerequisite for development, and a strong army is a guarantor of stability. This analysis will explore the advantages and challenges of establishing a common European army, focusing on available resources (cultural-historical, economic, and military). Success requires financial resources. We will emphasize the need for an opportunity to create a common army. There will be no lack of infrastructure, innovation, and defense technologies, along with the presentation of potential economic benefits. While external threats can speed up the process, a lack of consensus and slow progress in the CFSP hamper its realization.

The globalization of our lives has made business collaborations possible all over the world. The appearance of the new technologies has made the work easier in all domains of our lives. Digitalisation and virtualisation have both brought along a reality where individuals and societies, on the whole, have to face a lot of communication challenges. Therefore, students must be prepared accordingly. The pandemic has somehow altered the landscape of our lives, forcing us to accept technology as the most reliable source for us to continue functioning in our domains. All kinds of reforms, including an educational one, have been taking place all over the world, as the desire to operate successfully in world markets, is increasing day by day. The technological development, the emergence of various forms of artificial intelligence has led to the challenge of integrating different kinds of digital realities into the teaching process. Thus, it is essential for the teachers to create opportunities for new learning experiences that are relevant, meaningful and engaging to students. Many teachers, researchers and scholars know that a substantial part of mastering a foreign language is the vocabulary. The available research shows that the development of vocabulary can be easily achieved by using digital tools, since it is a known fact that today’s students belong to Generation Z, generation known as being digitally literate, having grown up with a lot of digital tools at hand. The present paper is based on our research, undergone through semi-structured interview, in the qualitative phase, as an instrument for data collection. The sample of the study consists of 25 students at the Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Oradea, first and second year of study. The authors want to research how today’s technology influences the development of communication skills in Business English students. It approaches the topic by offering an image on the existing literature and research on the possible uses of Artificial Intelligence in Business English classes and its longterm effects in developing communication skills.

In the field of education, and especially in the field of foreign language teaching, AI seems to be the realm of all possibilities. In the absence of a welldefined framework, control is easily lost. The teachers are hesitant, because they still don't know, most of the time, where to start and where to end the AI in their activity. Students jump on the immediate benefits of smart devices because they don't know what they can or what they have to do to avoid turning themselves into AI terminals. In the context of the redefinition or annihilation of roles in education, the teacher has a new responsibility, in addition to those he has traditionally: he has to become an influential person giving warnings and preventing students from abandoning themselves to AI, relinquishing control over their learning and development. This desire can be achieved by the responsible introduction of AI in the educational process, through contrastive comparison, which allows an almost cinematic viewing. We will present in the article a typical situation for learning a foreign language in the university environment: a non-homogeneous class in terms of language level, motivation, or degree of attendance of the courses by the students. The activity proposed by the teacher is created from an action-type perspective and targets individual general skills, linguistic communication skills, language activities, fields, tasks, strategies, and texts. The teacher will introduce free chatbots (ChatGPT or similar) in a controlled way in the didactic course proposed for economics students learning business French. Creatively introducing AI into this course, before the students themselves do, powerfully establishes (a). the incalculable benefits of the use of AI by students, in terms of speed, number of variants generated, productions with a high level of language, the generation of suggestive images through free and high-performance applications, the creation or self-creation of evaluation exercises; (b). the double valence - positive and negative - of some aspects: respect and nuance of the workload, originality in the context of a large number of users, error correction, management in solving the assignments, emotional involvement; (c). the disadvantages about the inability to perform some work tasks, the deviations from the defined work task, the hallucinations produced, and the limitations in the context of a common collaborative activity platform. AI is a democratic tool, but, paradoxically, it is not for everyone.

Transforming tourism destinations using technology that makes the travel process efficient and pleasant for different generational groups is crucial. Any attempt to achieve this goal should start with an analysis of the feedback tourists provide about their digital experience at a destination. This study was carried out to gain an understanding of the perceptions of Romanian tourists of the strengths and weaknesses of smart tourism destinations as the first part of any SWOT analysis designed to collect critical factors about the current situation aiming to improve it to remain on a highly competitive market. The empirical data was obtained from 628 tourists belonging to Baby Boomers, Generation X, Generation Y, and Generation Z. The results showed, after a MAXQDA Analytics Pro analysis, that for all four generations considered, the number of respondents who identified strengths is higher than those who mentioned weaknesses. The study also found more similarities than differences across generations in tourists' perceptions of smart technology. Beyond Wi-Fi, destination marketers should focus on internet signal quality and mobile apps for improved travel experiences. However, generational gaps emerged: older generations valued ease of use, while younger ones prioritized access to information apps. Gen Y identified virtual experiences as a weakness, while Gen Z highlighted problematic applications By leveraging these tourism destination strengths, marketers can optimize their digital strategies, ensuring relevance and resonance across diverse demographic segments. Moreover, such insights empower tourism destinations to innovate more effectively, meeting the evolving needs and expectations of each generation in an increasingly digital landscape.

