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Copyright of Litera: Journal of Language, Literature & Culture Research is the property of Litera: Journal of Language, Literature & Culture Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Araştırmada öğrencilerin hazırladıkları videolardan hareketle su konusundaki bakış açılarının ve sürece yönelik görüşlerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden biri olan durum çalışması temelinde yürütülmüştür. Köy, ilçe ve il merkezinde 5. sınıfta öğrenim görmekte olan 53 öğrenci çalışmaya dâhil edilmiştir. Veriler, öğrencilerin hazırlamış oldukları videolar ve görüşme formuna verdikleri yanıtlar aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde betimsel ve içerik analizi birlikte kullanılmıştır. Öğrenciler hazırlamış oldukları videolarda su tasarrufu, suyun önemi, su kaynaklarının temizliği, su kirliliği ve suda yaşam konularına yer vermişlerdir. Öğrencilerin bir kısmı ele aldığı konuya ilişkin doğrudan bilgilendirmeler yaparken bir kısmı ise belirli senaryolar oluşturarak ilgili konuyu hikâyeleştirerek izleyicisine sunmuştur. Video içeriklerini zenginleştirmek için öğrencilerin görsel araçlardan faydalandıkları tespit edilmiştir. Öğrencilerin görüşleri gerekçe, mesaj ve yönlendirme başlıkları altında değerlendirilmiştir. Su konusunda verilecek olan eğitimlerde ilgili konunun günlük yaşamla daha fazla ilişkilendirilerek tüm boyutlarıyla ele alınması ve okul dışı öğrenme ortamlarından faydalanılması önerilmiştir.

Abstract Water has a fundamental role in all areas of life as it is a vital resource for the life and development of any country. Environmental analysts in Guatemala state that there is enough water, but they warn there is little capacity for its management. One of the Sustainable Development Goals, specifically the one related to ensuring access to water and sanitation for all, is to “implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate” by 2030. This research approaches an overview of the legal and institutional situation in Guatemala that shows the fragmentation of the legal framework and lack or overlaps of institutional functions to guarantee integrated and sustainable water resource management. In summary, in the context of Integrated Water Resources Management, it is necessary to generate reliable information systems on the sources and uses of water, develop public investments to make water accessible, a territorial approach of hydrographic basins entails Guatemala, conflict analysis to establish the dialogues to develop an integrated legal framework and consider the role of municipalities whose responsibility is to ensure the drinking water and sanitary services of their jurisdiction. Resumen El agua tiene un papel fundamental en todos los ámbitos de la vida, ya que es un recurso vital para la vida y el desarrollo de cualquier país. Analistas ambientales en Guatemala afirman que hay suficiente agua, pero advierten que hay poca capacidad para su gestión. Uno de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, específicamente el relacionado con garantizar el acceso al agua y saneamiento para todos, es "implementar la gestión integrada de los recursos hídricos a todos los niveles, incluso mediante la cooperación transfronteriza, según proceda" para 2030. Esta investigación aborda un panorama de la situación legal e institucional en Guatemala que muestra la fragmentación del marco legal y la falta o superposición de funciones institucionales para garantizar una gestión integrada y sostenible de los recursos hídricos. En resumen, en el contexto de la Gestión Integrada de los Recursos Hídricos, es necesario generar sistemas de información confiables sobre las fuentes y usos del agua, desarrollar inversiones públicas para hacer accesible el agua, un enfoque territorial de las cuencas hidrográficas que conlleva Guatemala, el análisis de conflictos para establecer los diálogos para desarrollar un marco legal integrado y considerar el papel de las municipalidades cuya responsabilidad es garantizar el agua potable y los servicios sanitarios de su jurisdicción.

