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Der Artikel befasst sich mit den „Eliten” der ostkarpatischen Waldsteppe in der jüngeren vorrömischen Eisenzeit. Auf Grund vor allem die Bestattungen es sollte festgestellt werden, dass es eine sehr hohe Übereinstimmung zwischen sozialem und militärischem Rang gibt. Hochwahrscheinlich die Krieger sind den gehobenen gesellschaftlichen Schichten so gut wie gleichbedeutend. Die durch die archäologische Analyse ermittelte Sozialgliederung macht den Eindruck einer relativ ebenen hierarchischen Ordnung. Die überwiegende Zahl von Bestattungen zeichnet sich durch ein hohes Mas an Uniformität aus, da das Inventar den Gräbern im Wesentlichen nicht über eine direkte Ausstattung für die Person hinausgehen. Diese sog. Eliten die in ihrem Wohlstand kaum über den gesellschaftlichen Durchschnitt hinausgehen und nur im militärischen Bereich wirklich überwiegen, zeichnen sich im Gebiet der Poienești-Lucașeuca-Kultur durch das Auftauchen folgender Elemente ab: – Bestattung in Metalgefäß; – vollständige Bewaffnung; –Reitzübehor.

The present study brings to the foreground of discussions a certain type of artifacts, the importance of which in the process of analyzing archaeological finds is difficult to overestimate, but which, unfortunately, was not used by the researchers to the proper extent. Thus, in the archaeological literature there is no single work on the Iron Age fibulae that were discovered on the present-day territory of the Republic of Moldova. Moreover, even when some specimens were introduced into scientific circulation, their publication was very short, often without a clear and precise presentation of the context, and the images accompanying incomplete texts in most cases are not clear enough for detailed analysis. Based on this situation, we decided to fill this historiographic gap and at the first stage we devoted our research to the iron fibulae of the early La Tène scheme found on the territory of the Republic of Moldova. As a result of the investigation, a lot was allocated, consisting of 12 fibulae, most of which were found on the territory of the Getic hillforts on the right bank of the Dniester. The degree of preservation of the items leaves much to be desired. The number of undamaged fibulae is relatively small, and those preserved fragmentarily create sufficient impediments for the possibilities of classification. Despite these circumstances, a catalogue of early La Tène scheme fibulae was developed, on the basis of which the main analogies were identified both in the neighboring areas (Romania and Ukraine), and in the Central Europe. We suggested to trace the chronological landmarks for the existing analogies, as well as to evaluate the chronological framework of the presented artifacts. At the same time, we set out to follow the ways and means by which these fibulae reached the Prut-Dniester area and, where possible, to highlight probable phenomena and processes that were behind the respective distribution of this type of artifacts.

Professor Michael Meyer – Doctor Honoris Cauza of the „Ion Creanga” State Pedagogical University

The aim of laboratory analysis carried out on pottery fragments recovered from the Poienești-Lucaşeuca (PL) site of Orheiul Vechi and the Getic site of Butuceni was to verify the hypothesis that there was a continuity in pottery technology traditions and the hypothesis that there was continuity in raw material use. In order to verify these hypotheses, i.e. to determine whether we are dealing with continuity or with changes in pottery manufacturing, two factors must be taken into account: know-how and raw material. This means that it is necessary to perform both technological and raw material analyses. For the purposes of this study the following methods were used: MGR-analysis, chemical analysis by WD-XRF, thin-section studies and estimation of physical ceramic properties. The results of archaeometric analysis of pottery from the PL site of Orheiul Vechi and the Getic site of Butuceni did not substantiate the hypothesis that there had been continuity in pottery technology traditions.

As a result of preliminary research conducted in Butuceni in 2013, information was obtained on the organization of a defensive system that proved to be totally different from those that were known until that time. The discoveries made predetermined the continuation of the field work, which was carried out until 2018 and is still far from completion. New defensive lines were discovered and investigated; their configuration, correlation and synchronization are far from completion, and this determines the minimum set of tasks that need to be solved. One of the key issues considered in 2017–2018 was to explain the possible trajectory of the Butucen-West No. 2 defensive line. The working hypothesis, which implied a semicircular trajectory of the fortification, was confirmed by the results obtained from several test pits. These studies have revealed the remains of a complex palisade (consisting of two rows of pillar pits and a stone wall), a berm and a ditch filled with stones from a destroyed fortification structure.

