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Competing Interests: R. Buhl gibt Folgendes an: Vorträge und/oder Beratungen für AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, Cipla, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi und Teva; Forschungsunterstützung der Universitätsmedizin Mainz: Boehringer Ingelheim, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis und Roche – außerhalb der vorliegenden Arbeit.R. Brehler gibt Folgendes an: Vortragstätigkeit für ALK, Allergopharma, Almirall, AstraZeneca, Bencard, Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Dermatologischen Forschung und Fortbildung, Gesellschaft für Information und Organisation, GSK, Dr. Pfleger, HAL, Leti, Merck, Novartis, Oto-Rhino-Laryngologischer Verein, Pierre Fabre, Pohl Boskamp, Stallergenes, Thermo-Fischer; Beratertätigkeit für Allergopharma, Bencard, HAL, Leti, Novartis; klinische Studien fürAllergopharma, Bencard, Biotech Tools, Genentech, Leti, Novartis, Circassia – außerhalb der vorliegenden Arbeit.U. Darsow war Referent, Prüfarzt und Berater für ALK Abello, Bencard and Novartis Pharma – außerhalb der vorliegenden Arbeit.T. Jakob hat Zuschüsse, Honorare oder nichtfinanzielle Unterstützung von Novartis, ALK-Abelló, Bencard/Allergy Therapeutics, Allergopharma, Thermo Fisher Scientific und Celgene erhalten – außerhalb der vorliegenden Arbeit.M. Jutel gibt an, Honorare von ALK Abello, Allergopharma, Stallergenes, Anergis, Allergy Therapeutics, Circassia, Leti, Biomay und HAL erhalten zu haben – während der Durchführung der Studie. Außerdem gibt er an, Honorare von AstraZeneka, nGSK, Novartis, Teva, Vectura, UCB, Takeda, Roche, Janssen, Medimmune und Chiesi erhalten zu haben – außerhalb der vorliegenden Arbeit.L. Klimek gibt an, Zuschüsse und/oder Honorare von Allergopharma, MEDA/Mylan, HAL Allergie, ALK Abelló, Leti, Stallergenes, Quintiles, Sanofi, ASIT bio tech, Lofarma, Allergy Therapeut., Astra- Zeneca, GSK, Inmunotk erhalten zu haben – außerhalb der vorliegenden Arbeit. Außerdem ist er Mitglied bei folgenden Organisationen: AeDA, DGHNO, Deutsche Akademie für Allergologie und Klinische Immunologie, HNO-BV GPA, EAACI.S. Lau war beratend für Allergopharma tätig.P. Matricardi gibt an, Zuschüsse und/oder Honorare von DFG, Hycor, Omron, Stallergens, Euroimmun, Novartis, TPS, Stallergenes- Greer erhalten zu haben – außerhalb der vorliegenden Arbeit. Außerdem hat er nichtfinanzielle Unterstützung von Thermo Fisher Scientific erhalten – ebenfalls außerhalb der vorliegenden Arbeit.O. Pfaar gibt an, für die letzten 36 Monate Forschungsmittel und/oder Honorare von ALK-Abelló, Allergopharma, Stallergenes Greer, HAL Allergy Holding B. V./HAL Allergie GmbH, Bencard Allergie GmbH/ Allergy Therapeutics, Lofarma, Biomay, Circassia, ASIT Biotech Tools S. A., Laboratorios LETI/LETI Pharma, MEDA Pharma/MYLAN, Anergis S. A., Mobile Chamber Experts (a GA2LEN Partner), Indoor Biotechnologies, Glaxo Smith Kline, Astellas Pharma Global, EUFOREA, Roxall, Novartis, Sanofi Aventis, Med Update Europe GmbH und streamedup! GmbH erhalten zu haben – alle außerhalb der vorliegenden Arbeit.P. Schmid-Grendelmeier gibt Honorare für Teilnahme an Adboards von Allergopharma, ALK-Abello, Bencard u. Stallergenes an.R. Valenta hat Forschungsgelder von Viravaxx, Vienna, Austria und HVD Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria erhalten. Außerdem war er als Berater für Viravaxx tätig.M. Worm erklärt den Erhalt von Honoraren und/oder Beratungsgebühren von folgenden Unternehmen: ALK Abelló Arzneimittel GmbH, Mylan Deutschland GmbH, Leo Pharma GmbH, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, DBV Technologies SA, Stallergenes GmbH, HAL Allergie