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Abstract A total of 678 individuals from 28 European bovine breeds were both phenotyped and analysed at the myostatin locus by the Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP) method. Seven new mutations were identified which contribute to the high polymorphism (1 SNP every 100 bp) present in this small gene; twenty haplotypes were described and a genotyping method was set up using the Oligonucleotide Ligation Assay (OLA) method. Some haplotypes appeared to be exclusive to a particular breed; this was the case for 5 in the Charolaise (involving mutation Q204X) and 7 in the Maine-Anjou (involving mutation E226X). The relationships between the different haplotypes were studied, thus allowing to test the earlier hypothesis on the origin of muscular hypertrophy in Europe: muscular hypertrophy (namely nt821(del11)) was mainly spread in different waves from northern Europe milk purpose populations in most breeds; however, other mutations (mostly disruptive) arose in a single breed, were highly selected and have since scarcely evolved to other populations.

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Digitalization is transforming social life and relationships. New cultural ideas of care, cooperation and reciprocity are emerging that can create challenges for older people. These are particularly poignant for older people living alone, who use digital devices less frequently and rely on support to manage the increasing number of digital tasks (appointments, bookings, financial matters). This article explores the relationship between digitalization and care relationships among older people living alone using a critical document analysis approach according to Bacchi. This approach makes it possible to look at the understanding behind the terms living alone, care relationships, and digitalization, each in relation to older people and in interaction as well as to render gaps visible. The analysis of laws and social policies as well as of political and civil society orientated documents leads to two key findings: Firstly, an individual responsibility to deal with needs arising from gaining access to and handling of digitalization is expected of older people and their social networks. This is striking as digitalization is presented as a means of dealing with the large-scale social challenges, such as demographic change and shortage of care staff. Secondly, the analysis shows that legal documents that set out the structure for policies do not focus on digitalization in later life. With older people not being a target group of policy of digitalization, fewer strategies are put into practice., Competing Interests: Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien. Interessenkonflikt: R. Werny, M. Reich, M. Leontowitsch und F. Oswald geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht. Für diesen Beitrag wurden von den Autor/-innen keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren durchgeführt. Für die aufgeführten Studien gelten die jeweils dort angegebenen ethischen Richtlinien., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: A central component of participatory research is the collaborative, nonhierarchical work of co-researchers and academic researchers. The development of a research question has a special importance as it entails different meanings for those involved. For academic researchers the research question is focussed on gaining knowledge and is developed at an early stage of the project. For co-researchers the development and the finding of answers to a question are less important than the possibility of jointly changing their social reality., Objective: This article investigates how these different interests influence the collaborative development of a research question and which factors can enhance the process., Material and Methods: Based on experiences from the participatory action research project "Longing in later life" and critical reflections, this article unpacks the different roles of the participants in the project and the process of co-creation., Conclusion: A joint development of a research question is time consuming and depends on the extent of shared experiences and the degree of marginalization among the group of co-researchers., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature.)

The care of patients with extraclinical mechanical ventilation has to be improved particularly with regard to their specialist care. One care option is the empowering of clinicians at the respiratory centers to enable ambulant care of patients and home visits. An intersectoral linkage in the form of transfer management is the basis for competent coordination. Aim is to ensure the necessary multidisciplinary collaboration in the outpatient care of multimorbid chronically ill patients. For the optimal care of chronically ill patients, sectoral limits should become more permeable., Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work., (© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)

Numerous detection systems are available for measuring halitosis. In order to examine their agreement, a study was conducted comparing four selected measuring methods in 100 subjects (52 females, 48 males; mean age: 25 years). Organoleptic halitosis measurement was carried out by an odor judge, and compared with instrumental halitosis measurement by sulfide monitoring using Halimeter, Fresh Kiss, and Halitox (halitosis linked toxin detection assay), with which both VSC (volatile sulphur compounds) and polyamines can be detected. The results show that the values recorded by the Halimeter correlated best with the organoleptic assessment and the least with the results of Fresh Kiss.