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In 2021, one novel pharmaceutical agent for horses or food-producing animals was released on the German market, making the anti-haemorrhagic etamsylate (Hemosilate) available for horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, dogs and cats, for the first time. The authorization of one established veterinary active ingredient was extended to an additional species: The endectocide eprinomectin (EprecisIm Jahr 2021 kam für Pferde und landwirtschaftliche Nutztiere ein neuer Wirkstoff auf den deutschen Tierarzneimittelmarkt. So steht erstmalig das Antihämorrhagikum Etamsylat (Hemosilate) für Pferde, Rinder, Schweine, Schafe, Ziege, Hunde und Katzen zur Verfügung. Ein Wirkstoff erhielt eine Tierartenerweiterung: Das Endektozid Eprinomectin (Eprecis

The welfare status of sheep flocks may be assessed via animal-, resource-, and management-related indicators. The benefits of multiple-choice questionnaires are however impaired by the diversity of sheep breeds and husbandry. From a veterinary flock health management point of view, the presented review describes the influence of environment, climate, supervision as well as additional factors under consideration of legal regulations. The improvement of welfare is a common concern of all players in the field of farm animal husbandry. Based on this, challenges as well as possibilities for improvement exist for legal and administrative institutions as well as pharmaceutical industry.Neben tierartbezogenen Indikatoren werden ressourcen- und managementbezogene Tierwohlindikatoren erfasst, um den Status einer Schafherde zu beurteilen. Aufgrund der Diversität von Schafrassen und Haltungsformen eignen sich Multiple-Choice-Checklisten dafür nur bedingt. Der Einfluss von Umwelt, Klima, Betreuungsintensität und anderer Faktoren wird im Zusammenhang mit den rechtlichen Voraussetzungen aus der Sicht der tierärztlichen Herdenbetreuung beschrieben. Daraus ergeben sich Hinweise auf Probleme, aber auch Möglichkeiten der Verbesserung auf der Ebene von Gesetzgebung, Pharmaindustrie und Verwaltung, da Tierwohl als gemeinsames Anliegen aller im Nutztierbereich involvierter Akteure zu verstehen ist.

A protocol for the examination of sheep in an entire flock approach is suggested allowing for an acquisition of information prior to the fixation of single sheep. Data and animal based information concerning welfare are assessed and subsequent action determined. The diversity of sheep breeds and husbandry features as well as their impact on parasite management and supervision ought to be taken into account in skilled assessment of flock health and animal welfare.Für die Erfassung des Gesundheitsstatus von Schafen im Herdenverband wird ein Untersuchungsgang vorgeschlagen, der Aussagen bereits vor einer Fixierung von Einzeltieren ermöglicht. Dabei werden Befunde erhoben, Daten sowie tierbezogene Tierwohlindikatoren erfasst und weiterer Handlungsbedarf festgestellt. Unterschiedliche Haltungs- und Nutzungsformen entsprechen der hohen genetischen Diversität der Schafe. Rasse und haltungsspezifische Faktoren werden beschrieben und hinsichtlich ihrer Bedeutung für Parasitenrisiko und Betreuungsintensität beurteilt. Die Berücksichtigung dieser Kriterien ermöglicht eine fachgerechte und differenzierte Begutachtung von Schafherden in Bezug auf Gesundheitsstatus und Tierwohl.