The use of water in healing has significance in African religious life. African people believe that water is not an ordinary substance but is medicinal and a life-giving commodity. This article argues that within a Pentecostal church setting, the use of water in healing should be juxtaposed with biblical practices to deal with the challenges of commercialisation of the commodity, its abuses, and other unethical practices. The integration of the African religious life and biblical practices is framed from an African theological perspective. The contribution of this perspective is its potential to address the commercialisation of water in two selected Pentecostal-type ministries. This will be achieved by introducing an African theological perspective and the use of water in African religious life. Similarly, the two selected ministries and their commercialisation of water will be discussed through the use of the case study method. The two selected church ministries are Rivers of Living Water Ministries and Nala Mandate International (NMI). The aim of this article is to demonstrate that an African theological perspective is relevant for addressing issues of the commercialisation of water in the selected ministries. This challenges how scholars approach the use of water in healing. The practice should be acknowledged in African religious life but its commercialisation should be criticised. Contribution: The article contributed to the discourse on the use of water in African religious life and proposed an African theological perspective to address the challenges of the commercialisation of the commodity.

The sacred space of the temple is opposed to the surrounding worldly (profane) area. One of the main tasks of the decoration of the temple entrance areas is to designate the antithesis “sacred / mundane”. This designation is carried out by means of universal themes implemented in various iconographic solutions. There are four such topics: space, time, power and communion with Wisdom. Sometimes several of them are encoded in one composition, sometimes all four are present. To convey the borderline nature of space, medieval artists turned to the subjects, from which context the viewer received a representation of the icon, despite its absence in the image. The decoration of the entrance areas also indicates the time boundary, that is, the boundary between human linear time and the cyclic time of daily and annual worship services. Since the House of God must remain undefiled, many images of an apotropaic (protective) nature are presented in the entrance areas. According to medieval beliefs, such images let those who come with good intentions through and stop the malicious ones. The theme of power is also present in those ktitor compositions, where the customer is shown presenting a model of the temple as a gift to Christ. The fourth task of the entrance areas decoration is to reveal the idea of extra-sensory and irrational knowledge of the Truth. Such images prepare the person entering the temple for the action of Divine Wisdom. Сакральное пространство храма противопоставлено окружающему его мирскому (профанному) пространству. Одна из главных задач декорации храмовых входных зон состоит в обозначении антитезы «сакральное / мирское». Это обозначение осуществляется посредством тем-универсалий, реализующихся в различных иконографических решениях. Таких тем четыре: пространство, время, власть и приобщение к Премудрости. Иногда в одной композиции закодировано несколько из них, иногда присутствуют все четыре. Для передачи пограничного характера пространства средневековые художники обращались к таким сюжетам, из контекста которых зритель получал представление о границе, несмотря на её отсутствие в изображении. Декорация входных зон обозначает и временнýю пограничость, то есть границу между человеческим линейным временем и цикличным временем суточного и годового богослужений. Поскольку Дом Божий должен оставаться неосквернённым, во входных зонах представлено множество изображений апотропейного (защитного) характера. Согласно средневековым верованиям, такие изображения пропускают приходящих с добрыми намерениями и останавливают злонамеренных. Тема власти присутствует и в тех ктиторских композициях, где показан заказчик, преподносящий модель храма в дар Христу. Четвёртая из задач, предусматриваемых декорацией входных зон, сосредоточена на раскрытии идеи внечувственного и иррационального познания Истины. Такие изображения подготавливают вступающего в храм к действию Божественной Премудрости.

The “sfumato” is a new notion, both from an artistic and metaphysical viewpoint. Thanks to this concept, Leonardo brings the reflection on the nature of the cosmos to a level of surprising currency, thus overcoming the dichotomy between the human and the natural world (animals, plants, atmosphere, water, and rock formations). At the same time, the distinction between nature and supernatural reality is also questioned: nature is pervaded by the spirit, i.e., the incorporeal force that animates the entire universe, while the sacred turns out to be rooted in an original dimension that escapes any temporal computation. And it is to this union that such magnificent works such as The Virgin of the Rocks, the Mona Lisa, and Saint Anne with the Virgin and Child are inspired. They are pictorial treatises on the philosophy of nature that are inspired to the divine principle, which pervades creation. At the heart of this deep osmosis between natural exploration and the human-divine world is creativity of the artist, in whose works the world is spiritualized and perfected.

