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Il contributo affronta gli aspetti giuridici dell'opera "De magia", difesa giudiziaria pronunciata in prima persona dall'accusato, il retore-filosofo Apuleio, nel II sec. d.C.: Apuleio era accusato di avere irretito la propria moglie, la ricca vedova Pudentilla, con l'uso di arti magiche e sortilegi.

Nel contributo si analizzano le relazioni fra gli imperatores romani impegnati in Germania e la popolazione degli Ubii, risedente sul sito dove successivamente sarebbe sorta la città di Colonia. Vengono affrontati i profili giuridici della 'deditio in fidem' e del progressivo insediamento degli Ubii a sinistra del Reno, nella zona dove successivamente l'imperatore Claudio avrebbe dato vita alla 'deductio' di una colonia civium romanorum, su suggestione della moglie Agrippina, che proprio in quelle zone aveva avuto i natali.

Ob Narkosen bei Patienten mit schlafassoziierten Atemstörungen häufiger zu Komplikationen führen, wurde unter verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten mit sehr unterschiedlichen Ergebnissen untersucht. Ein Konsens oder eine allgemeingültige Empfehlung bezüglich einer postoperativen Überwachung existiert nicht. Material und Methode. Retrospektiv wurden die Daten von 138 Erwachsenen und 21 Kindern mit schlafassoziierten Atemstörungen, die in den Jahren 2003 und 2004 im Marienhospital Gelsenkirchen eine Narkose erhielten, ausgewertet. Ergebnisse. Bei den Erwachsenen traten in 10 Fällen signifikante arterielle Sauerstoffsättigungsabfälle auf. In 7 Fällen waren kardiovaskuläre Komplikationen dokumentiert – einschließlich zweier Reanimationen. Bei den Kindern trat lediglich ein einzelner arterieller Sauerstoffsättigungsabfall auf, der ohne Maßnahmen sistierte. Schlussfolgerung. Bei Erwachsenen mit schlafassoziierten Atemstörungen sollte die Indikation zur intensiven Überwachung nach Narkosen großzügig gestellt werden. Kinder ohne Risikofaktoren sollten mindesten mit einem Herz-Atem-Monitor mit zusätzlicher pulsoxymetrischer Sauerstoffsättigungsüberwachung auf einer normalen Station überwacht werden. Kinder mit Risikofaktoren (< 2 vollendetes Lebensjahr, Syndrome, kraniofaziale Fehlbildungen, neurometabolische Erkrankungen, komplexe Herzfehler, Hämophilie) sollten auf einer Intensivstation überwacht werden.

Anmerkung des Umsetzungsdienstes: Das Werk ist zitierfähig., Ziel dieses Buches ist es, - ohne großartige Voraussetzungen und in einer verständlichen Art und Weise - ein solides, gebrauchsfähiges Basiswissen über empirische Forschungsmethodik zu vermitteln. Das Buch wendet sich vor allem an Studierende und Praktikerinnen von sozialwissenschaftlichen Fächern, in deren Lehre auf Methodologie kein allzu großer Stellenwert gelegt wird. Hier können sie ohne überflüssigen Ballast das nötige Rüstzeug erwerben, um z.B. eine "ordentliche" Abschlussarbeit vorzulegen, die einschlägige Fachliteratur verstehen und kritisch beurteilen zu können, über die Grundlagen von Testverfahren besser Bescheid zu wissen oder aber auch im Sinne von Qualitätssicherung das eigene berufliche Handeln dokumentieren und kontrollieren zu können.