Pain management during veterinary procedures is a significant component of animal welfare and has legal as well as ethical implications. Even though regional intravenous anaesthesia (RIVA) is an accepted method for painful procedures involving the distal digits of sheep, this anaesthetic technique is rarely applied in the field. The primary goal was to investigate the feasibility, safety and efficacy of RIVA in sheep. A secondary goal was to examine whether the anaesthetic procedure can be improved by combining RIVA with sedation and whether these methods have a positive effect on the postoperative wellbeing of the animals.A total of 36 Meat Merino sheep with contagious interdigital dermatitis and 12 healthy control sheep were used. Behaviour was observed during treatment of the lame sheep using various pain management protocols and during routine claw trimming of the healthy sheep, and all the sheep were observed after the procedures. The observed behaviours were assessed using scores and the scores compared among the animals of the 4 study groups (RIVA, sedation with xylazine hydrochloride + RIVA, placebo, control).RIVA was successfully conducted in sheep. Local reactions at the application sight and in the tourniquet area in 2 animals resolved completely. A significant reduction in defensive movements during the painful procedure confirmed the efficacy of RIVA. Stress-associated behaviours, including head shaking and idle chewing, occurred with a similar frequency in RIVA and placebo animals, leading to the conclusion that stress levels due to the handling in dorsal recumbency were comparable between these 2 groups. Sedation reduced the frequency of pain- and stress-associated behaviours, including guarding, favouring limbs, vocalisation, idle chewing and bruxism. Xylazine hydrochloride-RIVA animals displayed better weight-bearing in the affected limb, better food uptake and ruminated more postoperatively than sheep from the other study groups.RIVA in sheep is straightforward, safe and effective. Additional sedation reduces the stress and pain response. This pain and stress management has a positive effect on the postoperative wellbeing of sheep.ZIEL: Das Schmerzmanagement beim Tier spielt aus der rechtlichen und ethischen Verpflichtung des Menschen heraus eine wichtige Rolle für das Tierwohl. Für Eingriffe an der distalen Gliedmaße beim Schaf ist die retrograde intravenöse Stauungsanästhesie (RIVA) eine beschriebene Methode zur Betäubung der Zehe. Bisher hat sie beim Schaf keine breite Anwendung in der Praxis gefunden. Ziel der Studie war, Durchführbarkeit, Sicherheit und Wirksamkeit der RIVA zu überprüfen. Weiterhin sollte ermittelt werden, ob das Schmerzmanagement durch die Kombination aus RIVA und Sedation verbessert werden kann und ob sich diese Methode positiv auf das postoperative Wohlergehen der Tiere auswirkt.Bei 36 Merinofleischschafen mit Dermatitis interdigitalis contagiosa und 12 gesunden Kontrolltieren wurde das Verhalten während der Behandlung der Läsionen unter verschiedenen Methoden des Schmerzmanagements bzw. während der Klauenpflege und postoperativ in der Herde erfasst. Die Merkmale wurden mit Scores bewertet und die Ausprägung bei den Tieren in den 4 Studiengruppen (RIVA, Sedation mit Xylazinhydrochlorid + RIVA, Plazebo, Kontrolle) verglichen.Die RIVA konnte erfolgreich durchgeführt werden. Lokale Veränderungen im Bereich der Applikationsstelle und des Stauschlauchs bei 2 Schafen heilten vollständig ab. Eine deutliche Reduktion der Abwehrbewegungen während des schmerzhaften Eingriffs belegt die Wirksamkeit der RIVA. Es ist davon auszugehen, dass die RIVA-Tiere aufgrund des Handlings in Rückenlage vergleichbar viel Stress empfanden haben wie die Plazebo-Tiere, denn stressassoziierte Merkmale (Kopfschlagen, Leerkauen) traten in den Gruppen ähnlich häufig auf. Die Sedation führte zusätzlich zur reduzierten Ausprägung schmerz- und stressassoziierter Merkmale (Abwehrbewegungen, Entlastungshaltung, Lautäußerungen, u. a.). Die Xylazinhydrochlorid-RIVA-Tiere entlasteten die betroffene Gliedmaße postoperativ seltener und zeigten häufiger Futteraufnahme sowie Wiederkauen als die Tiere der anderen Behandlungsgruppen.Die RIVA ist eine einfach durchführbare und sichere Methode zur lokalen Schmerzausschaltung. Eine zusätzliche Sedation reduziert die Stress- und Schmerzantwort. Dieses Schmerz- und Stressmanagement hat zudem einen positiven Effekt auf das postoperative Wohlergehen der Tiere.