This paper presents research results from a larger project, focusing on the study of the links between employees' perceptions of their social identification and the social responsibility management models implemented by their organizations. In this article, we will present the subject of comparative analysis from the perspective of the company and its employees, in relation to the social responsibility management model implemented by the company. The study area for this research is represented by a company in the field of gold mining in the province of Quebec, Canada. Thus, using an exploratory qualitative research method based on the case study, we were able to observe firstly that the integrative model that we designed represents a relevant tool for the analysis of CSR. What's more, the research results showed similarities between the vision of company managers and its employees on CSR, but also divergences, which leads us to conclude that additional efforts should be made by organizations in order to improve their management of social responsibility and make sure it is well known by its employees.

This paper will provide information on the impact of AI in daily life and work-related activities.Today, AI functionalities could nowadays transform businesses, playing a critical role in enhancing and improving decisions. From virtual assistants to automation tools, AI covers a great amount of information, which could impact the core. In this paper, the productivity and sense of failure of AI will be paper. The productivity of AI, such as, varies by tasks and industry. AI could excel in repetitive and high-precision tasks. On the other hand, humans outperform AI in tasks requiring creativity and emotional intelligence. This qualitative study will show the perception of integrating AI into workflows and asking questions about value added. To evaluate the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on business operations, an online survey was conducted to examine perceptions of AI's efficiency, adaptability, and fault tolerance.The analysis revealed generational differences in acceptance and trust towards AI. Younger respondents, particularly those under 25, were found to have greater tolerance for AI errors and a greater willingness to integrate AI into workflows. This is likely to reflect their familiarity with technology. In contrast, older respondents exhibited lower levels of trust and acceptance, particularly in contexts requiring precision, such as financial transactions. The results suggest that while AI is perceived as highly effective in repetitive and data-intensive tasks, its limitations in adaptability and emotional intelligence remain a concern. The findings emohasize the need for reskilling initiatives to facilitate workforce transitions and the development of ethical guidelines to address trust and reliability issues.

In this era of globalization, an organization must thrive and survive in the global economy. Every employer of the organization or manager of public institutions must promote and practice the recruitment and selection process in a way as close to perfection as possible. The success of the organization or a public institution itself depends on qualified employees and is directly related to the performance of the organization. A proper recruitment and selection process is the lifeblood, like capital, of any public organization or institution. The eminence of human resources depends on the effectiveness of real recruitment and selection procedures. The purpose of recruitment and selection is to bring to the surface qualified candidates for the organization. The main goal of all employers is to select qualified candidates from the alternative group of qualified candidates for a particular job. All activities of the recruitment and selection process are carried out by the human resources department of an organization. These processes vary from one organization to another. Traditional sources are employee recommendations, transfers, promotions, presentations, and advertisements. However, the recruitment process differs from organization to organization. In the modern economy, the recruitment process is changing drastically with the advent of social networks. The second stage of the workforce planning process is selection. It is the process of choosing the most suitable candidate who corresponds to the knowledge, skills, abilities and requirements of the job. In the case study, we make critical assessments on how to select the person suitable for the given position and for the development of the organization or public institution. In Romania it is necessary to develop new methods using technology through artificial intelligence

The rapid advancement of robotic technologies and artificial intelligence (AI) has sparked widespread interest and debate regarding their integration into various aspects of daily life. As robots become increasingly capable of performing tasks traditionally carried out by humans, understanding public perception of these technologies becomes crucial. The objective of this paper is to explore the generational differences in attitudes toward robots. While younger generations may be more open to the integration of robots into daily life, addressing the concerns of older generations will be crucial for widespread acceptance. This analysis highlights the importance of considering generational perspectives when developing and implementing robotic technologies in various sectors.

The pace of technological development, marked by its inexorable character, drives scientific research to continuously assess its economic impact. Research on the present and future effects materializes in an increasing volume of publications, the technological evolution bringing to the fore significant aspects of change, with increasingly evident accents of convergence towards the importance of researching the impact of technological evolution, especially artificial intelligence, on the labor market. Automation anxiety is the initial condition present in the labor market; the direction of technological development, and especially its direction, can influence the final impact. The widespread application of artificial intelligence, owing to its general applicability combined with the rapid advancement of specific technologies, sets the stage for significant economic and social transformation. Ongoing analysis of developmental stages and their potential impacts is essential to propose appropriate directing or regulatory measures. The purpose of this article is to capture the intensity and major concerns of the existing research on this topic at the global and national levels and to provide an overview and a recommendation for the selection of the literature for those who intend to research the relationship between technological development and the labor market. This article aims to identify the types of approach, the relevant topics, and the convergences towards possible clusters, along with the measurement of specific quantitative indicators: the number of publications per year, by authors, institutions, and countries. A bibliometric study was used as the research method. By analyzing the scientific literature based on quantitative indicators, this research captures the structure and dynamics of scientific research in this field. Measuring the impact and influence of scientific papers, identifying research trends, collaborative networks, and mapping clusters provide an overview of the evolution of the research field.