Colorectal cancer is the second most common malignant tumour in Germany with an unfavorable prognosis especially in a locally advanced or metastasizing stage. Although adjuvant and palliative chemotherapy significantly improve 5-year survival, consensus recommendations have in the past been inadequately transformed into clinical practice. It was the aim of this study to analyse the implementation of existing guidelines in a cohort from a defined area of Germany.In a multicentre study done between January 2000 and January 2002, tumour stage, primary care, adjuvant or palliative chemotherapy and follow-up of 444 patients (216 males, 228 females) with newly diagnosed colorectal cancer were recorded.301 patients had colonic and 143 patients rectal cancer. The median age at diagnosis was 65 11.3 years. 36 of 96 (38%) patients with stage II colon cancer and 66 of 87 (76%) with stage III disease received adjuvant chemotherapy. 8 of 51 (16%) patients with rectal cancer stage II and 22 of 38 (58%) patients with stage III underwent adjuvant radio- and chemotherapy. The 68 of 84 (81%) patients with stage IV CRC who received palliative chemotherapy were given almost exclusively 5-FU monotherapy. Initial or sequential combination chemotherapy with oxaliplatin or irinotecan were performed in only 24 of 84 (29%) patients.Stage III colon cancer was predominantly treated according to the existing standard guidelines. In contrast combined radio- and chemotherapy for rectal cancer stage II and III was only performed in one third of the patients, another third receiving neither adjuvant radiation nor chemotherapy. Initial combined or sequential combined chemotherapy for metastasizing colorectal cancer was rarely performed.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common causes of cancer mortality in Western countries. Approximately six percent of the population will develop colorectal cancer during life. Individuals older than 50 years or with a family history for colorectal tumors as well as patients with an inflammatory bowel disease have an increased risk for CRC. A significant reduction of colorectal cancer mortality can be achieved by screening of asymptomatic patients and removal of premalignant adenomatous polyp precursors. Colonoscopy is recognized as the gold standard, but in future virtual colonoscopy might be a reasonable addition. Asymptomatic individuals with an average risk for CRC should be screened from the age of 50 and then every 10 years if the examination showed no pathological findings. When the individual or family history indicate a higher risk for a colorectal neoplasia, screening should begin at the age of 40 or 10 years before the earliest tumor occurrence in the family. Families with hereditary CRC require a special surveillance.

Akute Durchfallerkrankungen kommen weltweit bei Pferden vor. Ihre besondere Bedeutung liegt zum einen in ihrem häufig letalen Ausgang, zum anderen kann ihre Therapie sehr zeit- und kostenaufwendig sein. Eine beim adulten Pferd wichtige Erkrankung des Dickdarms ist die Colitis X. Hierbei handelt es sich um eine hämorrhagisch-nekrotisierende Typhlocolitis, welche auch bei intensiver Therapie durch die massiven Flüssigkeitsverluste in 75-95 % der Fälle zu einem letal endenden hypovolämischen Schockgeschehen führt. Ursache der Hypersekretion ist eine gesteigerte Cl- Sekretion, über deren Regulation beim Pferd bisher wenig bekannt ist. Mittels der elektrophysiologischen Technik der Ussing-Kammer, bei der eine Nettoionensekretion in Form eines Stroms gemessen werden kann, wurde der Einfluss von Carbachol, einem stabilen Acetylcholinderivat, auf die Cl- Sekretion an der rechten dorsalen und rechten ventralen Kolonlage untersucht. An anderen Spezies konnte gezeigt werden, dass Carbachol entweder direkt oder indirekt eine Cl- Sekretion induzieren kann.Unter basalen Bedingungen induziert Carbachol eine Cl- Sekretion in beiden Kolonsegmenten. Eine Beteiligung von Neuronen bei dieser Sekretion ist vorhanden, denn die Blockade von neuronalen Na+ Kanälen mittels des Kugelfischgiftes Tetrodotoxin hemmt diese Sekretion signifikant. Ähnlich wie beim Labornager konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Carbachol induzierte Cl- Sekretion auch durch die Aktivierung des CFTR Cl- Kanals durch Prostaglandine reguliert wird, deren Synthese durch den Cyclooxygenasehemmer Indomethacin inhibiert wurde. Eine Blockade dieses Kanals durch Glibenclamid führte in der rechten ventralen Kolonlage zu einer Hemmung des Ionenstroms. Es zeigte sich nach der Blockade von K+ Kanälen durch Tetrapentylammonium eine vollständige Hemmung des Carbachol induzierten ISC im dorsalen Segment, während ventral nur eine partielle Hemmung vorlag. Durch DIDS und SITS wurde versucht den Ca2+ abhängigen Cl- Kanal zu inhibieren, aber es kam in beiden Kolonsegmenten zu keiner signifikanten Änderung des Carbachol induzierten ISC. Das zeigt, dass der Glibenclamid resistente Carbachol induzierte Cl- Strom nicht durch diesen Kanal geht. Im ventralen Kolonsegment konnte, nach Ausschalten der basolateralen Membran mit Hilfe hoher K+ Konzentrationen in der serosalen Badlösung und nach Hemmung des CFTR Cl- Kanals durch Glibenclamid ein K+ Strom über die apikale Membran induziert werden. Zusammenfassend kann man aufgrund der eigenen Versuchsergebnisse von einer direkten sowie indirekten Aktivierung der Cl- Sekretion ausgehen. Sowohl bei der direkten als auch bei der indirekten Aktivierung konnten Differenzen zwischen dem rechten ventralen und dorsalen Kolon gezeigt werden. Aus den eigenen Untersuchungen lässt sich schlussfolgern, dass die Regulation der Sekretion im ventralen Kolon des Pferdes sowohl epithelial als auch subepithelial vermittelt ist. Des Weiteren konnte die Existenz von apikalen K+ Kanälen im ventralen Segment nachgewiesen werden., The acute diarrhea is an often occuring disease in the horse. One of the most important causes in adult horses is the colitis x, a hemorrhagic necrotizing typhlocolitis. Even with intensive therapy the loss of fluid leads in 75-95 % of cases to an lethal hypovolemic shock. Cause of this hypersecretion in the colon is an increase of chloride secretion. The regulatory mechanisms of this secretion are generally unknown in horses. Mucosa and submucosa of the right ventral and dorsal colon was mounted in ussing chambers, where net ion secretion of chloride in the presence of carbachol is measured as short-circuit current (ISC). As demonstrated by data obtained with rat colonic mucosae, chloride secretion can be induced directly and indirectly i.e. activator of chloride conductance and potassium conductance respectively.In horses the cholinergic agonist carbachol induces under basal conductions a chloride secretion in both colonic compartment, i.e. the right ventral and dorsal part of the colon. In the present study can be demonstrated that the chloride secretion is also influenced by enteric nerves system, cause inhibition of neuronal sodium channels with tetrodotoxin decreases the carbachol induced ISC. Similar to studies with rats, prostaglandins were involved in the secretion by stimulating the CFTR chloride channel. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis with indomethacin therefore reduce the chloride secretion in both segments of the colon. In contrast to the dorsal part of the colon inhibition of the CFTR chloride channel with glibenclamide has only a significant effect in the ventral part of the right colon. In this thesis the inhibition of the potassium channels with tetrapentylammonium results in a significant decrease of ISC in both parts of the colon, but the carbachol induced ISC in the dorsal colon was totally prevented. In the presence of glibenclamide, carbachol induced a significant increase in ISC. Therefore besides CFTR another chloride conductance could be activated by cholinergic agonist. Since stilbens known for their blocking capacity of calcium dependent chloride channels did not influence the carbachol induced chlorid secretion. This types of chlorid channels seems to be involved. After basolateral depolarisation and inhibition of the CFTR chloride channel with glibenclamide a potassium secretion could be induced by carbachol only in the ventral colon. Taken together there are direct and indirect regulatory mechanism by which carbachol induces a chloride secretion in the equine colon.In both ways the study demonstrated differences between dorsal and ventral right part of the colon. One conclusion of the present study is that the regulation of the chloride secretion is localized in the epithelial and subepithelial layer. Furthermore the presence of apical potassium channels in the ventral part of the colon was demonstrated.

