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Laments the fact that the social strata model is still being used as the focal point of contemporary educational sociology and inequality research. Proposes models used in research on lifestyles and milieus conducted within the framework of empirical social research as alternatives. Provides two studies that illustrate these proposed methods. (DSK)

Recent years have seen the creation of a complex and multifaceted body of scholarly work examining the role of translators and interpreters in conflict situations. More is yet to be discovered, however, about these significant individuals and their functions and contribution to past and current wartime situations. Using data collected from oral histories gathered as part of the digital archive project by the Free University of Berlin, and the written testimonials provided by the Center for Neo-Hellenic Studies, this study focuses on the underexplored role of interpreters in German Occupied Greece (1941–1944). The digital archive offers key information regarding issues beyond what has been recorded so far regarding interpreter ethnic and ideological allegiances, for instance. Issues connected to the interpreters’ background, with a special emphasis on acquisition of linguistic skills, shed light on broader anthropological and sociological issues, such as their level of education, which may be linked to social class. Gender is another aspect discussed, as a result of the finding that a large number of interpreters in Occupied Greece were women. This paper includes an annex with excerpts from testimonials (in Greek).

This paper contributes to the sociological understanding of social class inequalities in childhood similarities test scores. We undertake a comparative analysis of two cohorts of British children born 30 years apart. There is a similar negative relationship in both cohorts. Children born in families in the less advantaged social classes have lower childhood similarities test scores. This is consequential because these children enter secondary school with restricted capabilities in logical thinking, concept formation and abstract reasoning.

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Copyright of Zeitschrift für Pädagogik is the property of Julius Beltz GmbH & Co. KG Beltz Juventa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We live in the period of high and fast technical and technological progress, in the period in which human destinies are burdened by new temptations and new challenges, period in which globalization process activities multiplied individuals and groups of people who were pushed from the center of social life to its margins. Poor and developing countries, where there are more and more people who live below the poverty lines, suffocating themselves by misery which leaves them hopeless and without human dignity, deal especially hard with the “new breakthroughs”. Fortune and gains brought by new technologies are unequally distributed in the world. Spectacularly rich world was created from one side, and from the other side seriously impoverished world dominated by horrible poverty and deprivation. In that context the paper analyzes phenomenon of vertical social inequality, poverty and social exclusion with special overview of the Bosnian-Herzegovinian contemporary reality in which those phenomena are vivified.

Skin diseases are complex and cannot be explained solely by genetic or environmental factors but are also significantly shaped by social influences. This review illuminates the bidirectional relationship between social factors and skin diseases, demonstrating how social determinants such as socioeconomic status, living environment, and psychosocial stress can influence the onset and progression of skin conditions. Simultaneously, it explores how skin diseases can affect individuals' social lives and work capability, leading to a cycle of social withdrawal and further deterioration of the condition. The paper describes the need for a holistic approach in dermatology that goes beyond the biomedical perspective and incorporates social factors to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies. The increasing prevalence of skin diseases in Europe and the expected rise in allergies due to climate change make the consideration of social determinants even more urgent. The findings of this review aim to raise awareness of the complex interconnections between social factors and skin health and contribute to reducing social disparities in skin health., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature.)

Background: Socio-economic situation is associated with inequalities in access to health care and health-related resources. This also applies to pregnancy, birth and the postpartum period. Compared to other European countries, Germany has very good care options for the postpartum period. It has an unique system of postpartum care, which comprises home visits by midwives for 12 weeks after birth and beyond in problem cases and thus has structurally good care options. So far, however, there are hardly any studies based on routine data that show which mothers receive homevisits in postpartum care and to what extent., Method: The study population comprised 199,978 women insured with BARMER who gave birth to at least one child in the years 2017-2020. Some women were pregnant several times in this period of time. The services billed by freelance midwives for outreach midwifery care in the puerperium were considered for 227,088 births, taking into account the socioeconomic situation of the mothers., Results: According to the definition of the German Institute for Economic Research, 26% of the mothers belonged to a low income group, 46% to a medium income group and 29% to a high income group. Similar to what was shown for midwifery care during pregnancy, large differences were also found with regard to postpartum care: While 90.5% of the women with a high income received home visits, only 83.5% of women with a medium income did so, and only 67.9% of women with a low income. The groups did not differ with regard to other characteristics such as rate of caesarean section, preterm births, twins, age or concomitant diseases to an extent that could explain the differences in care. Women who had received midwifery services in pregnancy were much more likely to receive home visits by a midwife in the postpartum period. Furthermore, there was a correlation with the density of midwives in the respective region., Conclusions: The results suggest that access to home-based postpartum care by freelance midwives is significantly limited for low-income women. In contrast to antenatal care, women in the postpartum period cannot switch to other service providers, as outreach postpartum care is a reserved activity of midwives. Women with low incomes thus receive less midwifery care, although they have a higher need for support (Eickhorst et al. 2016)., Competing Interests: Die Autorinnen/Autoren geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

