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The power of the state is the main purpose and the ultimate goal of the study in the field of political geography, and it means the comprehensive power of the state represented in its geography, its economic, military, cultural, scientific and technological capabilities and its regional and international relations, and the multiplicity of calculations of state power and its complex mathematical equations, but this study devised a new equation with relative weights based on the quantitative side of the elements of state power, whether material or soft; In order to calculate the comprehensive Power of the state, it is divided into eight variables that include more than 200 indicators.The study concluded that the components of the strong are significantly imbalanced between Russia and other countries bordering the Caspian Sea, and the study reveals weaknesses and Powers in all countries of the region.It should be noted that the results of this analysis are not final. Rather, they are subject to reassessment and review, as well as the possibility of applying and repetition on all countries of the world individually or regional or international groupings.

The article "The Localization of the Federal Republic. Ideas and Symbols of Political Geography after 1945" examines the connection between space and society in the scientific discussion. Terms such as "homeland" and "Europe" are analyzed and their political significance is discussed. The book "The Localization of the Federal Republic. Ideas and Symbols of Political Geography after 1945" deals with political localizations in the Federal Republic of Germany and the associated actors, conflicts, and developments. Case studies from the Federal Republic are presented that shed light on the process of political localizations. The influence of America and Americanization in Germany are also addressed. The conflicts surrounding the legal succession of the Reichsarbeitsgemeinschaft für Raumforschung are also discussed. The text emphasizes the importance of spatial aspects for political systems and societal developments and calls for an open discourse on these topics. [Extracted from the article]

The alleged intermission in the coin production of Eastern and Central Lycia after the establish-ment of the so-called “dynasty of Xanthos” in Western Lycia during the thirties of the 5th century BC is to be filled with the coinage of Teththiweibi, the eastern series of Kheriga and Kherẽi and, finally, with the coinage of Khinakha, which may well have lasted deep into the penultimate dec-ade of that century. There remains a certain gap between those coinages and the one initiated by the younger Wekhssere at Zagaba around ca. 395 BC, but the intermittent period is much shorter than it originally appeared.

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Copyright of Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen (ZIB) is the property of Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article serves as introduction for a themed issue on Peter Sloterdijk's enormous philosophy of space. It invites scholars from various disciplines to critically engage with Sloterdijk's thought and discusses briefly the contributions made in this special issue. The paper gives some orientation on the anthropological and social philosophy Sloterdijk deploys within his oeuvre, and illuminates the various fields of social and cultural research his ideas have informed so far. The editorial identifies four possible fields of interest within human geography that could gain by engaging with Sloterdijk's thought, namely urban and architectural theory, new technologies, political geographies and critical social geography. The article also discusses the necessity of a critical distance to the philosophical premises on which Sloterdijk grounds his philosophy as well as his role as notorious commentator on political issues in Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the ‘geographicity’ of the works of the famous philosopher Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, drawing on the critical frame of present studies on the relationship between geography and anarchism, a political theory which includes Proudhon among its founders. Drawing on his published and unpublished texts, we interrogate Proudhon’s relation with geography, mainly through his approaches to federalism and to the problem of nationalities. Within the mammoth Proudhon’s corpus, we focus on the emblematic examples of his federalist writings on Italy and Poland. In a wide documentary appendix, we publish for the first time the chapter "Political Geography" from Proudhon’s unpublished monograph on Poland, whose manuscript version survives in the Besançon public library.

Although mass protests swept across most of Syria as from March 2011, the Euphrates Project lands, a set of large-scale hydro-agricultural developments, remained relatively peaceful with a small number of registered protests against the Syrian Regime. The purpose of this article is two-fold: first we point out to the difference observed between this region and others via the reading of demonstration pattern in Syria; and secondly we explore the political and economic history of this region in order to hypothesise on power relations between central Baathist state and inhabitants of the Project areas.

The article provides an overview over, as well as a critical discussion of, the recent literature on the polar regions in political science and in neighbouring fields. It first introduces some of the broader literature dealing with changes in the Arctic and in Antarctica. The political science literature then is dealt with in three separate steps: Firstly, the literature that seeks to analyse the politics of the polar regions drawing on established theoretical approaches, mostly in the field of International Relations and Political Geography. Secondly, the wealth of literature that deals with policies regarding the polar regions. Thirdly, contributions focussing on issues related to geopolitics and security most notably in relation to the Arctic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a report on a conference on the political and electoral geography of Eastern Europe, held in Frankfurt and der Oder, Germany, and Słubice, Poland, from November 14-15, 2013. Topics of discussion included imaginary borders, mental maps, and geopolitics, the effect of ethnic relations on elections, and the influence of history on political participation patterns.

The article presents a report on a conference on the archaeology and history of the Upper Rhine region in Germany and France, held in Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany, from November 13-16, 2013. Topics of discussion included environmental archaeology, cultural landscapes, and the spaces of politics and power in the region in Antiquity and the Middle Ages.

