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We report the case of a 84-year-old woman suffering from strong pain in her right leg initially resembling thrombosis of deep veins. Eight hours after admission a superficial blister developed at the calf with following hemorrhagic aspect and spontanous eruption of clear yellowish fluid. Later on a new blister appeared at the thigh. The patient died 33 hours after admission of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. The latter was based on a necrotizing fasciitis. Streptoccus pyogenes (group A) could be cultivated from the blood and fluid of the blister. We discuss the clinical presentation of necrotizing fasciitis with "pain out of proportion" as characteristic complaint and the appropriate management.

Thromboangiitis obliterans is a vascular disease characterized by a segmental, non-atherosclerotic inflammation of the small and medium-sized arteries and veins. The vascular changes are mainly found on the distal extremities. Involvement of visceral organs is rare. Affected patients are mostly young male smokers, who develop ulcers and gangrene of the toes and fingers as a result of the vascular ischaemia. Diagnosis is made using characteristic clinical criteria as well as pathological findings in arteriography and histopathology. Although the exact underlying causes of Buerger's disease are still unknown, the disease is strongly associated with tobacco smoking. Although most investigators speculate about an autoimmune mechanism, no causative antigens have yet been discovered. The only definite form of therapy is the discontinuation of tobacco use. On the basis of smoking cessation, further therapies (e.g. administration of prostacyclin analoga) are possible. The mortality rate for patients with Buerger's disease is not higher than that for the rest of the adult population, but patients often require minor and major limb amputation due to ulcerations.

Ergotamine-containing drugs are widely used in the treatment of acute migraine attacks. Among others, spastic vasoconstrictions are one of the possible side effects usually affecting the lower extremities and sometimes leading to gangrene. The case of a 75 year old woman is presented who was suffering from migraine-attacks since adolescence. Due to longterm use of ergotamine containing suppositories she developed perianal ulcers. After withdrawal of the drug the ulcers healed up entirely. The spectrum of ergotamine-induced side-effects and possible intervention strategies are discussed.

A 23 year old female patient developed postoperative progressive gangrene twice after surgical treatment when she was nine and twenty-three years old.