Footrot in sheep should be eradicated in Switzerland in the future. Based on scientific findings, this can be achieved with disinfectant footbaths. It is unknown how many sheep farmers are already using this means and how it is used. The current study evaluated the farm operation, the design of the footbath, the use of disinfectants and footbath with a written survey of a representative sample of all sheep farmers. The sample population was selected randomly, however stratified by language region and herdsize to control for differences between these groups. 45.3% (n=1134) of the distributed questionnaires were received for evaluation. On average 32.8% of the respondents used a footbath. Even on large farms (50 animals), which were more frequently affected by footrot, a footbath was available only in 52.6% of the farms in the French-speaking part and 67.7% in the German/Italian speaking part of Switzerland. The footbaths were correctly applied in most respects (e.g., pre-claw cleaning, liquid level and concentration of disinfectants, time in the footbath, post-bath drying phase) in the current study. Most commonly mobile plastic baths were in use. The disinfectants used were mainly formalin, copper and zinc sulfate. The incorrect disposal of the heavy-metal containing copper and zinc sulfate solutions was identified as an important problem: In 59% of the sheep farms the remaining footbath solutions were disposed in the slurry pit or manure storage. In summary the current study recommends (i) to motivate sheep farmers to use a footbath for the treatment and prevention of footrot, and (ii) to replace the currently used disinfectants with substances that are non-toxic to humans, animals and the environment.Die Moderhinke der Schafe soll in Zukunft schweizweit bekämpft werden. Aufgrund von wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen kann dies mit desinfizierenden Klauenbädern erreicht werden. Unbekannt ist, wie viele Schafhalter diese Massnahme bereits anwenden und wie sie eingesetzt wird. Mit einer schriftlichen Umfrage bei einer repräsentativen Stichprobe aller Schafhalter sollten daher in vier Teilen Fragen zum Betrieb, zur Kon­struktion des Klauenbades, zur Nutzung der Desin­fektionsmittel sowie dem Einsatz des Klauenbades beantwortet werden. Die Stratifizierung bezüglich Sprachregion einerseits und bezüglich Herdengrösse andererseits erlaubte eine möglichst optimale Abbildung in der Stichprobe. Mit der Auswertung von 1134 auswertbaren Fragebögen (45.3% der ursprünglich versandten) wurde festgestellt, dass im Schnitt nur 32.8% der Antwortenden ein Klauenbad nutzten. Auch bei grossen und darum häufiger von Moderhinke betroffenen Betrieben mit50 Tieren verfügten nur 52.6% der französischsprachigen bez. 67.7% der deutsch- oder italienischsprachigen über ein Bad. Andererseits setzten die Nutzer das Klauenbad in den meisten Belangen (z.B. Vorreinigung der Klauen, Flüssigkeitsstand und Konzentration der Desinfektionsmittel, Zeit im Klauenbad, Abtrocknungsphase nach dem Bad) gemäss den bisherigen Erfahrungen korrekt ein. Am häufigsten waren mobile Bäder aus Kunststoff im Einsatz. Als Desinfektionsmittel wurden hauptsächlich Formalin, Kupfer- und Zinksulfat verwendet. Eine grosse Lücke wurde aber bezüglich Entsorgung der Desinfektionsmittel, insbesondere der schwermetallhaltigen Kupfer- und Zinksulfatlösungen offensichtlich. So gaben 59.4% der Schafhaltenden an, die Flüssigkeiten in der Güllegrube oder auf dem Miststock zu entsorgen. Wichtigste Erkenntnisse sind somit, (i) dass Schafhalter motiviert werden sollten, ein Klauenbad zur Behandlung und Vorbeugung der Moderhinke einzusetzen, und (ii) dass ein Ersatz der aktuell benutzten Desinfektionsmittel durch Substanzen, welche für Mensch, Tier und Umwelt nicht ­toxisch sind, unbedingt erforderlich ist.Le piétin du mouton doit être, à l’avenir, combattu sur l’ensemble du territoire suisse. Sur la base des connaissances scientifiques, cela peut être fait avec un bain désinfectant pour les onglons. On ignore combien d’éleveurs utilisent déjà cette mesure et comment elle est utilisée. On a cherché, au moyen d’un sondage d’un échantillon représentatif d’éleveurs de moutons, à obtenir la réponse à quatre groupes de questions sur l’exploitation, la construction du pédiluve, l’utilisation de désinfectants et l’usage du bain des onglons. La stratification concernant la région linguistique d’une part et la taille du troupeau d’autre part, permettait de donner la meilleure image possible dans l’échantillon. Avec l’évaluation de 1134 des questionnaires évaluables (45,3% de ceux initialement envoyés) ont a constaté qu’en moyenne 32,8% seulement des exploitants utilisaient un bain des onglons. Même avec les grands troupeaux avec50 animaux, qui sont donc plus fréquemment touchés par le piétain, seuls 52,6% des exploitants francophones respectivement 67,7% des germanophones ou des italophones disposent d’un bain. D’autre part, les utilisateurs de bain des onglons appliquent dans la plupart des cas correctement les aspects principaux (par ex.: prélavage des onglons, niveau de liquide et concentration des désinfectants, temps passé dans le bain, phase de séchage après le bain). Les installations les plus communément utilisées étaient les bains mobiles en plastique. La formaline, le sulfate de cuivre et de zinc étaient principalement utilisés comme désinfectants. On constatait un grand manque quant à l’élimination des désinfectants, en particulier des solutions contenant des métaux lourds comme le cuivre ou le zinc. Ainsi, 59,4% des éleveurs ont déclaré jeter les liquides dans la fosse à lisier ou sur le tas de fumier. Les constatations principales sont donc: (i) que les éleveurs de moutons devraient être motivés à utiliser un bain des onglons pour le traitement et la prévention du piétain, et (ii) que le remplacement des désinfectants actuellement utilisés par des substances non toxiques pour l’homme, l’animal et l’environnement est absolument nécessaire.In futuro la zoppina delle pecore sarà combattuta in tutta la Svizzera. Sulla base dei risultati scientifici, ciò può essere ottenuto con pediluvi disinfettanti. Non è noto quanti allevatori di pecore utilizzano già oggi questa misura e come viene utilizzata. Con un sondaggio presso un campione rappresentativo di tutti gli allevatori di pecore si è pertanto risposto a domande suddivise in 4 temi: azienda, costruzione del pediluvio, uso di disinfettanti e utilizzo del pediluvio. La stratificazione riguardante la regione linguistica, da un lato, e le dimensioni della mandria, dall’altro, hanno permesso la migliore mappatura possibile nel campione. La valutazione dei 1134 questionari (45,3% dei questionari originariamente inviati) ha mostrato che in media solo il 32,8% degli intervistati utilizza un pediluvio. Anche tra le grandi aziende, con50 animali, e quindi più frequentemente colpite dalla zoppina, solo il 52,6% nelle regioni francofone, risp. il 67,7% nelle regioni germanofone e italofone disponeva di un pediluvio. D’altra parte, e in base all’esperienza fatta in precedenza, gli utenti utilizzano il pediluvio in modo corretto (ad es. previa pulizia degli unghioni, livello del liquido e concentrazione dei disinfettanti, durata del pediluvio, fase di asciugatura). I pediluvi mobili in plastica sono i più utilizzati. I principali disinfettanti utilizzati sono formalina, solfato di rame e solfato di zinco. Tuttavia, è stata individuata un’ampia lacuna per quanto riguarda lo smaltimento dei disinfettanti, in particolare le soluzioni di solfato di rame e zinco contenenti metalli pesanti. Ad esempio, il 59,4% degli allevatori di pecore smaltisce i liquidi nel pozzo di liquame o sul letame. I risultati più importanti sono quindi: (i) che gli allevatori di pecore dovrebbero essere motivati a utilizzare un pediluvio per il trattamento e la prevenzione della zoppina e (ii) che è assolutamente necessario sostituire i disinfettanti attualmente utilizzati con sostanze non tossiche per l’uomo, gli animali e l’ambiente.