The discourse theory of Ernesto LACLAU and Chantal MOUFFE brings together three elements: the FOUCAULTian notion of discourse, the (post-) MARXist notion of hegemony, and the poststructuralist writings of Jacques DERRIDA and Roland BARTHES. Discourses are regarded as temporary fixations of differential relations. Meaning, i.e. any social "objectivity", is conceptualised as an effect of such a fixation. The discussion on an appropriate operationalisation of such a discourse theory is just beginning. In this paper, it is argued that a triangulation of two linguistic methods is appropriate to reveal temporary fixations: by means of corpus-driven lexicometric procedures as well as by the analysis of narrative patterns, the regularities of the linkage of elements can be analysed (for example, in diachronic comparisons). The example of a geographic research project shows how, in so doing, the historically contingent constitution of an international community and "world region" can be analysed. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0702143

The „production of space“ describes competitive social processes that reflect existing and changing power relations. This paper discusses the spatial differentiation of power and domination in „Bolivarian“ Venezuela; more specifically, it analyzes changing modes of state control over spatial usage and appropriation. These transformations are by no means accidental. Rather, the Venezuelan government considers the re-dimensioning of spatial power relations and the control over strategic resources to be central to political and strategic considerations within the country. Thus, since 2007 Chávez fostered the communalization of the state and a communalism-inspired model of society. Looking at the project of political and social transformation in Venezuela, the article addresses how, by whom, why, and with what effects political-territorial and socio-spatial rescaling and territorialisation processes are initiated and promoted. In so doing, the political importance of spatial dimensions and, thus of democracy and power, are underlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of ÖZP - Österreichische Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft is the property of Oesterreichische Zeitschrift fur Politikwissenschaft and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the 1920s, Karl Haushofer founded Geopolitik in Mtinchen as a form of applied political geography. German geopoliticians perceived territorial loss of their country after 1918 through the social darwinist lens. They considered states as types of organisms that rivalled over territories (Lebensraum). 'Natural' selection determined the outcome. Geopolitics was aligned with the nazis despite theoretical differences (space vs. race). The reception of German geopolitics among geographers in Dutch universities (especially in the geography departments of Utrecht and Amsterdam) during the Interbellum and the German occupation varied. Keen interest in the highly reputed sister-universities across the border did not result in uniform reactions to the academic implications of the nazi rise to power, as was also evident in other ideologically sensitive fields such as archeology and eugenetics. This article analyses the cooperation of S.R. Steinmetz and L. Van Vuuren, the main chair holders in Dutch human geography, in German geopolitical publications and the reactions of their successors. While H.N. ter Veen, Steinmetz' eventual successor, strongly rejected the geopolitical project, J.G. Loohuis, Van Vuuren's erstwhile student, reacted approvingly. He was the only academic geopolitician to work at a Dutch university, nominated during the war at the strong request of the occupation authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to notions that movements for new states in India (and elsewhere) mainly rely on identity- or development-based rhetoric, I argue that geography itself also plays an essential role in struggles over space. Specifically, strategic imaginative geographies based on selective presentations of the contested space's characteristics and history form important elements in the processes through which regions are constructed and through which different actors legitimize their conflicting demands. In conjunction with ethno-national resources, such as shared memories of a rich ethno-history or a "golden age", belief in ethnic election and the belonging to an "ancestral homeland" create "ethnoscapes" that foster regional identity while at the same time reproducing the territorial logic of the nation-state in a post-colonial context. I illustrate these processes by focusing on the district of Darjeeling and its adjoining areas of Terai and Dooars in North West Bengal/India where the so called "Gorkhas" are demanding a separate Union state "Gorkhaland". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article seeks to provide a definition of space as an analytical category in social science fields such as sociology, political science, and geography. It emphasizes the idea of the social construction of space and the concept of social space. It charts the exploration, appropriation, and organization of territory by human societies from the first civilizations in Western Asia to the emergence of capitalist societies and nation-states, as well as phenomena such as transnationalism, localization, and glocalization, which emerged with the globalization of the world economy. It also discusses the changing characteristics of Herrschaft (authority) in this context.

Electoral maps are used both by a large public, as an information tool, and by scientists as a political and geographical analysis tool. The researcher often has to make comparisons between maps to get a better understanding of the political phenomenon that are going on. But making map comparisons is not that easy! The purpose of this article is to draw some methodologic well-known possibilities in making maps comparisons, which can be applied to electoral geography to help improve our knowledge of political phenomenon.

Three geopolitical dictionaries were published in the last ten years. Their writers have the common will to distinguish from classical geopolitic definitions. Beyond the differences in style and approaches, these works present lots of common points which help in expounding contemporary geopolitics and suggest a synthetic definition of the geopolitical knowledge.

Copyright of Sociologia Internationalis is the property of Duncker & Humblot GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The discourse theory of Ernesto LACLAU and Chantal MOUFFE brings together three elements: the FOUCAULTian notion of discourse, the (post-) MARXist notion of hegemony, and the poststructuralist writings of Jacques DERRIDA and Roland BARTHES. Discourses are regarded as temporary fixations of differential relations. Meaning, i.e. any social "objectivity", is conceptualised as an effect of such a fixation. The discussion on an appropriate operationalisation of such a discourse theory is just beginning. In this paper, it is argued that a triangulation of two linguistic methods is appropriate to reveal temporary fixations: by means of corpus-driven lexicometric procedures as well as by the analysis of narrative patterns, the regularities of the linkage of elements can be analysed (for example, in diachronic comparisons). The example of a geographic research project shows how, in so doing, the historically contingent constitution of an international community and "world region" can be analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]