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The concept of sex/gender as a binary set lies at the heart of The Garden of Eden, along with Hemingway’s life-long fascination with the possibilities of shift in gender and with sex. The question of male identity and the crisis in masculinity seems to have been evolved into the broader question of gender identity and gender crisis. The significance of the theme of androgyny in The Garden of Eden lies in the fact that it accentuated the issue of sex, gender and sexuality not in one single novel to which it belonged; rather, the structure of the book echoes through and affects our general understanding of Hemingway’s entire oeuvre. In this novel, the traditional masculine voice lying latent in Hemingway’s psyche surfaces and functions in favor of the masculine authority. This has been part of the unresolved dilemma within Hemingway for long. He had stored it within him and has expressed it on various other occasions. The present paper undertakes to resolve the long-debated tension regarding Hemingway’s gender dilemma in The Garden of Eden.

Verf.: Nazli Khorsand Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Wien, Univ. für Bodenkultur, Dipl.-Arb., 2014

Benzodiazepine stellen eine der vielen Augmentierungsstrategien dar, die in der Behandlung schizophrener Psychosen untersucht worden sind. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es in einer Metaanalyse die Wirksamkeit und Verträglichkeit von Benzodiazepinen in dieser Indikation mittels eines systematischen Cochrane Reviews zu untersuchen. Die folgenden Vergleiche wurden angestellt: 1. Benzodiazepine als Monotherapie versus Placebo 2. Benzodiazepine als Monotherapie versus Antipsychotika als Monotherapie 3. Augmentierung von Antipsychotika mit Benzodiazepinen versus Monotherapie mit Antipsychotika. Insgesamt 34 randomisierte Studien mit 2454 Teilnehmern erfüllten die Einschlußkriterien. Noch am ehesten fand sich der bekannte Sedierungseffekt von Benzodiazepinen. Ein augmentativer Effekt auf die Behandlung der Positivsymptome der Schizophrenie ließ sich nicht zeigen. Die ungenügende Darstellung der Ergebnisse in den Originalarbeiten begrenzte allerdings die Aussagekraft. Benzodiazepines as adjunct to antipsychotics or as sole treatment for schizophrenia have been studied over the last 40 years, but no clear conclusion regarding their efficacy has been reached. Benzodiazepines are used in the treatment of schizophrenia based on a variety of considerations.The review currently includes 34 studies with a total number of 2454 participants. The following comparisons were done: 1.bendzodiazepines as a sole agent versus placebo 2.benzodiazepines in comparison to antipsychotics as a sole treatment 3.the augmentation of antipsychotics with benzodiazepines versus antipsychotics as a sole treatment. This review does not show any significant benefit of benzodiazepines alone or as adjunct to antipsychotics for schizophrenia. As the total number of participants included in this analysis was small and data assessment of almost all outcomes was very inconsistent and incomplete the interpretation of results in this review was limited to a high degree. An adjuvant effect on the treatment of the positive symptoms of the schizophrenia cannot be shown. However, the insufficient representation of the results in the original studies limited the explanatory power.

Percutaneous transmyocardial laser revascularization (PTMR) was used for treating patients with therapy refractory angina pectoris who are not amenable for angioplasty or bypass surgery ("no-option patients"). The aim of this study was to evaluate the short- and long-term results of PTMR-interventions performed at the University of Vienna between February 1999 and May 2000.Twenty-four "no-option" patients underwent PTMR. The chronically ischemic myocardial areas were determined by perfusion scintigraphy; after coronary angiography and contrast ventriculography 10 patients were treated with the Biosense laser using 3D-NOGA-mapping guidance and 14 patients with the Eclipse laser using biplane fluoroscopic guidance. After an average follow-up period (FUP) of 7.7 +/- 4.2 months, all patients underwent perfusion scintigraphy, coronary angiography and contrast ventriculography. Global and regional left ventricular (LV) function were calculated by the area-length method.The ischemic myocardial areas of the patients were treated with an average of 16 laser points. In one patient, an intramural hematoma caused by the Biosense laser catheter was observed, in another patient the ventricular wall was perforated by the Eclipse laser (both events were resolved conservatively); during the in-hospital stay 2 patients suffered from severe angina pectoris and in one patient a pacemaker was implanted. During the 7-month-FUP one patient had a myocardial infarction; in one patient a stent implantation, in another one coronary bypass surgery had to be performed (in not-lasered areas), 2 patients died. Thus, the composite MACE rate was 33.3%. Angina class improved significantly during the FUP, but a trend to deterioration of global ejection fraction was observed. The rest and late rest myocardial perfusion remained unchanged.While the angina class of the patients improved significantly, no significant change of myocardial perfusion but a trend to deterioration of LV function after the FUP were observed.