Fashion favors and amplifies the social change, being itself a consistent part of the phenomenon. In this essay, fashion is analyzed over time, from its birth until today, in its different phases (high couture, prêt-à-porter, fast fashion). The focus is on fashion creators, researchers and consumers. This allows to show the differentiation between the roles of creator (maître couturier, stylist, fashion designer) and researcher (trend forecaster, fad hunter), as well as the expansion of consumers. The aim is to highlight the incremental complexity of the fashion phenomenon linked to the transformation of modern and contemporary society.

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In this article, I examine some of the methodological issues present for minority scholars when conducting research with an "insider-outsider" researcher status. Utilising examples from my fieldwork, I will expose how social class, care and gender identity along with positioning have impact on the research process and analysis. Based on a study that sought to collaboratively produce knowledge about how inequality is lived and challenged, I was able to gain access and build rapport with participants with my insider working class background. With my outsider positioning as a "researcher" and "academic," I encountered more nuanced relations in the research process, showing how one can also be an insider-outsider simultaneously. My additional identity and positioning as a woman and mother became influential factors to the collaborative analysis of the findings, from which I gathered new knowledge about the intersection of class and care. In placing my identity and positioning, in terms of class, care and gender, at the centre of this discussion of methodology, I raise important questions on a personal, professional and political continuum for qualitative research and the production of collaborative knowledge and action within the field of participatory research.

Medieval Zadar notary Petar Perencan, of the late Mister Azon de Lemicetis, born in Padua with the title of educated notary and by imperial authority came to Zadar in 1361 as many other Italian notaries before and after him. His preserved notary register, still unpublished, written in Latin, offers invaluable data on everyday life of Zadar commune. Many clients from different social classes and ethnical origin, even Perencan’s fellow-countrymen who moved to Zadar, concluded different kinds of contracts in his office. The aim of this paper is to research which Paduans appeared in his notary register and on the basis of those data analyze the social status of Paduans in Zadar commune as well as their integration in the new environment.

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Copyright of Österreichische Zeitschrift für Soziologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: It is now well established empirically that families and children who could not attend educational and childcare institutions during the COVID-19 pandemic experienced disadvantages. This is particularly true for families in poverty. However, little is known about the situation of families with young children. The aim of the paper is to investigate (1) to what extent families with infants and toddlers also experienced their situation during the pandemic as stressful, (2) whether there were differences depending on social class, (3) how the pandemic affected the healthy development of infants and toddlers, and (4) to what extent class-related differences can also be identified in this., Methods: The German National Centre for Early Prevention conducted a nationally representative survey of families with children of age 0 to 3 years in April to December 2022, "Kinder in Deutschland 0‑3 2022" (N = 7821). The KiD 0‑3 study combines a parent survey on family psychosocial burden and resources with pediatric documentation of child development., Results: Parents with very young children experienced their situation in the COVID-19 pandemic as stressful. A clear difference depending on social class emerged. Both from the parents' perspective and in pediatric judgment, the pandemic had a negative impact on social and affective development even in young children. These effects were more pronounced in children from families experiencing poverty than in children from families not receiving basic government benefits., Discussion: In order to mitigate the psychosocial consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic for families and to improve children's chances of growing up in a healthy way that promotes their development, it is necessary to support families in need without stigmatization., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

The article attempts to compare social structures of Russian provincial gubernial urban centers in Siberia (Tobolsk) and in the Central Black Earth Region (Tambov) in the watershed period for the Russian Empire at the turn of the 20th century. The authors have analyzed the occupational, class and social composition of Tobolsk and Tambov. Age, gender and social characteristics of occupational and urban class groups, as well as composition and specific weight of the elite, middle layers and bottom layers of the gubernial centers have been studied. The study of two gubernial cities of the Russian Empire embedded in different historical environments permits the authors to single out general and specific features of the processes of social change related to urbanization and modernization.