GmbH, Allergopharma GmbH & Co.KG, Bencard Allergie GmbH, Aimmune Therapeutics UK Limited, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Deutschland GmbH, Novarits AG und Biotest AG.M. Wagenmann gibt an, Forschungsmittel und/oder Honorare von folgenden Firmen erhalten zu haben: ALKAbelló, Allergopharma, AstraZeneca, Bencard, Genzyme, GlaxoSmithKline,HAL Allergie, LETI Pharma, MEDA Pharma, Novartis, Sanofi Aventis, Stallergenes und Teva.T. Werfel gibt Folgendes an: Adboards, honorierte Vorträge für ALK Scherax, Bencard, Leti und Stallergens.T. Zuberbier war als Berater tätig für Bayer Health Care, FAES, Novartis und Henkel; er hat Forschungsgelder erhalten von Novartis und Henkel. Außerdem hat er Vortragshonorare erhalten von AstraZeneca, AbbVie, ALK, Almirall, Astellas, Bayer Health Care, Bencard, Berlin Chemie, FAES, HAL, Leti, Meda, Menarini, Merck, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, Stallergenes, Takeda, Teva, UCB, Henkel, Kryolan und L’Oréal – außerhalb der vorliegenden Arbeit.S. Wöhrl gibt Advisory boards bei Bencard und ALK-Abelló und bezahlte Vorträge für Bencard, ALK-Abelló und Allergopharma an.W. Aberer, C. Akdis, M. Akdis, S. Becker, K.-C. Bergmann, T. Bieber, T. Biedermann, J. Bousquet, J. Buters, A. Chaker, W. Czech, A. Fink-Wagner, T. Fuchs, M. Gerstlauer, E. Hamelmann, K. Hoffmann-Sommergruber, F. Horak, K. Jung, T. Keil, N. Khaltaev, J. Kleine-Tebbe, M. Maurer, H. Merk, J.-P. Michel, R. Mösges, N. Mülleneisen, K. Nemat, L. Nicod, V. Niederberger- Leppin, I. Pali- Schöll, W. Pohl, K. Rabe, U. Rabe, J. Ring,R. Roller-Wirnsberger, J. Saloga, W. Schlenter, F. Spertini, O. Spranger, P. Staubach, P. Stute, C. Taube, P.- V. Tomazic, C. Vogelberg, C. Vogelmeier, W. Wehrmann und H. Wrede erklären, dass keine Interessenkonflikte bestehen.

Data for this analysis came from a cross-sectional study on dementia, depression, and disability conducted in Zurich and Geneva in 1995/96. The random sample stratified by age and gender consisted of 921 subjects aged 65 and more. Based on the Canberra Interview for the Elderly, depression was assessed by means of psychogeriatric assessment scales (PAS) according to DSM-III-R criteria. The number of depressive symptoms (NDS) and the prevalence rate of depression (PRD) were computed for the whole sample as well as according to age and gender. To evaluate the independent effects of age as well as gender with regard to the risk of being depressed, multivariate analyses were conducted. On average, 13% of females vs 8% of males reported having at least one depressive symptom. The PAS yielded 298 (41.8%) subjects without depressive symptoms, 341 (50.2%) with 1-3 symptoms, and 60 (8.0%) with four or more. The average NDS was 1.27 (95% CI 1.16-1.39). For females, NDS values statistically significantly higher than those for males were calculated (1.53, 95% CI 1.35-1.70 vs 1.05, 95% CI 0.90-1.20). The NDS increased significantly with age. Subjects with low education levels and being divorced or widowed had statistically significantly higher NDS values than highly educated, married, or single persons. There were strong positive associations between NDS, dementia, and activities of daily living. Multivariate regression analysis revealed gender - however, not age - as a strong risk factor for NDS. Overall PRD amounted to 8.0% (95% CI 5.7-10.2%). Females had statistically significantly higher PRD values than males (10.4%, 95% CI 7.0-13.9% vs 3.9, 95% CI 2.0-5.9%). The PRD increased substantially with age. After adjustment for other risk factors, multivariate logistic regression analysis confirmed the positive statistically significant association between age, gender, and depression.

