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L’étude a pour finalité de comprendre l’évolution des conditions d’accès des individus à leurs lieux d’activité dans un contexte de transformations urbaines et de changements sociodémographiques. Nous cherchons en particulier à savoir si aujourd’hui les adultes pâtissent d'une localisation résidentielle plus favorable à leurs enfants du point de vue des mobilités quotidiennes ou si d’autres logiques sont à l’œuvre entre autres suivant la position des ménages dans la hiérarchie sociale. Nous cherchons également à comprendre comment ont évolué les conditions de mobilité suivant le lieu de résidence dans la ville. Pour ce faire, nous définissons un nouveau concept appelé "espace-temps d’action" dont nous proposons une représentation cartographique. Nous étudions à l’aide des "espaces-temps d’action" l’évolution conjointe, entre 1993 et 2009, de l’accessibilité aux lieux d’étude et de travail des adultes actifs et des enfants corésidents au sein de ménages enquêtés à Bogotá (Colombie). La méthode d’élaboration des espaces-temps d’action est détaillée, ses avantages et limites sont discutés. The article aims at understanding the evolution of individuals' access to their places of activity in a context of urban changes and socio-demographic transformations. We are particularly interested in knowing whether adults today suffer from a residential location that is more favorable to their children in terms of daily mobility or whether other rationales are at work, in particular according to the position of households in the social hierarchy. We also seek to understand how mobility conditions have evolved according to the place of residence in the city. To do this, we define a new concept that we call "space-time of action" and propose a way to map it. Using spaces-time of action, we study the joint evolution, between 1993 and 2009, of the accessibility to places of study and work for active adults and co-resident children from households surveyed in Bogotá (Colombia). The method of designing the "space-time of action" is detailed, its advantages and limitations are discussed. En este artículo se analiza la evolución de las condiciones de acceso de los individuos a sus lugares de actividad en un contexto de transformaciones urbanas y de cambios sociodemográficos. Nos interesa en particular saber si los adultos sufren hoy en día de una ubicación residencial más favorable para sus hijos en términos de movilidad diaria o si hay otras lógicas en acción, especialmente en función de la posición de los hogares en la jerarquía social. También buscamos entender cómo han evolucionado las condiciones de movilidad de acuerdo con el lugar de residencia de las personas en la ciudad. Para ello, definimos un nuevo concepto que llamamos "espacio-tiempo de acción" y lo representamos en mapa. A partir los "espacios-tiempo de acción", se estudia la evolución conjunta, entre 1993 y 2009, de la accesibilidad a los lugares de estudio y de trabajo de los adultos activos y los niños co-residentes en hogares encuestados en Bogotá (Colombia). Se detalla el método de construcción del espacio-tiempo de acción, se discuten sus ventajas y limitaciones.

The aim of this paper is to establish how the French adverb visiblement has evolved, and to find the most accurate translations of this adverb in Spanish. Dictionaries tend to give literal translations, whereby visiblement is translated as visiblemente. A diachronic analysis of this adverb will enable us to see whether they are indeed false-friends. In Old French and in Pre-classical French, it was used as a clause element adverb, before being used as a disjunct adverb from the 17th century onwards. Eventually, it goes on to appear by itself, or, accompanying an affirmative, like oui, in the 20th century. We will demonstrate that the adverb undergoes a process of pragmaticalisation as described by Dostie (2004), with the adverb becoming more subjective, going from a literal sense, to a disjunct or pragmatic adverb. Nevertheless, in Spanish, since Old Spanish until nowadays, there are almost no examples other than its use as a clause element adverb. That’s the reason why we cannot propose a literal translation of the adverb.

