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The article deals with the contributions of five women to the introduction of social casework in probation assistance in the 1960s. These women, including Ruth Bang and Dora von Caemmerer from Germany, Rosa Dworschak from Austria, and Cora Baltussen and Marie Kamphuis from the Netherlands, made significant contributions to the modernization of German social work and paved the way for group work in probation assistance. The women were part of a transnational European knowledge network and participated in international conferences organized by the United Nations' European Social Welfare Program. Ruth Bang was a influential figure in probation assistance and published numerous publications on social casework and supervision. The text describes the work of probation officers and their training in social casework. It is mentioned that supervision was considered the only way to properly learn casework. Ruth Bang and Dora von Caemmerer were two important individuals who taught casework and supervision in Germany in the 1960s. The training of Albert Bickel and Cora Baltussen, who were also active in probation assistance, is also discussed. Rosa Dworschak is mentioned as another important person who had a psychoanalytic approach to casework. The text describes the professional backgrounds of Cora Baltussen and Marie Kamphuis, two women who made significant contributions to the development of social casework in Germany. Baltussen was a Catholic entrepreneur who established further education programs for casework and supervision in the Netherlands. Kamphuis was a social worker who advocated for professionalization of social work and published a textbook on social casework. Both women had different approaches and were supported by different networks, but they contributed to establishing social casework in Germany. The article focuses on the early days of probation assistance in the Federal Republic of Germany. It is mentioned that there was a lack of competent teaching staff and foreign experts were in high demand. The United Nations, foundations, and political programs promoted professional exchange. During this phase, women played a crucial role in the development of theoretical concepts and their implementation in practice. It is emphasized that the United Nations made a significant contribution to networking and Europeanization. It is also mentioned that the English probation concept influenced the discourse on the design of probation assistance in the Federal Republic. [Extracted from the article]

The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has ruled that there is no objective and reasonable justification for denying a woman, whose height and weight were below the required limits for female applicants, the opportunity to participate in the entrance examination for military medicine studies. The national courts made a mistake by not finding a justification for the correlation between a candidate's height and weight. The judgment of the European Court of Human Rights concerns non-discriminatory access to military medical education. The judgment emphasizes that discrimination should not occur even within the same gender. [Extracted from the article]

The article "Hidden Warnings in the Song of Songs" by Christoph Levin examines the connection between the Song of Songs and the books of Genesis and Exodus. It is noted that Cant 7:11 alludes to Gen 3:16 and/or Gen 4:7. The authors argue that these references do not serve to correct the text, but rather serve as evidence for the warnings contained in the biblical texts. It is also pointed out that the Song of Songs was influenced by the processes of development in the Old Testament. The widespread interpretation that Cant 7:11 abolishes the subordination of women is considered unjust in relation to the nature of scriptural reference. Instead, it is argued that the keyword וְעָלַי תְּשׁוּקָתוֹ in Gen 4:7 points to the warning given to the woman. The warning is hidden in Cant 7:11-12 and states that the one who gives in to their desire will suffer the same fate as Cain. The text discusses various references to other biblical texts in the Song of Songs. Cant 4:11 refers to the warning against the foreign woman in Proverbs 5:3-7:27. Cant 8:7 emphasizes the power of love and possibly recalls Isaiah 43:2. These references serve to incorporate warnings and teachings into the Song of Songs. It is emphasized that these hidden quotations do not change the text of the Song of Songs, but rather add a subtext that meets the requirements of Torah obedience. [Extracted from the article]

The article focuses on Gerda Lerner as historian and activist "Women's History: European-American" and women to be legitimate and relevant subject of history and object of historical scholarship mainly because women make up half of humanity. It mentions Lerner's life theme and also the life theme of a long one generation of feminists for whom Gerda directly or indirectly taught or became a role model. It also mentions annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany and bitterly poor beginnings as an immigrants in the U.S., from the repression by the anti-communist McCarthyism.