One of the major questions of the Pre-Roman Iron Age settlements in the East part of the Carpathians Region is the relationship between the Getic culture and the Poieneşti-Lukaševka culture. There are any connections between the settlers of both cultures, or are we dealing with a demolition of the settlements and a complete resettlement by ”immigrants” from the north part of Europe? The” getics” pottery in the settlements of the Poieneşti-Lukaševka culture speaks against a radical discontinuity, the extensive restructuring of the settlement system, the new burial grounds and ceramic molds are used for a far-reaching resettlement. The following article assumes that the destruction of settlements and new immigration can be seen in a clearly evident change in ceramic technology and the associated supply of raw materials. It is assumed that extensive continuities in the production of ceramics require an undisturbed knowledge transfer between the actors, which cannot be the case in a complete new settlement. In particular, this can be traced back to archaeometric analyzes of ceramics, whereby local or non-local sound supply, leaning, sound processing and burning techniques have meaning. For this reason, ceramics of the two cultures of two neighboring settlements – Ulmu (Ialoveni District, Republic of Moldva – Poenesti-Lukasevka culture) and Horodca Mică (Hincesti district, Republic of Moldova, Getic culture) – were examined for these parameters.

The authors present a complex with several special discoveries, which was identified and investigated in 2005 in the village of Ulmu. The complex is a pit, ellipsoidal in plan, with a doorstep, in which, together with fragments of clay coating, ceramics and osteological remains, 22 clay objects were found: 8 balls and 14 “breadcakes” discovered both in groups and isolated, preserved intact (or could be restored) or fragmented. The pit is similar to the one discovered by M. Romanovskaya in 1960 in the same site, both in shape, dimensions and specific artifacts. She dated the complex the 2nd century BC and the clay “breadcakes” were interpreted as “lamps”. In the context of new discoveries and in the attempt to make a more accurate connection to older discoveries, it was necessary to make chronological and functional clarifications, which made possible to review the interpretation given by M. Romanovskaya for these types of finds. The first part is a contextual presentation of the artifacts, followed by a presentation of identified analogies (both for the Bronze Age to which the complex is dated and for other chronological segments). The end of the article is a reflection on the utilitarian and functional nature of the relevant artifacts, the text being supplemented by a catalog of this type of finds in which a detailed description of each object is made.

Les recherches archéologiques menées dans l’été de 2015, à l’Ouest du promontoire Butuceni Orhei, est une suite logique des études qui ont été réalisées en 2013-2014. La complexité des résultats précédents ont soulevé plusieurs questions, et dans la recherche de solutions, les priorités ont été i déterminés par la nécessité de l’évaluation de la confi guration du système de défense dans le point extrême ouest du promontoire, ainsi que l’appréciation des éléments composants ce système. Il était nécessaire de corréler les segments défensifs trouvés avec des traces d’une parcelle relativement bien préservées de la fortifi cation, représentée comme les fossés et vallum disposés dans la partie supérieure du promontoire. Avant l’étude en 2013, on a cru que l’accès au côté ouest du promontoire a été bloqué par un système de protection rectiligne, qui commence exactement à ce point, en suivant le chemin vers l’ouest, dans la direction du canal rivière Raut. Nos observations nous ont amenés à croire que la ligne défensive, que nous avons identifi ée et explorée dans les années précédentes, aurait un trajet diff érent de celui qui a été considéré comme traditionnel. Pour tester cette hypothèse, ont été organisées en 2015 des fouilles, à la suite desquelles est détecté un nouveau segment défensif. Il convient de noter, cependant, que les structures observées ont aucun rapport avec les précédemment étudiés et ne contribuent pas à la confi rmation de l’hypothèse. Dans le même temps, il n’y a pas suffi samment de preuves pour le rejeter catégoriquement, laissant ainsi la place pour d’autres recherches plus approfondies.

In memoriam Ioan Glodariu

Archaeological research conducted in 2015 with the participation of students and teachers from UPS "Ion Creanga"

Bien que connu depuis près d’un siècle, la fortification de Horodca Mare, Hânceşti, n’a pas atteint les chercheurs que depuis quelques années maintenant. En outre, les interprétations occasionnelles de certains de mes collègues ont tendance à exclure le site de la liste des fortifications Gète, en faisant valoir sa position en l’absence de tous les indicateurs palpables de caractère défensif. Cette position est doublement regrettable, car il est venu à négliger les opinions exprimées par les archéologues des générations précédentes. Par conséquent, essayer de récupérer les arguments en faveur de caractère défensif du site du promontoire La Cetate, nous avons rassemblé et analysé les informations provenant de plusieurs sources, ainsi que les résultats de la recherche sur le terrain que nous avons menée en collaboration avec des collègues de l’Université Pédagogique de Chisinau. De cette façon, on a retourné aux collègues les arguments qui démontrent la nature défensive du site, suivie de la présentation des éléments caractéristiques défensifs qui ont été étudié au Horodca Mare.