Objective: The objective of this paper is to investigate the quantitative and qualitative diachronic evolution of critical (Cr) with respect to non-critical (NCr) references in English medical discourse over a 185 year-period.Materials and Methods: We analyzed a corpus of 90 medical articles drawn from 34 different journals published between 1810 and 1995. Cr and NCr references were recorded in each paper and their frequency of occurrence was computed per 20 year-period. Results were analyzed by means of Chi-square tests.Results: Our quantitative results indicate that in the corpus as a whole NCr significantly outweigh Cr references. When diachronically analyzed, our quantitative data revealed that the corpus analyzed could be divided into 2 blocks: Block A (1810-1929) and Block B (1930-1995), the cutting point being the 1930’s when NCr references started exhibiting a dramatic ascent. Our findings further showed that, proportionally speaking, Cr references were significantly more frequent in Block A than in Block B, but that NCr references significantly outnumbered Cr ones in Block B. Our quantitative data also indicated that the NCr/Cr reference ratio remained rather constant for the first 120 years studied, but that it changed radically from the 1930’s. Finally, our qualitative findings revealed that 19th and early 20th century Cr references were formulated in a much more direct, involved, personal and author-responsible manner than their mid- and late 20th century counterparts, the rhetorical features of the latter being a pronounced hedginess and the shifting of the disagreeement responsibility from a human agent (who became a detached and apparently neutral actor) to an inanimate “talking fact/finding” which is then given a prominent thematic position.Conclusions: We conclude that 19th and early 20th century medical papers adopted a critical stand more frequently than mid- and late 20th century medical discourse did, and that the evolution of the tone of voice of Cr references over the 185 years studied mirrors the shift from an author-centered and privately-based medicine (an “involved production context”) to a fact-invoking, professionalized and highly competitive scientific community (an “informational production context”) where academics feel the need to save their own face as well as that of their opponents’.

The concept of "family" has undergone major changes over the past 50 years. This thesis examines changes in attitudes and values that can be detected in German and Swedish during this time. In order to investigate these changes in the concept of "family" I have analyzed how the German focus word Familie and the Swedish focus word familj are used in newspaper articles from the 1960s, 1980s and early 2000s. The empirical data consists of German and Swedish newspaper corpora from the three different periods. The theoretical point of departure is a social constructionist perspective, where family is considered to be something constructed and negotiated in language use. The method is corpus linguistic discourse analysis: compound words, collocations and multi-word patterns that include the focus words are analyzed using large text corpora. The study is both about changes in HOW the words familj and Familie are used and WHAT is said about the family in public language use. The thesis shows changes in both Swedish and German language use. I conclude that two different sub-concepts are being constructed and negotiated: the family as a GROUP OF PERSONS and family as a WAY OF LIVING TOGETHER. As regards the family as a group of persons this sub-concept has undergone major changes during the period studied. Differences in Swedish and German language use indicate more and sometimes earlier changes in the Swedish concept of family. The sub-concept of family as a way of living together is more constant. The observed changes can also be seen against a background of Swedish and German conceptual norms of family that do not change to the same extent. New family structures such as nätverksfamiljer (reconstituted families) and regnbågsfamiljer (rainbow families) are partly constructed as deviations from these conceptual norms. The thesis also shows that the sub-concept of family as a group of persons has become even more complex, especially in Swedish language use and particularly in so-called bio boxes, where pets are mentioned as family members and couples without children label themselves as familj. Begreppet ”familj” har genomgått stora förändringar de senaste 50 åren. I den här avhandlingen studeras vilka förändringar i synsätt och värderingar som kan upptäckas i det tyska och det svenska språkbruket under denna tid. För att undersöka dessa förändringar i begreppet ”familj” analyseras hur det tyska fokusordet Familie och det svenska fokusordet familj används i tidningstext från 1960-talet, 1980-talet och början av 2000-talet. Det empiriska materialet består av tyska och svenska tidningskorpusar från de tre olika perioderna. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten är ett socialkonstruktivistiskt perspektiv, där familj betraktas som någonting som konstrueras och förhandlas i språkanvändning. Metoden är korpuslingvistisk diskursanalys: med hjälp av stora textkorpusar analyseras sammansatta ord, kollokationer och flerordsmönster där fokusorden ingår. Det handlar här både om förändringar i HUR orden familj och Familie används och i VAD som sägs om familj i offentligt språkbruk. Avhandlingen visar på förändringar i både den svenska och den tyska språkanvändningen. Jag kommer fram till att två olika delbegrepp konstrueras och förhandlas: familj som PERSONGRUPP och familj som SAMLEVNADSFORM. När det gäller familj som persongrupp genomgår det delbegreppet stora förändringar under den studerade tidsperioden. Förändringarna visar sig vara större och ibland tidigare i det svenska materialet än i det tyska materialet. Delbegreppet familj som samlevnadsform är mer konstant. De förändringar som kan observeras sker också mot en bakgrund av svenska och tyska normbilder av familj, som inte förändras i samma grad. Nya familjebildningar som nätverksfamiljer och regnbågsfamiljer konstrueras delvis som avvikelser från dessa normbilder. Avhandlingen visar också att delbegreppet familj som persongrupp blir allt mer mångfacetterat, särskilt i svenskt språkbruk och i synnerhet i s.k. faktarutor, där även husdjur nämns som familjemedlemmar och par utan barn får etiketten familj.