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As increased agricultural insecticide uses and trends in insecticide resistance, increased labor cost to apply insecticide and limited its application to fertility season in green house. There is a need of a safe, labor-saving and confined space application concept to manage control tiny-scale insect pest such as thrips and whitefly. Fumigation with ethyl formate (EF), which is considered as effective to various insect pest and safely use in quarantine treatment, was evaluated in the confined space (glass house) and semi-confined space (vinyl house). The new application technology for application of liquid EF could be the one of the key options for control of tiny flying insects in greenhouses that would save labor and operation costs. It could be connected to smartfarm technologies in the near future.

Nephrolithiasis is a common disease with a high recurrence rate. It is associated with a significant morbidity for an individual patient, but also an immense socioeconomic burden. A better understanding and recognition of underlying risk factors and prevention strategies are therefore of great importance. The evaluation for metaphylaxsis consists of a thorough patient history, metabolic examination of blood and urine, imaging of the kidney and urinary tract, and whenever possible a stone analysis. On the basis of the results, preventative measures can be performed. Therapeutic goals in stone prevention are to reduce the urine saturation of stone forming salts, to increase the urine concentration of stone formation inhibitors, and if necessary, the modification of urine pH. A dietary modification is the cornerstone of a successful metaphylaxis [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]