The paper establishes a follow-up assessment procedure for inpatient psychotherapy. It is suited for more than one theoretical approach or specific disorder. Using data from a larger follow-up-study, those items are identified that show substantial correlations with health and resource oriented questionnaires. In a second analysis, items are selected that predict therapeutic effects on parameters of health-behavior. This pool of items has to be completed by items constructed by plausibility criteria.

In the year 1981 the Canadian psychologists PatriciaMarvin Brodsky published an article about a model integrating risk variables involved in the development of Schizophrenia which is very important but not very well known in the German speaking countries. This model which describes essentially the interaction of four risk variables, such as mental health of the mother, neonatal status, temperament and mothering style, shall be published for the interested reader on the one hand. On the other hand the consequences of the risk variable "mothering style" should be empirically examined in a retrospective study. With a standardized interview containing all essential variables of Brodsky's risk model 73 patients suffering in schizophrenia and being inpatient in the Rheinische Landesklinik Bonn were examined and the interview data were evaluated with regard to the contents in contrast to a control group of 26 healthy persons. With regard to the "schizophrenia spectrum" the portion of so called "superphrenics" (defined as "artistically and muscially gifted offspring with a schziophrenic mother" was not significantly increased in the schizophrenic sample (17.8% vs 7.7%) but the comparison of mothering style (empathic contingent vs. non-empathic and non-contingent) revealed a statistically significant difference between the groups. Finally the data of the risk variable "mothering style" are discussed in the light of the Brodsky-model and it is pointed at the special problems in reliable and valid opertionalisation and assessment of the risk variables.