The components of demo-social macroeconomic level but especially in the continental context were decisive action on both exponents of the supply and the demand; the businessman need to know features, character and effects of these variables on the functionality they produce while the European market and national. From the range of the demo-social components, I referred to the social classes, the reference groups, the area of residence, taking into consideration reality that these components carries on business in general, particularly on the consumer, a long-term determination so, their knowledge as fair provides managers can develop policies and strategies consistent with these conditions.

Background: National and international findings indicate that homecare arrangements are influenced by socioeconomic factors. Demographic and social developments justify the assumption of an increasing number of people in need of care from resource-pour groups and therefore a continuously increasing importance of home-based long-term care., Objective: It is examined whether income and education of people in need of care and their caregivers are related to the use of support services in homecare arrangements., Material and Methods: Quantitative secondary data analysis of a survey among members of the social association VdK (Sozialverband VdK). The statistical evaluation includes descriptive analyses as well as the investigation of correlations between socioeconomic characteristics and characteristics of the care arrangement., Results: A correlation between income and the use of support services exists regarding so-called 24-hour care, which is more common with high incomes. Other income effects can be seen in the extent to which care services and home help services are used and in measures to adapt the home environment. A higher level of education is related to an increased use of counselling services. The assessment of the care situation is more negative the lower the income., Conclusions: The results point out that phenomena of social inequality in care exist and that the options for shaping homecare are influenced by socioeconomic factors. The study also shows challenges in dealing with social inequality and provides orientation for further research, which is becoming increasingly important in view of current trends., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Aim of the Study: The aim of the study was to investigate the distribution pattern of mental health problems (emotional problems, conduct problems, peer problems, hyperactivity) among different socioeconomic groups of 11- to 17-year-old girls and boys., Methods: Data for this study were obtained from the "German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents KiGGS Wave 2" (2012-2014, n=15,023). The data on 11- to 17-year-old girls and boys (n=6599) was analyzed overall and separately for two age groups. The dependent variable was the parental version of the "Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire" (SDQ). As non-dependent variable, a multidimensional index was used, which indicates the socioeconomic status (SES) of the family. Prevalence and odds ratios (ORs) based on logistic regressions are shown., Results: The prevalence of reporting mental health problems in those aged 11 to 17 was 15.7%. Girls were more likely to show internalizing problems whilst boys were more likely to show externalizing problems. The 11- to 17-year-old adolescents with a low SES were about two times (aOR: 2.32; 95%-CI: 1.81-2.97; p<0.001) more likely to report mental health problems. Adolescent girls with a low SES were at a twofold (aOR: 2.06; 95%-CI: 1.49-2.98; p<0.001) increased risk of showing a specific mental health problem such as "emotional problems".Conclusion Mental health problems in adolescents are distributed unequally. 11- to 17-year-old boys are generally more likely to show mental health problems, while girls' SES differences in mental health are more pronounced., Competing Interests: Die Autorinnen/Autoren geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