With last-mile logistics being the most important component of delivery, the rapid growth of electronic commerce has also led to a surge in logistical complexity. Because users prefer to have their purchases delivered to their homes, this is one of the biggest challenges facing e-commerce. Many times, deliveries cannot happen because the recipients are not at the agreed delivery point. This causes the quality of service to decrease and distribution costs to increase. Based on this information, the present paper studies the role which Automated Parcel Lockers (APLs) have in addressing flaws in the urban last-mile delivery system. It is clear that e-commerce is on an ascending path, continuously developing, while traditional methods of delivery often encounter challenges such as high costs, increased impact on the environment, or customer dissatisfaction. APLs are part of a promising solution offering advantages such as improved delivery efficiency and customer satisfaction while reducing carbon emissions. The research methodology included a review of the literature on the subject, examination of industry reports and various case studies. The results provided an ambivalent perspective of both advantages and challenges which this system of delivery provides. Among the benefits, operational cost savings and reduced environmental impact are worth mentioning, while the challenges bring forward matter such as high installation costs or accessibility concerns. The findings also suggest that APLs require, for a successful integration in logistic operations, overcoming barriers of a technical and financial nature. The paper concludes with a broad perspective on the future development of APLs and necessary research directions. The importance of investigating further technological integration of these means, while adapting to both urban and rural conditions is also emphasized.

This study synthesize the critical role of crisis management in educational settings, focusing on the challenges faced by school leaders during unprecedented crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic and violent conflicts. Through a systematic review of recent literature (2020-2023) and synthesis of empirical findings, this research explores key concepts in crisis management, identifies major challenges, and discusses effective strategies for school principals to navigate these turbulent times. The study employs a theoretical framework based on organizational resilience and adaptive leadership to analyze the complexities of educational crisis management. Findings highlight the importance of adaptability, emotional support, technological integration, and professional development in maintaining educational continuity and fostering resilience within school communities. Implications for educational policy, leadership training, and future research directions are discussed.

The issue of management succession is becoming increasingly important in modern organisations, particularly in the context of globalisation, rapidly changing markets and the challenges of the labour market. Succession is not only about filling management positions, but also about ensuring the long-term survival and success of the organisation. Succession planning and implementation needs to take into account a number of factors, such as identifying current and future leadership skills, developing potential successors, and maintaining organisational culture and strategic objectives. The process of successful leadership succession involves selecting the right candidates who not only have the necessary technical and management skills, but are also capable of addressing the future challenges of the organisation. To do this, organisations need to proactively identify and develop talent by providing long-term mentoring programmes and training for future leaders. A key element of succession planning is the retention and transfer of organisational knowledge, based on collaboration between experienced leaders and newly appointed leaders. Such processes allow the organisation to run smoothly during leadership transitions, minimising potential disruption and preserving continuity of organisational culture. In addition, succession planning can also serve as a strategic tool for the organisation, providing an opportunity to rethink and optimise organisational structure and processes. This can ensure not only the smooth filling of management positions, but also the long-term growth and competitiveness of the organisation. Succession is therefore not a simple task, but a complex, multidimensional process that requires careful planning and implementation to sustain organisational success. In my future research, I would like to examine the succession of managers in Hungarian organisations working with older people. I am interested in the extent to which this is a problem for the organisation and whether the candidates will be drawn from the former members or whether an outsider will fill the post. I am also concerned about the reasons for the difficulty of succession.

The economic significance of artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly increasing, influencing industries, employment, and consumer behaviour all around the globe. As AI applications become increasingly apparent and tangible in our daily lives, understanding consumer attitudes toward AI has become essential for businesses and policymakers aiming to drive adoption and trust in such technologies. This paper firstly explores the economic relevance of AI by highlighting its impact on various fields and its role in driving economic growth. A critical aspect of harnessing the full economic potential of AI lies in the accurate measurement of consumer attitudes, as public perception influences the adoption of technology, hence its final market success. Accurate insights into public attitudes are also key to shaping policies that ensure ethical AI integration, fostering a balanced approach between innovation and societal concerns. Beyond adoption, understanding attitudes helps identify potential barriers which could hinder the widespread acceptance of AI systems. This paper then proceeds to providing a critical overview of the different scales developed for assessing consumer attitudes towards AI. These scales have been established in varied contexts, from evaluating general perceptions to measuring attitudes toward specific AI applications. The review underscores the importance of ensuring adaptability and context-specific relevance when selecting or designing these tools. Comparisons between scales reveal distinct advantages and disadvantages in relation to reliability, robustness, contextual limitations or scope. Finally, this paper aims to provide perspectives for selecting the right AI attitude scale, emphasizing different methodological considerations. These insights aim to guide researchers and practitioners in effectively measuring consumer attitudes, contributing to more informed decisions in AI based innovative processes.

This paper aims to highlight the role of marketing and its influences on society's standard of living. Starting from the phrase "the role of marketing is to ensure a higher standard of living", it has been analyzed how marketing has an impact on society by: knowing the needs of customers and potential customers, ensuring a balance in the economic system, creating new jobs and facilitating the process of specialization and international trade. The role of marketing has therefore been analyzed from different perspectives, with concrete examples of real life being provided. The purpose established in order to carry out the qualitative research was identifying the attitudes of marketing specialists regarding the impact of marketing activity on the standard of living. At the same time, this paper contains the results of our conducted reaserch carried out by applying an interview to marketing specialists with the help of an interview guide.