Copyright of Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung: DIW-Wochenbericht is the property of DIW Berlin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Public Health Forum is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article "Overcoming Divisions" deals with the topic of division and unity in religious contexts. It refers to the biblical creation narrative, in which divisions between water and water are negatively evaluated. The Apostle Paul emphasizes unity in Christ and opposes divisions in the community. It also refers to the separation of people in the Jewish temple in Jerusalem. The article concludes with a reference to the letter to the Ephesians, which addresses the changes after the death of the Apostle Paul. It emphasizes that reconciliation and overcoming divisions in the biblical tradition always come from God and not from humans. [Extracted from the article]

ohn 3:5 refers to water. This term, within the Nicodemus discourse, is interpreted in many ways. From as far back as the early church and the Church Fathers, most of them have indicated that when Jesus talked about water, he was referring to baptism. This point of view elevated baptism to the level of a conversion, being a precondition for entering the kingdom of God, causing the early church to make baptism a sacrament. After cursorily discussing some viewpoints on the use of the term ‘water’ in John 3:5, this article examines the structure of John 3:3, 5–7. This brings the article to the conclusion that the water in John 3:5 could be a reference to the amniotic fluid that surrounds the baby in the womb and is present at birth. In the light of this, two conditions are put forward in order to see and enter the kingdom of God: one must first be born of the flesh, whereupon one must also be born of the Spirit. Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: John 3:5 refers to water. Most scholars, with reference to the Church Fathers, have the conviction that it refers to baptism. According to the structure of John 3:3, 5–7, this article argues that the water refers to the amniotic fluid present at a natural birth.

The aim of this study was to better evaluate the impact of on-site electro-generated hypochlorite for water disinfection. For this venture, the daily variability of hypochlorite-generating systems and their performance to produce low disinfection by-products during the formation of hypochlorite were observed. Seven on-site electro-generated hypochlorite installations, were selected at different swimming pool facilities in Switzerland. Active chlorine (AC), the two disinfection by-products chlorate (ClO3-) and perchlorate (ClO4-), and the pH were monitored over several hours. All monitored installations produced significant concentrations of chlorate, related to the measured active chlorine concentration. The median chlorate concentrations ranged between 1.4 to 76.9 µg ClO3-/mg AC during daily monitoring. Perchlorates have been detected only in the installations of one brand that generated concentrations up to 34.9 µg ClO4-/mg AC. For all installations, pH was lower than expected with a median pH of 9.6. Some samples presented even surprisingly acidic pH leading to possible sample degradation. This study clearly shows the weakness of a one-shot sampling to evaluate the quality of on-site electro-generated hypochlorite systems, due to high daily process variations. Additionally, the evaluation of the influence of three process parameters has pointed out that including chlorate aspects during the optimisation stage of on-site generated hypochlorite may significantly reduce chlorate contamination during water disinfection.

Compared to universal radical difunctionalizations of alkenes that are performed with organic solvents, such reactions with water as the sole solvent are rarely reported. Concerning the global consensus on environmental issues, we have developed herein a method for the radical oxyazidation of alkenes in pure water. This reaction allows the construction of C–N and C–O bonds in a one-pot process. Styrenes, 1,3-dienes, and unactivated alkenes react smoothly under mild and environmentally benign conditions to afford a wide scope of functionalized azides in excellent yields and selectivities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tribologie und Schmierungstechnik is the property of Narr Francke Attempto Verlag GmbH & Co.KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Water, whether in a concrete or abstract sense, has an irreplaceable role in every culture and literarytradition in Bosnia and Herzegovina – from the elementary essential-biological to the ambient andpsychological in the representations of space and people. This paper will, through concrete examples,examine the role of water topos in works of Bosnian literature precisely through these segments. Thetheoretical part indicates what the water topos represents, and the interpretive part sees water as a motifand symbol in the structure of the literary text and emphasizes the inscription of factional geographicaltoponyms/hydronyms, as well as fictitious abstract (a) topos in the poetic identities of the text (andopus in its entirety). In all this, we try to prove the hypothesis that water is an identifying determinantof a certain space and time, and in the cognitive-identity sense an important marker of cultures, socialcommunities and individuals.