Aims of the Study: This study compared prevalences of myocardial infarction between data drawn from health interviews and claims data from statutory health insurance. Previous comparative studies have drawn comparisons without having considered possible differences in the sociodemographic structure of the underlying study populations. The approach applied here aimed to match the sociodemographic structure via available information in both datasets and to compare prevalences in parallelized samples., Methodology: Data from the German Health Interview and Examination Study for Adults (DEGS1) and claims data from the AOK Lower Saxony (AOKN) were used. To match the sociodemographic structure of the two data sets, a parallelized sample was drawn from the AOKN data according to sex, age, and vocational training qualification. As part of a sensitivity analysis, additional samples were drawn and a mean overall prevalence was calculated from them., Results: Data from 5779 DEGS1 respondents and 22 534 AOKN insured persons were used for the analysis. After parallelization of the AOKN-sample by sex, age, and vocational training qualification, no significant differences in prevalence of myocardial infarction could be found between claims data from the AOKN and data from the DEGS1 Health Survey. In men, there were tendencies toward lower prevalence of myocardial infarction in the AOKN data. Possible explanations include the selection of less morbid insured persons by using the vocational education degree for parallelization or memory discrepancies in survey data., Conclusion: Differences in sociodemographic structure may play a role the interpretation of disease prevalence from difference data sources. This can be compensated for by parallelizing the samples. Future comparative analyses should take into account characteristics of the socioeconomic status. Similar analyses of other diseases such as stroke, diabetes, and metabolic disorders would be desirable., Competing Interests: SG hat in den letzten 3 Jahren Projektmittel von der AOK Niedersachsen zur Finanzierung diverser gemeinsamer wissenschaftlicher Forschungsprojekte erhalten. JT wird aus Projektmitteln ko-finanziert, die von der AOK Niedersachsen zur Verfügung gestellt wurden. JE wurde in den letzten 3 Jahren aus Projektmitteln ko-finanziert, die von der AOK Niedersachsen zur Verfügung gestellt wurden. AOK Niedersachsen hat zu keinem Zeitpunkt einen Einfluss auf die Fragestellung oder die Auswertung oder die Interpretation der Daten gehabt., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

This article deals with connections between body and nutrition, relating class social to life style, stressing in particular Bordieu´s habitus view and making some points about Sancho Panza, and later about nutritional habits and overweight in the Spanish society.

My starting point for this article is the increasing pace of academic life. As the other articles in this special section evidence, the Slow movement, which seeks to challenge our contemporary obsession with speed, is being taken up by many in order to intervene into "fast academia". However, in this article, I suggest we should pause and question what kind of a solution this offers to the current crisis of speed. Working auto/biographically and using examples drawn from popular culture, I argue that Slow is both classed and gendered, re/producing wider patterns of inclusion and exclusion. Specifically, I suggest that Slow naturalises a particular relationship to self which requires not just stability of employment but an individualist way of being, constituting selves that calculate and invest in them-selves for the future. URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs140374

Non-whites, non-males and other non-genuine citizens. The reproduction of social inequalities as seen in Karen Brodkin’s 'How Jews Became White Folks and What That Says about America' The article offers a review of Karen Brodkin’s How Jews Became White Folks and What That Says about America. Brodkin analyses the social and political transformations in America and puts the analysis in the context of her own autobiography. The first issue that Brodkin investigates are the processes that led to the change in the social status of Jews and other immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe in the 20th century. Second, Brodkin tries to understand her own origins, as well as different life styles and ways of perceiving the Jewish identity present in her family. Beside the analysis itself, Brodkin also offers many interesting remarks on the construction of racial and ethnic categories, discrimination, and the interactions between the ethnic, class and gender aspects of one’s identity. Niebiali, niemężczyźni i inni nieprawdziwi obywatele. O reprodukcji społecznych nierówności w książce Karen Brodkin „How Jews Became White Folks and What That Says about Race in America” Artykuł ten stanowi recenzję książki amerykańskiej antropolożki Karen Brodkin, zatytułowanej How Jews Became White Folks and What That Says about Race in America (‘Jak Żydzi stali się białymi i co mówi to o zjawisku rasy w Ameryce’), która łączy analizę przemian społeczno-politycznych w Stanach Zjednoczonych z autobiograficznym studium własnych doświadczeń autorki. Tym samym Brodkin podejmuje dwa zasadnicze problemy. Pierwszym z nich jest próba zrozumienia procesów, które doprowadziły do zmiany statusu społecznego Żydów oraz innych imigrantów ze wschodniej i południowej Europy w dwudziestowiecznej Ameryce. Drugą analizowaną kwestią jest próba zrozumienia przez autorkę jej własnego pochodzenia, sytuacji rodzinnej, obowiązujących w jej rodzinie rożnych modeli życia i rożnych sposobów postrzegania tożsamości żydowskiej. Podejmując wymienione zagadnienia, Brodkin oferuje szereg cennych refleksji dotyczących konstrukcji kategorii rasowych i etnicznych, zjawiska dyskryminacji oraz relacji pomiędzy tożsamością etniczną, klasową i genderową.

