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As states are set to vote on the reform of the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) at a Conference in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, on 22 November, concerns regarding the treaty’s impact on states‘ climate policies remain significant. In our assessment, the proposed reform fails to provide the treaty’s contracting parties with the necessary regulatory freedom to implement their climate commitments. Scheduled for the week after COP27, the vote comes at a crucial time, as scientists agree that this is the decisive decade to limit global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. Meanwhile, several EU Member States, including Germany, France, Spain, Poland, the Netherlands, and Slovenia have announced unilateral withdrawals from the treaty, stating that the proposed reform fails to meet their expectations.

Simple, convenient methods have been developed using readily available, easy-to-handle reagents to access a variety of chiral amino alcohols and amines, which have considerable potential for applications in asymmetric organic transformations. Scholars from this laboratory in India have made significant contributions to this field, which is the subject of the current review.

Glycals have been transformed into a variety of functionalized substrates which have been found to be useful in synthesizing some aminosugars, N-glycopeptides, nitrosugars and some iminosugars which are potential glycosidase inhibitors. An account of work that has been done in our laboratory is briefly discussed here.

Three different protocols to synthesize oxazolidin-5-ones have been studied with the goal to develop a method to synthesize a diastereomerically pure oxazolidin-5-one. A novel method is reported that uses a dynamic crystallization-induced asymmetric transformation to isolate a single diastereomer of an oxazolidin-5-one in 92% yield on kilogram scale. Alkylation of the oxazolidin-5-one template leads to good-to-excellent yields of N-protected α-substituted alanine esters in >98–99% ee.

The main objective of this paper to analyse the efficiency of the selected ten Indian Banks. The efficiency analysis was performed by using of DEA method. DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) is the optimization method of mathematical programming to generalize the Farrell(1957). Thus DEA become a new tool in operational research for measuring technical efficiency. This examination focused on the measure of the operation efficiency of the Indian banking sector in the period 2010-2016. Indian Banking Sector is contributing to the development of the Indian economy in a significant measure. Financial efficiency measurement in this aspect is very vital. The analysis was made of two ways: constant return to scale (CRS) and variable returns to scale (VRS). In DEA, the use of constant returns to scale models requires the assumption of full proportionality between all inputs and output. The country's leading banks should pay closer attention to the regulations and administrations. The studies also show to tenure the private sector banks is better than the public sector banks during this period as well foreign banks. The results are insightful to the financial policy planner as it identifies priority areas for different banks, which can improve the performance. This paper evaluates the performance of Banking Sectors in India. Being major banks in the country, they deserve better attention by the regulators and the administrators. All the banks are operating in India and are represented in three homogeneous categories as per their size. Out of 10 banks, there are 3 foreign banks, 3 banks are nationalized and 4 private Indian banks. In the variable return scale model the public sector banks state bank of India (SBI), Panjab National Bank (PNB) are performing well, they have good efficiency. Since this study attempts to maximize output, so the output oriented Data Envelopment Analysis is used. The most efficient bank is one that obtains the highest efficiency score.

Commentators have wrongly assumed that the operations and outcomes of South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) reflected the intentions of the African National Congress (ANC) government that instigated it. In line with its agenda of substantive social history, the ANC intended to establish a new Gramscian ‘common sense’ of anti-colonialism and self-determination to drive anti-apartheid transformation. As part of its additional aim for an institutional intervention, the ANC sought to renovate the inherited technology of the colonial commission of inquiry itself. As the paper shows, these aims were overturned through the superimposition of ‘transitional justice’ within the workings of the TRC and the TRC’s ‘Final Report’. The continuing implications of this abduction are addressed in closing.