The paper aims to help the reader to see how a doctrine could sustain, serve and promote globalization, bringing with it seemingly unlimited possibilities, but in its background coming with wealth dispersion and capital concentration, and creating schemes for payment for a vital resource. High development in communication technology has supported economic globalization; but to promote it there was needed a doctrinal and institutional framework. Neo-liberalism, promoting a smaller role for state in economic affairs overlapped with institutional efforts carried on under the multilateral negotiations’ GATT/WTO umbrella. Globalization of rules concerning foreign investments and services’ providing focused on the possibilities to invest in business having as focal point a vital resource: water. The debate of state versus market is one of the longest and tensioned in the history of civilization. Reducing the role of state in economy, there has been created the possibilities of seemingly unlimited gains, but it brought not only that, but economic convulsion and environmental decay, too. Water and investment connected to this resource have made no exceptions. Global players from soft drink and food industry areas stepped into the lucrative bottled water’s industry, while giants specialized in building great infrastructure projects headed to gain access on administrating big cities’ network of water pipelines and pumping or cleaning stations. Huge profits started to pour into their pockets, but with them came in many cases higher costs for piped water, lower water quality, and hardship for poor to gain access to what is a vital resource. Large investments determined by the globalization of concrete revolution resulted in damming almost all rivers of the world with huge impoundments, strongly harming natural habitats, coupled with population’s relocation together with a peculiar life-style’s losing. International credits needed to finance such projects created an almost frenetic market for international lending institutions. Countries aiming at quick modernization stated to fight for access to these financial resources in order to create the capacities to build huge dams and irrigation schemes, but in numerous cases the results were far from what had been expected. All these have created a favorable framework for making water an asset which can be traded as any other commodity, strongly reflecting the neo-liberal tenets in relation with this resource.

When he introduced the concept of atomic weights at the beginning of the 19th Century CE, John Dalton assumed that water had the formula HO. This assumption resulted in a half century of confusion – partly because on a scale of H = 1, he defined the atomic weights O = 8 and C = 6, and partly because elements that could exhibit variable valency appeared to possess different atomic (or rather equivalent) weights. The correction of the formula of water, together with the recognition of the diatomic nature of the gases hydrogen and oxygen, were formalized following the Karlsruhe congress of 1861 and allowed the establishment of the "modern" and consistent atomic weights.

This paper traces and analyses the various possibilities to interpret the images of the rivers and majestic waters in Ps 93:3-4. The metaphorical description of the waters allows the readers to see a fascinating spectacle of nature but also a threatening natural force. Over centuries, interpreters have creatively explored these possibilities for their readings. To retrace the wide range of possible interpretations of Ps 93:3-4 two contexts are revealing, namely the occurrences of water images in the psalter and the history of interpretation of Ps 93:3-4. The insights these contexts offer are then used to determine the points of reference for such readings in the text, and to reconstruct the different perspectives of the readers and their interpretations.

The paper aims to help the reader to see in a different manner large infrastructure projects, and especially those which are aimed at controlling water. And dams are such a category of large projects which facilitate man’s control over water. In most cases one’s first visit to a large dam is only a touristic activity. And a lot of dams in the world are in fact touristic magnets; Hoover Dam alone, in US, brings yearly roughly one million tourists which are attracted and impressed by it. But as one is enmeshed in more and more studies connected to dams, and especially large dams, the touristic character of looking at dams’ changes steady, and for good. In this moment one starts to see them as being living things, placed in the middle of a network which is influenced by them. It becomes an actor which assembles around it global politics, regional interactions, national desires, local communities, and all what is connected to that peculiar river basin in environmental area. As such, even large dams are about mathematic, numbers and calculations they are full of high politics influences, strong financial and technical interests and competing economic doctrines targeting economic development and social modernization. Both these processes are directly determined by electricity production, and the way it is produced. Dams work in this way globally, helping humankind to cover roughly 17% of its electricity needs. But dams connected to a newer concept – that of a whole river basin development – is more connected to modern vision of dams as means for controlling water and manipulating society. Big dams favour political centralization because of the special role electrical grids play in each state, while promoting in the same time modern farming methods using irrigation systems, stocking water for high demand periods which props up urbanization, and facilitating (in a lot of cases) modern transportation on dammed rivers. And they “travel” from different technological advanced centers towards less accomplished societies, with little care about environment, but with great care about political and financial interests. That it’s better to see dams not only as touristic attractions, but as nodes in a very complex techno-political network