This paper was carried out with the aim of determining the preferences of consumers in the municipality of Oradea, with regard to cosmetic products, marketed by both multinational companies and local ones in Romania. Also, as a result of the study carried out on a simple, non-stratified representative sample, data were obtained regarding the purchase locations, the factors that influence their purchase decisions, the frequency of purchase and use of cosmetic products, as well as the brands and types of products preferred by to them. In order to carry out this study, a questionnaire with closed dichotomous, multichotomies and mixed questions was created, which was applied to a representative sample of 250 subjects, residents of the municipality of Oradea.

This paper explores the relationship between social media content characteristics and consumer engagement. Utilising a systematic literature review, we analysed 89 relevant studies, highlighting key findings on how various content types, formats and other characteristics affect user engagement. Our findings reveal that while high-quality visual content generally enhances engagement, emotional appeal and interactivity are essential for fostering connections with consumers. However, we identified several gaps in the literature, which future research should address to clarify how social media content should be designed and delivered in order to maximise consumer engagement.

The financial technologies are changing the approach to service delivery in the banking sector. These technologies reduce costs, increase speed, security, and transparency, and enable safer financial services. They also pave the way for financial inclusion by expanding and generalizing financial services, making them accessible to a larger segment of society, particularly those who do not use the traditional financial and banking system. This study aimed to clarify the extent of financial technology's contribution to achieving digital financial inclusion in Algeria through electronic payment methods during the period from 2016 to the first quarter of 2024. To address and analyze the problem, researchers adopted a descriptive-analytical approach to cover various aspects of the topic and to tackle the issue by dividing this study into three main sections: Concepts of financial technology; Concepts of digital financial inclusion; Strategies for enhancing digital financial inclusion in Algeria through financial technologies in the field of electronic payments. The results of the study showed that there is an effective contribution of financial technology indicators in the field of retail electronic payments in Algeria in enhancing levels of digital financial inclusion, reflected in the improvement of: online payment activities, the number of active bank ATMs, payment activity and the number of operating electronic payment terminals (EPT), mobile phone payment transactions, mobile money transfers, and the number of circulating cards, including the "Gold" card and interbank cards (CIB). Along with this, current challenges for further developing digital financial inclusion include: the slow pace of adopting modern technologies in the field of electronic payments; a lack of trust in new payment methods among some users; the absence of insurance for banks in the event of fraud through electronic payments.

The concept of open banking emerged less than 10 years ago, but today, millions of people in Europe use open banking products. In particular, in the UK, more than half of consumers have used them at least once. In Azerbaijan, the Central Bank took the first step towards implementing open banking in 2018, creating an instant payment system. In October 2021, the Central Bank of the Republic of Azerbaijan presented the Open Banking Roadmap for 2021-2025. This study reflects the current situation of introducing the open banking model in Azerbaijan. The primary research objective is to provide an overview of the open banking landscape in Azerbaijan, enhance information accessibility, and position it as a subject for comparative analysis with open banking practices adopted in various global regions. The author used qualitative methodology, including content analysis and comparison methods, to assess the readiness of the current financial sector for the open banking approach, its features, the development of third-party providers (TPPs), and the interest in the open banking approach. The official website of the Central Bank of the Republic of Azerbaijan and the results of previous independent research are the sources of data on open banking in Azerbaijan that were used for the analysis. The analysis revealed a limited development of TPPs offering open banking services and deficiencies related to the structural aspects of explicit consent in Azerbaijan. Although the implementation of open banking in Azerbaijan is somewhat later than in other countries, the steps taken by the government indicate a prospect for the rapid development of the open banking model. An important step in this direction was the adoption of the Law "On Payment Services and Payment Systems" covering open banking, the acquisition of licenses by TPPs within the framework of the regulatory approach, support of open banking services, and API support. Azerbaijan's current open banking development follows the regulatory-based European model and the Berlin Group standard for API security. It is considered more secure than other market-based and hybrid approaches in ensuring customer safety in open banking. For the faster development of the open banking model in Azerbaijan, features such as ease of use, speed of transactions, security, elimination of forced dependence on multiple banking applications using TPPs, and the ability to control personal financial data features should be presented to the society with social networks, and other by means.