The diagnosis of obstructive urolithiasis in small ruminants frequently results in a multitude of decisions that have to be made by the consulted practitioner. Factors that influence the decision for therapy (or euthanasia) are the type of the animal's use, economic aspects and specific options of the veterinarian practice as well as emotional aspects depending on the owners of small ruminants kept as companion animals. The present article aims to present the currently available methods of therapy to facilitate a decision by the practicing veterinarian based on the present state of the science. Naturally, the individual method of choice may differ from the scientific point of view depending on the practitioner's evaluation.Die Diagnose der obstruktiven Urolithiasis beim kleinen Wiederkäuer stellt behandelnde Tierärzte mitunter vor eine Vielzahl an Entscheidungen. Bei der Wahl der bestmöglichen Therapie müssen sowohl die Nutzungsrichtung, ökonomische Aspekte, die Möglichkeiten in der einzelnen Praxis als auch emotionale Aspekte der Besitzer von Hobbytieren in die Entscheidung zur Therapie (oder Euthanasie) einbezogen werden. Ziel dieses Artikels ist es, die prinzipiell vorhandenen Therapieoptionen aufzuzeigen, um eine Behandlungsentscheidung auf Grundlage der aktuellen Forschung zu ermöglichen. Die für den Einzelfall gewählte Methode kann dabei selbstverständlich von der wissenschaftlich betrachteten bestmöglichen Auswahl abweichen.