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can cause adverse effects in individuals and their offspring. In 2017 and 2018, we performed a survey on representative samples of Austrian drinking water (n = 20), groundwater (n = 22), and surface water (n = 12), the latter including bathing water (n = 5) and rivers (n = 7). We analyzed 54 samples for 28 parameters, including estrogens, polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs), phthalates, perfluoroalkyl substances, alkylphenols, bisphenol A and triclosan, correlating to 1512 measurements. In 39 of the 54 samples (72.2%), at least one endocrine disrupting or potentially disrupting chemical was found at or above the limit of quantification. None of the samples yielded estrogens or triclosan in detectable levels. Bisphenol A (BPA) was detected in 4 (20.0%) samples of drinking water, in 1 (4.5%) groundwater sample, and in 1 (20%) bathing water sample, with a maximum concentration of 0.021 μg/l found in one drinking water. Two drinking water samples yielded BPA in concentrations above the limit value of 0.01 μg/l, recently proposed by the European Commission for drinking water. Therefore, the ultimate public health goal must be to further reduce and restrict the production of EDCs and therewith decrease and eventually eliminate the contamination of drinking water resources.

This article explores metamorphic outcomes in Ovid’s Metamorphoses. While the poem may be steeped in constant mutability, for the most part gender emerges as a surprisingly static feature, and one that carries remarkable weight also when read beside the aftermaths of Ovidian transformations. Though there may be no fixed schema that categorically establishes disparities in the final destinations of male and female transformations, I show that there are significant gendered patterns with some perhaps unexpected consequences for class and social status also. In considering the poem’s main destinations, we can see distinct patterns of outcomes: heavily gender-based for trees, gender-significant (albeit not simply determined) for watercourses, gods, and stones, and gender-equal in the case of birds and other animals. The article tackles some of the unconscious gender preconceptions at play, and explores the enduring significance of gender for the Metamorphoses within the various outcomes of those who become victims, or occasionally beneficiaries, of Ovidian metamorphosis.

Hyponatremia is a disorder of water homeostasis. Water balance is maintained by the collaboration of renal function and cerebral structures, which regulate thirst mechanisms and secretion of the antidiuretic hormone. Measurement of serum-osmolality, urine osmolality and urine-sodium concentration help to diagnose the different reasons for hyponatremia. Hyponatremia induces cerebral edema and might lead to severe neurological symptoms, which need acute therapy. Also, mild forms of hyponatremia should be treated causally, or at least symptomatically. An inadequate fast increase of the serum sodium level should be avoided, because it raises the risk of cerebral osmotic demyelination. Basic pathophysiological knowledge is necessary to identify the different reasons for hyponatremia which need different therapeutic procedures., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Osmotic gradients over cell membranes lead to water movement into or out of cells. An intact osmoregulation prevents osmotic gradients, thereby protecting cells from swelling or shrinking. Na + is the major cation in the extracellular fluid (ECF) and the major determinant of the osmolarity in the ECF, including plasma. Therefore, the plasma-Na + concentration needs to be tightly regulated. An excess of electrolyte-free water decreases the concentration of osmolytes leading to hyponatremia. In contrast, a free water deficit increases the osmolyte concentration leading to hypernatremia. Pathophysiology-oriented approaches to dysnatremic patients help both clinicians and patients. Therapeutic interventions depend on the differentiation between acute and chronic, asymptomatic, and symptomatic dysnatremia, and on the patient's extracellular volume status. The therapeutic armamentarium for hyponatremia consists of water restriction, hypertonic infusions, urea, V2 receptor-blockers, and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. Patients with hypernatremia are treated with electrolyte-free water or hypotonic sodium-containing solutions depending on their volume status. Basic concepts in the management of dysnatremic patients are discussed., Competing Interests: Die Autorinnen/Autoren geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

The ecological footprint and the water footprint are used in class to address the limitations of natural resources and to offer perspectives for action in terms of sustainable development. This article discusses with different footprint models and critically reflects possible applications in the classroom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]