Companies are increasingly resorting to tax avoidance, a strategy aimed at reducing the tax burden within the law, to accumulate more capital. Understanding the drivers of tax avoidance is crucial for both regulatory bodies and businesses, particularly in a climate of heightened scrutiny of corporate behaviour. This study examines the intricate relationships between profitability, solvency, good corporate governance (GCG), and tax avoidance. The study focuses on firms in the energy sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) between 2021 and 2023. The research adopts a quantitative design, which allows for examining causal relationships between variables. The study examines how tax avoidance is impacted by profitability and solvency as independent factors, with sound corporate governance serving as a moderating variable. The information used for analysis came from secondary sources, specifically the audited annual financial statements of the selected energy sector companies, which were accessed from the IDX website. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with a Partial Least Squares (PLS) approach was employed for data analysis. he findings indicate that profitability has a significant negative impact on tax avoidance, while solvency exhibits a positive but insignificant effect. Furthermore, good corporate governance does not mitigate the association between tax avoidance and profitability or solvency. This research provides valuable insights for financial management within the energy sector, emphasizing the need for a deeper comprehension of the relationship between tax avoidance and profitability and solvency, alongside the necessity for good corporate governance practices to enhance transparency, and suggests that tax regulations should be adjusted to account for the effects of profitability on tax avoidance behaviour. The results suggest that, despite the limited influence of governance mechanisms in moderating tax avoidance, companies should still strive to enhance governance practices and transparency. By integrating strong tax compliance measures and a commitment to ethical conduct, companies can reduce their exposure to the reputational and legal risks associated with tax avoidance, even if governance does not directly moderate their tax behaviours.

In martial law conditions, the needs are different, and accordingly, budget policy priorities regarding the direction of budget funds change dramatically. The issues of defending the country, forming funds to support internally displaced persons, and providing humanitarian aid become paramount. Therefore, the need to find additional sources of budget funding and objectively review budget indicators, both in terms of income and expenditure, becomes more acute. This article aims to analyze the features of the mobilization and use of funds from the state budget of Ukraine in conditions of war, particularly in 2024. Budget legislation changes that regulate the distribution and redistribution of financial resources under martial law conditions were disclosed. Budget indicators of the consolidated budget for recent years were analyzed, as well as indicators of state and local budgets by income and expenditure in the general structure of the consolidated budget. The analysis results indicate an increase in the share of the state budget in the general structure of Ukraine's consolidated budget. The implementation of the state budget was complicated by its significant deficit, as well as the need to service the state debt. The growth of the state debt has taken on significant proportions and almost led to a default in August 2024. According to the study results, the main burden of the country's defence needs falls on the state budget since half of the expenditures aim to ensure the country's defence capability. In addition, expenditures on public order, security and the judiciary, as well as social security for the population are also quite large. A significant amount of state budget expenditures is directed at payments on state derivatives and servicing the state debt. In such conditions, the rational distribution of budget expenditures remains relevant, with a special emphasis on the efficiency of their use to strengthen the armed forces' capabilities, restore critical infrastructure facilities destroyed by the war, and provide social support to the population.

Breakeven analysis for multiple products can help managers understand how each product or service contributes to a company's overall profitability and performance. It can help identify the most and least profitable products or services and how to optimize the company's sales mix and pricing strategy. This paper presents a step-by-step process of an integrated multiple product analysis for the derivation of multiple product breakeven point coupled with the process of allocation of limiting factor in multiple product cases. Accordingly, the author used a hypothetical case of the Integrated Juicy Products PTY to demonstrate an integrated process of conducting multiple product breakeven analysis, derivation of multiple breakeven point and separate breakeven point of each product among the multiple products. Additionally, the research presents insight into the procedural allocation of a limiting factor of production to optimize product mix and profit contribution. In this study, the procedural analysis demonstrates the optimum usage of the limiting factor and the attendant optimum production in the multiple mix of products, culminating in the optimum contribution margin. To buttress the optimization implication of limiting factor allocation, it concludes by presenting a comparison of total contribution using equal allocation of limiting factor to accentuate the fact that in times of limiting factor, the optimum contribution is attainable with optimal allocation of limiting factor of production through the prioritizing of the products with higher contribution per unit of limiting factor. The paper offers insights for practical application in multiple product companies and case teaching and research in business schools.

Selling costs are vital in shaping a company's profitability position and competitiveness in the market environment, resulting in investor perceptions and also stock price performance. Previous studies indicate that sales costs significantly affect profitability, while profitability mediates stock price performance. High general and administrative (G&A) expenses also may have a significant influence on a company's stock price performance, as controlling them can be a serious problem for any business. This paper moves slightly away from the traditional analysis of selling and administrative expenditure and profitability by evaluating the effect of selling and administrative expenses on corporate share price. Researchers applied a quantitative technique with case data on Woolworths Holdings Ltd (2004 to 2024). Data were collected from the archives of Woolworths Holdings Ltd (for S&D expenses) and Investing.com archives (for stock market price). The results of a simple regression analysis indicate that selling and administrative expenses have a significant and positive effect on the movement of Woolworth's stock price at a p-value of 0.001 over the twenty-one years of data examined in this paper. Hence, the paper offers new insight into the important role of selling and administrative investment beyond the current year of operation and the bottom line. The paper provides practical implications for businesses, including the need for managers to invest efficiently in strategic areas such as current-year adverts and promotions, as these may have multiple years of economic benefits for the company. Theoretically, the result also indicates that the current year's expense values may not be limited to the bottom line and that these expenses may cautiously be included in the variables for economic value-added analysis given their ripple benefit effect unto subsequent years' economic values.