In this review schizophrenic attention disorders are described from a neuropsychological perspective. After a historical excursion to Wundt, James and Kraepelin, the experimental psychology attention research of the last decades is presented, with special regard to Joseph Zubin's model of attention. After describing the symptomatology and course of schizophrenic psychosis, the concept of positive and negative symptoms according to Crow and Andreasen is set out as well. In describing the cognitive disorders it is on the one hand tried to elucidate the concept of "Basisstörung", and, on the other, to deal with attention disorders as potential vulnerability markers. After setting out various models re. the origin of attention disorders in both acute and chronic psychoses, implications for diagnosis and treatment are offered for the clinical psychologist in conclusion.

The legal foundations for driver fitness evaluation in psychiatric conditions are enumerated in the 1985 "Illness and road traffic" expert opinion of the advisory medical council with the Federal Ministry of Transport. In case of the endogenous psychoses, in-patient episodes will invariably give rise to a call for expert psychiatric appraisement, notwithstanding the fact that reliable and valid criteria, with the exception of a standardized driving sample, continue to be almost non-existent. Carried out between 1989 and 1991 with support from the Federal Employment Institute in the framework of an employment creation project as well as from Bundesanstalt für Strassenwesen, the present study hence had been aimed at correlation-statistical identification of as valid driving ability predictors as possible in post-acute patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenic psychosis (ICD 295.3). The patients' pre-discharge fitness for driving, for one, was assessed using a number of psychological procedures and, for the other, was examined during a 60 minute practical driving sample, involving both city and autobahn driving. Driving behaviour during the practical trial was taken down according to pertinent categories, with subsequent judgment of overall driving performance both by self-ratings and by driving instructor ratings by means of a school grades scale of 1 to 6. With reference to pertinent studies elsewhere, our test battery had consisted of procedures for testing visual perception, reaction, selective and split attention, personality structure, anxiety, and risk-taking.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

At the end of gestation, depending on maturation of the fetus and especially of its skin, vernix caseosa is detached into amniotic fluid. The changes of amniotic fluid turbidity can be quantitatively verified with a fotometer (filter for 578 nm, 10 mm disposable cuvettes). The turbidity of amniotic fluid was measured in 125 cases. No correlation was found between turbidity and length of gestation from day 261 to day 287 after last menstruation. In contrast, there is strong and significant contingency between turbidity of amniotic fluid and maturity of fetal skin (quantity of vernix caseosa) or clinical maturity assessed according to Farr et al. Finding a turbidity below 0.5 U on extinction scale of the fotometer, the fetus is not fully mature in 50% of these cases; placental dysfunction can be excluded with high probability. In contrast, two thirds of the children with high turbidity of amniotic fluid (more than 1.0 U on extinction scale) had clinical signs of placental dysfunction.

Reported is the evaluation of a computer-directed training programme for visual attention, that is based on the results of experimental studies by Zubin (1975) and Shakow (1979). With reference to Zubin's model, this training programme addresses active maintenance of selective visual attention (in terms of "sustained attention"), applying Shakow's diagnostic research paradigm (with a preparatory stimulus, an RT stimulus, and a variable preparatory interval) in a behavioural setting (learning of strategies for attention) for clinical purposes. In a pre-post-study carried out for a three-week programme, the results of single case experiments showed a significant decrease of reaction time variability, which partly persisted in follow-up studies. It was found that attentional performance increased in both psychotic patients and patients with cerebral dysfunction. In the second phase of statistical validation on patients with psychotic attention deviations, both attention performance and transfer effects were verified. The behavioural training methods, which were implemented to foster attention, proved helpful in the majority of cases. For greater practicability, a programme version for use on the home computer has been developed. The study on the whole illustrates the growing utilization of computer technology in neuropsychological rehabilitation.

The surface layer of fetal epidermis in early pregnancy, the Periderm, is progressingly replaced by the final keratinization process during fifth to sixth month of gestation. Then the peridermal cells are shed into the amniotic fluid. It is still controversial, whether complete peridermal cells or just their globular protrusions are separated. Formation of mikrovilli and invaginations of plasma membrane, the numerous smaller and larger vacuoles and the cytoplasmatic meshwork of fine filaments without production of keratohyaline, are characteristics of peridermal cells, and are described in detail by electron microscopical investigations on cells suspended in the amniotic fluid, which are most likely of peridermal origin.