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Against the background of increased levels of interest in space and images beyond the field of geography, this article (re-) introduces earlier work on the semiotics of maps undertaken by geographers in the 1960s. The data limitations, purpose and cultural context in which a user interprets a map's codes and conventions are highlighted in this work, which remains relevant to the interpretation of maps—new and old—forty years later. By means of drawing on geography's contribution to the semiotics of maps, the article goes on to examine the concept of urban social divisions as represented in map images. Using a small number of map images, including two of the most widely known maps of urban social division in Europe and North America, the roles of context, data and purpose in the production and interpretation of maps are discussed. By presenting the examples chronologically the article shows that although advances in data collection and manipulation have allowed researchers to combine different social variables in maps of social division, and to interact with map images, work by geographers on the semiotics of maps is no less relevant today than when it was first proposed forty years ago. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1002372

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Democratic Education: Ethnographic Challenges is an important resource for all who are interested not only in education but also in research, public administration and policy analysis. Ethnographers from Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, the United Kingdom and the United States share with us research conducted in their countries. The ten studies examine in depth the impact of new-right policies in educational settings. In this regard, democracy and social justice are discussed while focusing on gender, social class, ethnicity and nationality. The authors frame their work in diverse ways including the use of Marxist, feminist, poststructuralist and postcolonial theories. The findings invite us to think critically about daily life in schools. Aside from the overall importance of the topic, this book is also a good example of interdisciplinary and international collaboration. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0501206

This paper explores methodological issues regarding the revisiting of "classic" qualitative studies. Classic studies pose particular issues for secondary analysis. By virtue of being "classic", the findings and arguments of such studies define a subsequent "canon" of theoretical and methodological scholarship, and hence shape the thinking of subsequent researchers conducting secondary analysis. Secondary re-analysis therefore should be not only of the archived data itself, but of the published work itself, but this raises a host of complex methodological and ethical issues. Using my own reanalysis of Elizabeth BOTT's "Family and Social Network' archive, and John GOLDTHORPE and David LOCKWOOD's "Affluent Worker collection", I examine possible analytical strategies for re-analysis, including "debunking", the alternative of "sacralisation", and ways in which original data can be read "against the grain". URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0501312

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Background: Demographic development and changes in healthcare utilization have led to a rising number of calls for emergency services. In Germany life-threatening situations are responded by physician-staffed ambulances in a 2-tier system whereas paramedic-staffed ambulances are dispatched in non-life-threatening emergencies. A nationwide protocol guides dispatchers in triage decisions. In the years 1999 to 2009 a continuous rise in the number of calls for a physician-staffed ambulance in Münster was recorded. The degree of healthcare utilization according to socioeconomic status and age structure was retrospectively examined. Methods: For the year 2006 all emergency calls in the City of Münster responded to by physician-staffed ambulances were analyzed. Each call was assigned to 1 of the 45 urban districts. The local incidence of emergency calls (calls/100 residents/year) was determined and compared to the socioeconomic status which was defined as the percentage of welfare and unemployment benefit recipients per district. Patient condition was assessed by the Munich National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (M-NACA) score. This scoring system allows calls to be allocated to either life-threatening conditions or non-life-threatening conditions by objective vital parameters. The age structure of the emergency callers was also examined. Results: Urban districts with a low socioeconomic status showed a higher incidence of emergency calls requiring physician-staffed ambulance responses than districts with a high socioeconomic status. Measured by the M-NACA scoring system, the fraction of life-threatening emergencies among all calls proved to be equal to districts with a high socioeconomic status. A correlation between elderly patients and increasing numbers of life-threatening emergencies was found. Conclusions: A low socioeconomic status of an urban district will result in more ambulance responses. However, the proportion of life-threatening emergencies is equal to districts with a high socioeconomic status. Thus, the greater need for physician-staffed ambulance responses matches clinical needs and legitimates current resource use in a 2-tier ambulance system. Indications for the abuse of physician-staffed ambulances were not found. Considering an aging population the number of emergency calls will rise in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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