Thanks to its tools, the VAT budget reimbursement mechanism contributes to the implementation of fiscal consolidation in public finances; however, it still needs to be studied as an object of scientific research. The purpose of the article is to reveal the essence of fiscal consolidation in the VAT budget reimbursement mechanism and to substantiate its relationship, as a tax and budgetary instrument, with the fiscal consolidation of public finances, as well as to propose measures to balance the fiscal interests of value added taxpayers and the State Budget of Ukraine. The concept of public finances about the state budget as their main link was revealed. In this link, VAT is the most significant source in volume among tax revenues and participates in distribution and redistribution relations, due to which there is a reverse flow of funds in the form of budget tax reimbursement. It was substantiated that the budget VAT refund combines tax and budget instruments of fiscal consolidation due to the peculiarities of the value-added tax collection mechanism. The article proposes the author's concept of fiscal consolidation in the budget VAT refund mechanism. The authors clarified the definition of budget VAT refund in terms of confirming the legality of its implementation based on the results of tax audits, and not just one as provided for by the current norm of the Tax Code of Ukraine. Tax audits on the legality of budget VAT refunds are proposed to be carried out for taxpayers with a high degree of risk throughout the logistics chain of goods supplies. The main measures in the field of public finances to strengthen fiscal consolidation include increasing fiscal transparency, reducing fiscal risks, strengthening control over tax liabilities and tax credit, maintaining the arrears of budget VAT refund to the state debt at the level of 0.3 p. p. under martial law and its reduction to zero in the post-war period. The study results indicate that the balance of fiscal interests will prevent arrears in VAT budget reimbursement, reduce its impact on the state's debt obligations, and generally contribute to achieving the broad goal of fiscal consolidation in public finances.

When developing a general audit strategy, the auditor determines the materiality of the financial statements as a whole. In addition, the auditor must determine the materiality of the results of the activity to assess the risks of material misstatement and determine the nature, timing and scope of further audit procedures. The article aims to summarize the basic principles of establishing the materiality level in the audit of financial statements and determine its impact on the auditor's professional judgment application. The use of the concept of materiality is an integral part of the general methodology that determines the procedure for conducting an audit of financial statements. The article reveals approaches to assessing the materiality level in an audit based on an analysis of the provisions of international auditing standards. It was revealed that the complexity of determining materiality lies in that each user has their own interests, which determine what material is to them in the financial information received. The article presents an algorithm for determining materiality in an audit based on applying the auditor's professional judgment. Considerable attention in the study was paid to the features of the regulatory regulation of the mechanism for calculating materiality at the level of financial reporting as a whole and for performing audit procedures. At the same time, there are no unified rules and methods for determining the materiality level today. Instead, in audit practice, the working materiality level is set as a percentage of materiality for financial reporting as a whole according to the auditor's professional judgment, depending on the assessment of the risks of material misstatement: low – 75-80%; medium – 60-70%; high – 40-65%. The article presents typical financial reporting misstatements and the reasons for their occurrence. The study's results will allow auditors to better understand the impact of material errors on the reliability of financial reporting and audit results, as well as the relationship between audit risk and the materiality indicator for performing audit procedures.

To make informed decisions, users of financial information need to achieve a certain level of trust in its indicators. The main means of ensuring such trust is verifying information through accounting, audit, and business analysis procedures. The article aims to analyze a system of methods that will increase financial data's accuracy, objectivity, reliability and transparency, which is the basis for making management decisions. Awareness of economic changes has become the basis for recognizing financial information as a constantly changing object. In the context of growing requirements for its reliability and sufficiency for making management decisions in conditions of uncertainty, financial information formed in the accounting system becomes an important object of audit and business analysis. The article identifies the main types of financial information studied in its users' interests, such as historical, forecast and hypothetical financial information. In addition, the work presents the substantive characteristics of financial information for making effective management decisions on economic activities. The results of the study indicate that effective management decisions of users of financial information are possible due to proper assessment of the procedures for creating appropriate media by responsible persons according to criteria related to compliance with the requirements for systematization of objects characterized by financial information, as well as compliance with the procedures for timeliness and completeness of providing access to it. The information needs of users of financial information are formed and simultaneously affect the type of consumer behaviour (random, basic, target, evaluative, functional), the timely identification and consideration of which are essential when planning and conducting an audit of financial information.

Users of reporting, which is formed based on accounting data, can change the content and nature of their own decisions depending on the parameters of the information they receive. In other words, users' decisions depend on the values of specific indicators or their set. At the same time, such values are formed mainly based on the requirements imposed on reporting forms in regulatory and other documents that constitute the applied conceptual basis. During the audit, the auditor must remember that there is always a probability that the information disclosed in the reporting forms may contain material misstatements, which may lead to the auditor expressing an inadequate opinion on the quality of reporting. As a result, users of such reporting data may make ineffective decisions. The article aims to identify the risk of material misstatement of financial reporting information regarding the settlements of enterprises with the budget. The article presents a model of the risk of material misstatement of information regarding settlements within the budget. The model covers the localization of the risk, the causes of its occurrence, the substantive parameters of its elements, and possible consequences. The emphasis is on certain aspects of recognizing the risks of material misstatement, which are defined in the Handbook of International Quality Management, Auditing, Review, Other Assurance, and Related Services Pronouncements. The results of the study indicate that the statements of management personnel regarding data that can be used to identify the object of taxation, its measurement, the calculation of tax liabilities, as well as the state's debt and other settlements of the enterprise with the budget, characterize a wide range of signs of the existence of risks of material misstatement. The use of the proposed model will contribute to the optimization of the measures taken by the auditor to express a professional opinion on the reliability of the verified data. Thus, the results of this study are the basis for improving the methodical support of the audit as one of the mechanisms for increasing the level of public and state trust in the enterprise's reporting data.

