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Objective: A comparison between automated and manual measurements of a foveal avascular zone in optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR)., Material and Methods: Consecutive patients with non-proliferative DR were included in this study. All patients received an OCTA, with a 3 × 3 mm scan of the macular region taken with the Zeiss OCT CIRRUS 5000 with the AngioPlex module. The size of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) was determined both manually and with the help of the automated measurement metrics. Next, the measurements obtained using manual and automated methods were compared. In addition, the circularity index determined in metrics was examined for correlations with the size and area of the FAZ., Results: Thirty-four eyes from 28 patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy with a mean age of 63 years were included. The mean size of the foveal avascular zone was 0.34 ± 0.12 mm 2 (0.08 - 0.65 mm 2 ) for manual evaluation and 0.23 ± 0.11 mm 2 (range 0.03 - 0.49 mm 2 ) in metrics. The circularity index in metrics averaged 0.58 and showed a statistically significant correlation with the size of the manually measured FAZ., Conclusion: There was a comparable result for the size of the FAZ in both measurement methods. Automated measurements with metrics can reliably represent changes in the FAZ for most patients, based on the calculated area, as well as on the circumference and the circularity index., Competing Interests: Die Autoren geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht., (Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)

Objective: Comparison of retinal neovascularizations of the disc (NVD) and elsewhere (NVE) in optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and fluorescein angiography (FA) in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy., Materials and Methods: 15 consecutive patients were included in this study. All patients received an OCTA with a 3 × 3 mm scan of the region of interest with the ZEISS OCT Cirrus 5000 with the AngioPlex module. The size of the neovascularization (NV) was determined manually in OCTA and FA and compared between the two methods., Results: 20 eyes of 15 patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with an average age of 57 years were included. The mean size of NVDs was 3.44 mm 2 in OCTA and 3.75 mm 2 in FA, the mean size of NVDs was 1.06 mm 2 in OCTA and 1.54 mm 2 in FA. Taking into account a generally larger area measured in the FA, the two methods showed good overall agreement., Conclusion: There was a good agreement for the size of the NVs in both methods. OCTA can be used as a simple and non-invasive method to visualize retinal neovascularizations., Competing Interests: Die Autoren geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht., (Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)

Parental Monitoring and its Relation to Behaviour Problems and Risk Behaviour in an Adolescent School Sample Numerous research studies emphasize parental monitoring as a protective factor for adolescent problem behaviour. The purpose of the study presented was to use Stattin and Kerr's (2000) monitoring subscales for the first time in a German-speaking area and to explore the relations to behaviour problems in an adolescent school sample. The two active monitoring strategies "parental control" and "parental solicitation" as well as "parental knowledge" and "child disclosure" relating to behaviour problems and risk behaviour were examined. A sample of 494 pupils, grades 5, 7 and 9, of German secondary schools and their parents answered questions on "parental knowledge", "control", "solicitation" and "child disclosure". Adolescents also answered the German version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and items about risk behaviour like frequency of violence, delinquency, substance abuse, self-injuring behaviour and school absenteeism. Behaviour problems in terms of the SDQ could be predicted sufficiently by "parental knowledge", but for the prediction of risk behaviour, the active parental monitoring strategies were of importance, too. More "parental knowledge", more "control" and less "solicitation" could predict less risk behaviour. Results confirm "parental knowledge" as a general protective factor for problem behaviour. However, they show the importance of "parental control" for adolescent risk behaviour.