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to estimate the prevalence rate of dementia (PRD) in relation to age, gender, and ApoE-genotype., Methods: The random sample consisted of 465 subjects aged 65 and more. The interview was conducted by means of the Canberra Interview for the Elderly. The genotyping of ApoE has been performed by a combination of the polymerase chain reaction and a gel electrophoresis separation., Results: The overall PRD amounted to 10.1% (95% CI 6.8-13.3%) and was higher among females (12.2%) than among males (4.9%). The gender difference was of borderline statistical significance (OR 2.17; 95% CI 0.97-4.84 adjusted for age, education level). PRD rose significantly with age. In contrast, the possession of one copy of ApoE-epsilon 4-allele was not associated with a higher risk of having dementia (OR 1.48; 95% CI 0.60-3.63 adjusted for age, gender, education level)., Conclusions: These results are consistent with the finding from other authors.

Objectives: Falls among elderly are a well-recognised public health problem. The purpose of the present study was to explore the relation between dementia, number of depressive symptoms, activities of daily living, setting, and risk of falling., Methods: Data for the analysis came from a cross-sectional study about dementia, depression, and disabilities, carried out 1995/96 in Zurich and Geneva. The random sample stratified, by age and gender consisted of 921 subjects aged 65 and more. The interview was conducted by means of the Canberra interview for the Elderly, extended by short questionnaire. The subject was classified as a faller if the subject and/or the informant had reported a fall within the last 12 months prior to the interview. Logistic-regression analysis was used to determine the independent impact of dementia, depressive symptoms, and ADL-score on risk of falling., Results: The stepwise logistic regression analysis has revealed a statistically significant association between dementia (OR 2.14, 95% CI 1.15-3.96), two resp. three depressive symptoms (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.04-2.60) as well as four or more depressive symptoms (OR 2.64, 95% CI 1.39-5.02) and the risk of falling. There was no statistically significant relationship between studied risk factors and the risk of being one-time faller. However, we found a strong positive association between dementia (OR 3.92, 95% CI 1.75-8.79), four or more depressive symptoms (OR 3.90, 95% CI 1.55-9.83) and the risk of being recurrent faller. Moreover, residents of nursing homes (OR 8.50, 95% CI 2.18-33.22) and elderly aged 85 or more (OR 2.29, 95% CI 1.08-4.87) were under statistically significant higher risk of sustaining recurrent falls., Conclusions: The results of the present study confirm that dementia and depression substantially increase the risk of falling.

The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence rate of fallers (PRF%) and fall-related consequences among the elderly according to age, gender and setting. Data derive from a cross-sectional study on dementia, depression and handicaps among the elderly, carried out between 1995 and 1996. Elderly people aged 65 and over living in Zurich or Geneva were considered eligible for the study. By means of the Canberra Interview for the Elderly, 921 subjects' and/or informants' interviews were completed. The subjects were classified as a faller if the subject and/or informant reported a fall in the year prior to the interview. Overall PRF% amounted to 27.8% and was higher to a statistically significant degree among females (30.9%) than males (22.5%). Gender difference in PRF was found only among the non-institutionalized elderly. Age-specific PRF increased significantly with the age of the elderly. However, this increase was observed only among male subjects. 143 subjects (PRF 17.1%) have fallen once and 101 (PRF 9.9%) two or more times. Females showed a substantially higher propensity to recurrent falls (age-adjusted OR 1.86; 95% confidence interval 1.11-3.10). While the risk of suffering two or more falls increased with age, it did not increase among one-time fallers. Residents of nursing homes had significantly higher risk of falling as compared with home-dwelling subjects (age-adjusted OR 2.46; 95% confidence interval 1.04-5.78). Every second fall caused fall-related consequences. 9.1% of all falls led to fall-related fracture. The risk of suffering fall-related consequences depended on neither age nor gender. One third of fallers reported fear of further falling. Falls among the elderly occur often and contribute substantially to morbidity.