The post-conflict reconstruction of Ukraine presents an opportunity to align recovery processes with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The article aims to analyze the integration of due diligence principles in line with the UNSDGs into Ukraine's post-conflict reconstruction, focusing on how such principles can contribute to sustainable long-term recovery while effectively addressing the country's urgent challenges. The article proposes a due diligence framework in line with the UNSDGs as a methodology for managing the recovery process. The main focus is on integrating the SDG principles into key areas such as governance, social stabilization, economic recovery, and environmental sustainability, considering the specific challenges that arise in the post-conflict period. The main components of the proposed methodology are stakeholder engagement, risk assessment, policy integration, and impact measurement. Tools such as the Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment methodology, social equity analysis, and environmental impact assessment support these aspects. The approach also includes transparent governance, promoting sustainable economic development through green and digital technologies, and implementing practices to ensure equal opportunities and benefits for all social groups. Particular attention is paid to innovative financing mechanisms and effective monitoring systems, which are key to attracting resources and monitoring the achievement of post-conflict reconstruction goals. The author identified key challenges related to integrating the SDG principles, including limited resources, lack of data, and difficulties in coordination and proposed strategies to overcome these obstacles. Integrating sustainable development principles into every aspect of the reconstruction process will restore infrastructure and strengthen society's resilience. The study presents a structured roadmap to align post-conflict reconstruction efforts with the SDGs, ensuring long-term development, environmental responsibility, and social cohesion.

Financial statement fraud in Islamic banks is unethical because, in this way, banks mislead their shareholders and other users of financial statements. Applying Sharia rules in Islamic institutions is an effort to prevent fraud in financial statements. Three conditions generally arise when fraud occurs: management under pressure, lack of control, and a group of people involved in rationalizing fraud. This study will analyze the relationship between the fraud triangle and Sharia compliance disclosure in minimizing and detecting financial statement fraud in Indonesian Islamic banks. This study aims to determine how these variables influence financial statement fraud, using the F-score as a measurement. This quantitative research utilizes secondary data from the official websites of Islamic banks. The population and sample for this study comprise Islamic banks in Indonesia from 2018 to 2023. The research uses a logistic regression method to analyze the data. The study results showed that financial stability (proxied by bank asset changes) and Islamic income ratio do not impact financial statement fraud. Instead, the presence of an independent board of commissioners who supervise objectively and effectively can influence company management in minimizing the risk of fraud in financial statement presentations. Additionally, changing auditors increases the likelihood of detecting potential fraud in financial statements. Sharia compliance disclosure also significantly increases the reliability of financial reporting data and indicates a high level of corporate responsibility for the Islamic bank to shareholders and society. The management of Islamic banks can use the results of this study to understand the determinants of financial statement fraud better.

Today, digitalization has covered all areas of the social system. The introduction of innovative technologies and ERP systems in the accounting field helps significantly increase the efficiency of financial management. At the same time, certain industries, such as public schools in Romania, still do not take full advantage of accounting automation. This article examines the adoption of accounting automation through ERP solutions in university educational institutions in Romania and explores the advantages and obstacles that come with this shift. In this study, a thorough analysis of the data collected through the survey was carried out. A questionnaire with questions was sent to 100 educational colleges in Romania. The questionnaire contained questions aimed at gathering information about the level of automation, the types of technology used, the difficulties faced and the benefits. Institutions of various sizes with various funding sources – from regular to high schools – were chosen for the study. Implementing automated accounting systems in institutions in Romania has shown noticeable benefits, enhancing efficiency and transparency while ensuring accuracy in operations. However, limited financial resources and inadequate digital expertise challenge the adoption of ERP technologies and other sophisticated solutions. The study results show that digitalization levels differ significantly across education levels, with high and secondary schools being the most digitized, while pre-kindergarten and primary schools lag in adoption. Key obstacles include constraints and a shortage of expertise, particularly impacting high school and secondary educational establishments. The research provides recommendations to enhance the digitalization process in Romania's pre-university educational institutions.