Infectious causes of lameness in sheep remain of considerable clinical importance. Because of the availability of newly licensed drugs, important changes in therapy options, particularly for ovine footrot, have occurred. This paper provides an overview of common and rarer infectious causes of lameness in sheep, and presents a detailed review of recent advances in research regarding the aetiology, diagnosis, prevention, treatment and control of ovine foot rot. Despite the recent release of several antibiotics licensed for the treatment of footrot in sheep, the use of footbaths following the cascade of regulations remains a crucial part of many integrated treatment and control programmes. The sustainable control of foot rot requires recent advances in science to be put into practice, with tailor-made control programmes for each individual farm. The article presents various treatment options and potential routes of control and eradication.Lahmheiten aufgrund von infektiösen Klauenerkrankungen bei Schafen besitzen nach wie vor eine hohe klinische Relevanz. Hinsichtlich der Therapie, insbesondere der Moderhinke, haben sich unter anderem durch die Neuzulassung von Medikamenten entscheidende Änderungen ergeben. Der Artikel gibt eine Übersicht über die Differenzialdiagnosen häufiger und seltener infektiöser Klauenerkrankungen beim Schaf und geht im Detail auf neue Erkenntnisse zu Ätiologie, Diagnostik, Prophylaxe, Behandlung und Kontrolle der Moderhinke ein. Trotz der Neuzulassung verschiedener antibiotischer Wirkstoffe zur Behand-lung der Moderhinke bleibt eine Umwidmung für Klauenbäder im Rahmen von integrierten Behandlungskonzepten in vielen Fällen unverzichtbar. Zur nachhaltigen Bekämpfung der Moderhinke sind die Umsetzung aktueller wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisse in die Praxis und die Erarbeitung maßgeschneiderter Behandlungspläne für den jeweiligen Betrieb vonnöten. Der Artikel zeigt die verschiedenen Behandlungsoptionen sowie Wege zu Kontrolle und Sanierung auf.

A 6-month-old Leine sheep was presented because of dermal tissue located on the left eye. During the first examination, the animal was clinically silent, apart from the deformed eye. A corneal and conjunctival dermoid and blindness of the left eye were diagnosed. Over a period of a year, the animal displayed conjunctivitis and inflammation of the affected eye. Furthermore, the sheep did not develop according to its age. During histopathological examination of the euthanized animal, microphthalmia and aphakia of the left eye were found in addition to the dermoids. Dermoids are described in humans and in different domestic animals. They can be combined with other congenital malformations. In sheep, dermoids are rarely diagnosed or reported in the literature.Ein 6 Monate altes Leineschaf wurde aufgrund von hautähnlichen Zubildungen auf dem linken Auge vorgestellt. In der Erstuntersuchung präsentierte sich das Tier, abgesehen von den Augenveränderungen, unauffällig. Klinisch wurden am linken Auge ein korneales und ein konjunktivales Dermoid sowie fehlender Visus diagnostiziert. Im Verlauf über ein Jahr zeigte das Schaf zunächst eine Konjunktivitis sowie eine Entzündung der Augenumgebung und im weiteren Verlauf eine Wachstumsdepression. Am eu thanasierten Tier wurden bei der histopathologischen Untersuchung neben den beiden Dermoiden eine Mikrophthalmie und eine Aphakie diagnostiziert. Dermoide sind bei verschiedenen Haustierarten und beim Menschen beschrieben und gehen teilweise mit anderen Miss bildungen einher. Bei Schafen treten sie nur sehr sporadisch auf und finden in der Literatur kaum Erwähnung.