As a result of archaeological investigations carried out in June 2015 near the village of Mana, there were found three fortified settlements: Mana III, Mana IV, and Mana V. The hill fort of Mana III, an area of about 0,18 ha, is located on the promontory at a distance of 1 km south of the village. From the east and west sides the fort was protected by steep slopes of the promontory, and from the north and south sides – by “ramparts” and ditches. On the surface of the settlement there were found fragments of the Thraco-Getic hand-made pottery and fragments of Greek amphorae, due to which the settlement can be attributed to the Thraco-Getic period. Also, at the site there was investigated a cremation burial typical for the Poieneşti-Lukashevka culture.

The archaeological investigations at the Getae fortified settlement of Horodca Mică revealed some materials from the medieval period. In the central part of its internal space a one-room dwelling with the floor deepened into the ground was found, characterized by two phases of habitat. At the first stage it was warmed by a clay oven located in the middle of the east wall, and at the second - by a rounded open hearth located in the central part of the room. In the filling and on the floor of the house, besides rather interesting collection of ceramics, there were found the following objects: an iron knife, an sub-rectangular iron buckle, a leaf-shaped arrowhead and a fragment of a whetstone with hanging hole. On the floor of the house there was also found a medieval coin issued by Moldavian Prince Iliaş (1432-1443), which was attributed to type V and dated approximately from 1442. The discovery of the coin makes possible dating the dwelling with the first half of 15th century. Further investigation of the internal space of the Getae fortified settlement will show whether it was an isolated dwelling or it was part of the medieval settlement arranged on the place of an ancient fortress by virtue of the military-political circumstances.

La fortification Horodca Mică est située dans la zone centrale de l'espace pruto-dniesterien, aux environs des sources de la rivière Botna, et elle est devenue objet des recherches systématiques depuis 2006. Plusieurs des résultats obtenus depuis cette date on été publiés entre temps. On compte parmi ceux-ci une étude concernant les éléments défensifs de la forteresse, où l'on a mis en avant l'hypothèse d'une fortification par étapes, du promontoire, alternées avec des destructions périodiques. Au départ, on avait plus insisté sur la première phase d'édification du système défensif, en décrivant ses éléments constitutifs, les techniques utilisées dans le processus d'édification, mais aussi l'évolution de la fortification même, jusqu'au dévastateur incendie qui a écroulé la construction défensive. Dans cet article on a repris le débat portant sur le système défensif. L'hypothèse sur laquelle on se fonde admet l'existence de trois autres phases de refortification du même espace, suite à la première destruction. Pour l'argumentaire de ce point de vue on s'est proposé de présenter dans un premier temps, le tableau des observations objectives, enregistrées sur le terrain, et dans un deuxième temps, partant de ces observations, offrir une explication de la vision que nous avons construit. Cette analyse porte y compris sur les modalités d'édification du système défensif dans chacune des phases identifiées, sur les techniques et matériaux utilisés, ainsi que des raisonnements concernant les repères chronologiques. On est donc d'avis que dans ces phases ultérieures de fortification du promontoire, a été procédé de la même manière que dans la première : un fossé a été creusé (en réalité c'est l'ancien qui a été étendu en largeur), derrière a été montée une palissade complexe, en bois (sur le sommet même de la vague constituée suite à l'écroulement de la construction de la phase précédente), remplie avec de la terre excavée du fossé. Dans la situation crée, la berme utilisée dans la première phase d'édification du système défensif, n'y trouvait plus sa place. Ainsi, on estime que la délimitation du fossé proprement-dit, depuis l'intérieur, doit être fixée par rapport à la palissade. De cette manière, des barrières solides ont pu être créées, qui, dû à leurs dimensions impressionnantes, ont protégé à plusieurs reprises la population de ces espaces, dans les siècles V à III a. Chr.

The subject developed here below concerns the populations that lived in the Carpatho-Dnestrian forest-steppe in the last two centuries of the pre-Christian era and that are archaeologically identified with the bearers of the Poienesti-Lucaseuca culture. Although studied for more than half a century, a number of contradictions persist today regarding the interpretation of certain elements. Most of them concern the ethnic composition of those populations. The lines bellow will mainly insist on the evolution of this aspect in the historiography, by delimiting the main assumptions emerged along the years and the arguments existing for each of them.

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