The growing gap between the information needs of stakeholders and the data contained in traditional financial reports led to the emergence of integrated reporting. Given the globalization of business and the increasing importance of non-financial indicators, such as environmental, social and management aspects, it has become evident that financial reporting cannot fully reflect all important aspects of enterprise value formation. This led to the need for a more comprehensive approach to reporting, which would provide a holistic picture of financial and non-financial indicators, reflecting the impact of the enterprise on various types of capital and their contribution to sustainable development. The article aims to reveal the essence of the integrated reporting, as well as structuring and summarizing existing approaches to its interpretation. The author used methods of analysis and synthesis, comparison, theoretical generalization, abstract logic, and monographic analysis to achieve the goal. Various approaches to disclosing the content of the integrated reporting, which are most common among domestic and foreign scientists, are systematized and summarized. The analysis of these approaches allows for a comprehensive understanding of integrated reporting, covering various aspects of its implementation and effectiveness, considering current trends. A comparative analysis of integrated and financial reporting proves that integrated reporting provides a more comprehensive and multifaceted view of the company's activities than traditional financial reporting. It reflects financial results and includes non-financial aspects such as environmental and social impacts, allowing stakeholders to gain a more complete picture of the company’s long-term sustainability, risks and opportunities. The author’s vision of the economic content of the integrated reporting presented in the article is based on understanding this category as a structured communication process that forms information about financial and non-financial indicators in a report format.

In the conditions of a high level of development of information systems based on technologies of distributed data processing, the use of artificial intelligence, Big Data and intelligent data analysis, the process of creating management reporting is a complex analytical toolkit that allows accountants to create reports with the necessary indicators in various formats, according with different time parameters and different level of detail based on the generalization and analysis of data from multiple internal and external sources. The article aims to improve the theoretical and methodological aspects of the formation of management reporting on the innovative capital of the enterprise. The author formulated and substantiated the procedure for the formation of management reporting on the innovative capital of the enterprise, which consists of three main directions: 1) Improvement of the system of the enterprise's management accounting objects; 2) Application of management accounting methods to the innovative capital of the enterprise; 3) Improvement of management reporting on the enterprise's innovative capital. Approaches to understanding management reporting in modern conditions of the development of information and computer technologies are highlighted and analyzed. The study results show that management reporting on innovation capital broadly is a set of specialized internal reports and other forms of presentation, visualization, and transfer of internal information (information panels, dashboards of individual indicators) about innovative activity to persons who make management decisions. It was found that the specifics of the innovative activity of enterprises and the use of various approaches to the organization of its management systems (models and methods of decision-making by innovative management) make it impossible to develop a single standardized form of management reporting on innovative capital. The article describes the mechanisms for setting up and using the enterprise's management reports from the basic set available in the BAS ERP information system ("Management balance sheet", "Revenues and expenses", "Financial results", standard reports) to disclose relevant information about the enterprise's innovative activities for the needs and requests of innovative management. A General Report on the "Innovative Balanced Scorecard" and a dashboard for the "Return on Investment in Innovation (ROII)" indicator in the BSC Designer software product have been developed for business entities.

Fiscal policy is an essential tool that affects the economic stability and sustainable development of the state because it determines the conditions of economic activity through the regulation of the tax burden and the distribution of budget funds. The article's purpose is to develop and approve an integral tax index, which will allow a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of fiscal policy in the context of its contribution to the country's sustainable development. The author used the index analysis method to reduce various indicators to a unified format, facilitating their comparison and evaluation. The study is based on a comprehensive analysis of economic, social and environmental indicators, including GDP, tax revenues, environmental taxes and social contributions. Data were collected and analyzed for 2017-2024, which allowed to identify trends and correlations between various aspects of the economy that affect fiscal policy and its sustainability. The proposed methodology includes collecting statistical data, their analysis, forming an integral index and verifying its effectiveness through regression analysis modelling. The results of the study show that Ukraine's fiscal policy, despite the complex economic challenges, can support sustainable development goals but needs corrections to increase its effectiveness. The main challenges remain increasing social responsibility, environmental safety and ensuring economic growth in conditions of global instability. The identified shortcomings require improvement of the tax system and a balanced approach to regulating tax reforms to support sustainable development. The article provides recommendations on the optimization of fiscal policy, which will contribute to increasing its adaptability to economic challenges and ensuring socio-economic stability in the long term. This study proves that the integrated tax index is an effective tool for monitoring and adjusting fiscal policy to support Ukraine's sustainable development.

A value creation process, usually presented in the form of a complex flowchart and placed at the beginning of a report, describes the material and financial inputs and outputs of the commercial process, as well as the corporate philosophy, core values, strengths, key issues, management policies or business strategies. This article is devoted to analyzing the content and structure of global car brands' value chains and value creation processes. The purpose of the research is to find out what is the vision of the own processes of value creation by car manufacturers, identify indicators that are used to assess capital inflows and outflows, and single out the features of value chains specific to the automobile industry. The information base of the research is the annual or integrated reports of five global car brands – Mazda, Nissan, Suzuki, Saab, and Isuzu. The authors used scientific methods of generalization, grouping, comparison, and induction to process the collected data. Based on the analysis of the value creation process schemes presented in the annual/integrated reports, the structure and composition of the value creation processes are outlined in tabular form for each car manufacturer. It was found that the approaches to revealing the structure of value-creation processes in the researched reporting are similar in most respects. The study results show that all value chains contain the primary stage, where resources are attracted for further production; the middle link, where production is actually carried out; and the final link, which is directed to the delivery of products to the final consumer. The article defines the structural elements of capital inputs, upward activity, operations, downward activity and capital outputs as stages of the value-creation process of car manufacturers.