The assessment of pain in sheep is a clinical challenge, because being a prey species, they tend to mask it. Since pain in animals cannot be measured directly, various methods are applicable to detect its effects on physiological, biochemical and ethological processes. Clinicians experienced in behavioural assessment are able to reliably determine the level of pain endured by an animal. The objective of this study was to identify behaviours that reflect acute and chronic pain as well as stress in sheep.The behaviour of 36 Meat Merino ewes with contagious footrot (contagious interdigital dermatitis) was analysed during normal activities in the flock and during footrot treatment, which included claw trimming to remove abnormal horn. The behaviour during treatment was compared with that of 12 healthy control sheep of the same breed during routine foot trimming. Grading of the observed behaviours was made using a numerical score. The occurrence of footrot was defined as, and equated with, chronic pain, and treatment was equated with acute pain. For the assessment of stress induced by the manipulative treatment, the data of the healthy sheep were taken as a comparison.The strongest indications of chronic pain were non-weight bearing lameness of an affected limb, shifting of weight and abnormal gait patterns. Additionally, sheep with footrot urinated more frequently than healthy animals. Stress-related bruxism occurred in healthy and ill sheep during foot trimming, but not during normal activities in the flock. Tail wagging and strong defensive movements of all limbs commonly occurred during footrot treatment. Head shaking appeared to be primarily stress-related in association with dorsal recumbency on the tilt table, but was exacerbated by pain elicited by hoof trimming.The behaviours selected in this study were useful for the identification of chronic and acute pain in sheep; however, correct interpretation of behavioural changes requires an experienced individual.

In male small ruminants, voiding disturbances are not uncommon. A precise knowledge of the underlying disease is essential for prognostic evaluation as well as for a decision concerning the therapeutic approach. Common reasons for voiding disturbances in the male small ruminant are obstructive urolithiasis, traumata of the penis or inflammatory processes within the urethra or urinary bladder. The diagnostic method of choice - in addition to clinical examination - is diagnostic imaging. Because radiology is not always possible under field conditions, the aim of this article is a detailed presentation of ultrasonography of the distal urethra of the male lamb.

A case of malignant melanoma in a sheep's brain is described for the first time. In a 7-month-old sheep that had been euthanized due to ataxia, post-mortem and histopathologic examinations were performed. Both the brain and the calvarium were heavily infiltrated with neoplastic tissue. Metastases were found in the liver and kidneys. Histomorphology confirmed the gross pathologic impression of malignancy. Congenital melanosis, which is regularly present in the meninx of sheep, could have been the origin of the malignant melanoma in the present case. The young age of the animal appears to favour this supposition. This case demonstrates that even in farm animals - including sheep - a neoplasm should be considered as a differential diagnosis in diagnostically doubtful cases.

Water is an essential source of life and is available to animals as free water, water content of feed, film water (e. g. dew) and metabolic water. The water requirements of small ruminants are influenced by the type of feed, climate, stage of production, type and length of the fleece or hair coat, husbandry factors and the general health of the animal. Differences in water metabolism, drinking behaviour and the efficiency of temperature regulation are further influenced by species, breed, production type, husbandry system, acclimatisation and adaptation. Small ruminants have been, and are still predominantly kept in extensive husbandry systems. They are therefore genetically and phenotypically well adapted to these conditions and possess a range of physiological and behavioural mechanisms to deal with adverse and suboptimal weather conditions. Regarding animal welfare, there is considerable debate in the discussion and assessment of what constitutes a sufficient water supply for small ruminants under different husbandry conditions, often involving differences between theoretical demands and practical experience. This publication reviews and summarises the current literature regarding water requirements, water metabolism and thermoregulatory mechanisms of small ruminants to provide the basis for an informed assessment of extensive husbandry systems in terms of compliance with animal-welfare requirements.

