1. [Maxillofacial fractures: midface and internal orbit. Part 2: therapeutic options].
- Author
-
Mast G, Ehrenfeld M, and Cornelius CP
- Subjects
- Bone Plates, Cooperative Behavior, Endoscopy methods, Ethmoid Bone injuries, Ethmoid Bone surgery, Facial Bones surgery, Follow-Up Studies, Fracture Fixation, Internal, Fracture Healing physiology, Humans, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Interdisciplinary Communication, Mouth Rehabilitation methods, Nasal Bone injuries, Nasal Bone surgery, Plastic Surgery Procedures methods, Surgery, Computer-Assisted methods, Suture Anchors, Zygomatic Fractures surgery, Facial Bones injuries, Facial Injuries surgery, Orbital Fractures surgery, Skull Fractures surgery
- Abstract
While the state of the art of clinical assessment and imaging techniques were described in Part 1, this contribution presents a systematic review of the surgical treatment principles in the management of midface and internal orbit fractures from initial care to definitive treatment, including illustrative case examples. New developments and advances are characterized by limited versus extended surgical approaches, by standardization of osteosynthesis principles with regard to three-dimensional buttress reconstruction, by newly developed individualized implants such as titanium meshes and, especially for complex fracture patterns, by critical assessment of anatomical reconstruction through intraoperative endoscopy, as well as intraoperative and postoperative imaging. Newly developed resorbable soft tissue anchors can be used both for ligament and soft tissue resuspension in order to reduce ptosis effects in the cheeks and nasolabial area to achieve facial aesthetics similar to those prior to the injury.
- Published
- 2012
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