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The article focuses on feminist discourses on theology, religion and politics. It mentions the philosopher Amia Srinivasan notes The Right to Sex that feminism begins where a woman recognizes that she belongs to a gender class, along with contemporary issues of feminist theory building and feminist-oriented practice in the context of Islam with a focus on youth, education and gender-sensitive issues.

The article focuses on a reseach on the dynamics of feminism in New Testament exegesis. It mentions the women of the Bible were rediscovered, a critical feminist hermeneutics developed and Her/story was written instead of His/story, and the woman, together with her husband Aquila, worked as a tentmaker and was the leader of their house church and taught.

This paper investigates the presentation of women in communication practices of males. The article focuses on the verbalization of stereotypes about female physical appearance, considering the dynamics in conversational activities of postadolescent males. The examples discussed in this paper come from a corpus of data that were recorded in German speaking countries and the Ukraine between 2016 and 2018. Primarily, it would be of interest to research gender indexicality of the first order in the interactional behavior patterns that directly refer to gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Colloquia Germanica Stetinensia is the property of University of Szczecin Press / Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecinskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Internationale Bildungsforschung und Entwicklungspädagogik is the property of Waxmann Verlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics including political involvement of women in Switzerland, transformation in political power of women and gender discrimination seen in political participation.

A report from a June 30 to July 2, 2011 gender researchers' and women's rights conference in Berlin, Germany is presented. Topics of presentations included role models for women in science, gender discrimination in the workplace in the 21st century, and a case study of social assistance for women living in England.

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Copyright of Österreichische Zeitschrift für Soziologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Österreichische Zeitschrift für Soziologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Despite the fact that the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) is considered to be one of the most widely signed and ratified international human rights treaties, it seems that its implementation is confronted with significant problems. In particular, tensions arise between the endorsement of women's rights and the culture and tradition of each Member State. This may lead to different interpretations of women's rights according to each cultural background (cultural relativism), at the expense of universality of human rights. This tension is illustrated by the considerable number of reservations to the Convention, which impede its actual implementation. In this framework the article focuses on India. Being a relatively early signatory of CEDAW, with a great variety of religions and languages, different traditions and long cultural history, India offers a great example of the dimensions that the implementation of the Convention may have. The article, after examining first the cultural and constitutional background in India, seeks to clarify how the international protection of women's rights and Cultural Relativism interact here. For this purpose the paper discusses the reservations of India to CEDAW and its legal nature. Finally, it outlines the newest developments in India and makes explicit how the culture and legal regimes may determine one another. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Zeitschrift für Soziologie is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the social acceptance problems with pension insurance in Germany. Controversy has arisen over the fairness of requirements in the reform law known as gesetzliche Rentenversiucherung. Intergenerational redistribution mechanisms are one point of contention, as are unequal reallocations between East and West, and along gender lines.

Copyright of Swiss Journal of Sociology / Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Soziologie is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents the history, beginning as early as 1869, of German federal and municipal legislation restricting certain types of work and especially night work for women. Women's groups' protests against work restrictions were voiced as early as Louise Otto-Peters' 1885 writing. Until recently, the bans were viewed as protections for rather than discrimination against women. The laws ultimately were struck down by a federal constitutional court decision in 1992.

An introduction to the journal is presented which discusses topics within the issue including how to avoid gender-related discrimination without impairing the interpretation of laboratory data, gender differences in endocrinology, and an interview with Prof. Oertelt-Prigione.

Copyright of Swiss Journal of Sociology / Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Soziologie is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Swiss Journal of Sociology / Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Soziologie is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the so-called breadwinner model of the welfare state. The model emphasizes the male wage earner, and the decline of that one-marital-earner in Germany, particularly in the areas of pensions and child care. Material discrimination against women and particularly mothers was eventually recognized, as were changes in traditional female roles, and these factors motivated systemic changes in the German welfare system.

The article argues that amendments to the German social security law are polarizing and do not lend themselves to the security of younger generation women. The source of the generational conflict lies in the trends toward occupational discontinuities, in the structural changes in the family, and in the extension of adolescence combined with the continuing of education well into adulthood.