A case report describes the metaphylactic antibiotic treatment of 520 sheep suffering from footrot (lameness prevalence60%) in late pregnancy (targeted selective treatment). Because of the lack of pharmaceuticals licensed for sheep and footrot in Germany in 2009, Florfenicol was used off label. Clinical recovery was observed a few days after a one shot application of florfenicol without any further treatment. The examination of all feet after weaning revealed no clinical symptoms in 96% of the sheep. Complete healing of almost all affected sheep was achieved. No transmission of footrot to lambs was noticed. Since the goal of the treatment was relief from pain and suffering under the particular conditions of late pregnancy and not a clinical study on efficacy no untreated control group was established for comparison. The suitability of the method for eliminating footrot in sheep flocks during the housing period in winter is discussed.

Poor efficacy of anthelmintic drugs in sheep due to infections with resistant gastrointestinal strongyles is reported worldwide. The aim of this pilot study was to gain an insight into the current situation of anthelmintic efficacy in Estonian sheep flocks. From September to November 2012, faecal egg count reduction tests (FECRT) were carried out in three Estonian sheep farms, evaluating the efficacy of albendazole and ivermectin. Individual faecal samples were taken at the day of treatment and 10 to 14 days later and examined by a modified McMaster technique. Anthelmintic treatment was carried out with ivermectin (Bimectin 10 mg/ml, Bimeda Chemicals Export) subcutaneously with a dose rate of 0.2 mg/kg of body weight in the IVM group (n = 20 animals/farms 1 and 2; n = 5 for farm 3) or albendazol (Endospec 10%, Bimeda Chemicals Export) orally in the dose of 5 mg/kg of body weight in the ALB group (n = 20 animals/ farm); animals in the control group (n = 20 animals for farms 1 and 3, n = 18 for farm 2) were left untreated. The FECRT was carried out according to the WAAVP guidelines. On farm 1 the efficacy of albendazole and ivermectin was reduced with 66% and 65% FECR, respectively. With a FECR of 26% the results of farm 2 showed a pronounced albendazole resistance while ivermectin was still sufficiently efficient (99% reduction). Farm 3 showed nearly 100% efficacy of albendazole and ivermectin, but earlier problems with high endoparasite burden and mortality may indicate a possible developing albendazole resistance which could not be detected with the FECRT yet. The results of this study show that in Estonia resistance against benzimidazoles and macrocyclic lactones does occur, indicating that close countrywide monitoring is advisable.

The publication of the "Recommendations of husbandry and welfare of sheep and goats" by the German Small Ruminant Veterinary Association provides guidelines that are also used for assessing animal welfare. The included statements concerning lameness are reviewed according to the available literature and commented on with the help of practical examples. Diagnostic tools, criteria, appropriate measures and target values are discussed to facilitate the application of the guidelines.

The epidemic occurrence of the Schmallenberg virus has induced numerous congenital malformations in small ruminants. Because of this high incidence of malformed lambs, an overview of the different causes of congenital malformations is provided. The most frequent infectious and physical causes as well as mineral and vitamin deficiencies and toxic agents which can induce congenital malformations are indicated. This list is supplemented by advice on sampling and laboratory diagnosis for an etiological diagnosis of the malformations.

Shortness of the lower jaw (brachygnathia inferior, underbite) is a common anomaly in sheep. In order to study the age-dependent development of brachygnathia inferior, data of 73 East Friesian milk sheep from a breeding experiment over six generations were analysed. Data were recorded in regular intervals of four weeks from birth up to an age of at least 25 weeks. Brachygnathia inferior was determined by the distance between the edge of the central incisor of the lower jaw and the anterior surrounding of the upper jaw (DIFF-UK) using a measuring tape. Four main types of brachygnathia inferior were distinguished using means, standard deviations and maximum values of the individual animals.The thresholds were a maximum and mean DIFF-UK of 0.5 cm and a standard deviation of 0.266 cm. A total of 14 sheep (main types 3 and 4) showed an obvious brachygnathia inferior with mean DIFF-UK larger than 0.5 cm whereof ten animals showed a large variation of DIFF-UK values (standard deviation0.226 cm). Mean DIFF-UK values of 59 sheep were smaller than 0.5 cm (main types 1 and 2). One of these 59 animals had during the first four weeks of life DIFF-UK values of 1 cm and than decreasing values reaching zero within the next nine months (main type 2). Five of the 58 animals with main type 1 had a perfect occlusion of jaws, all with DIFF-UK values at zero during the whole recording period. Parents with severe or mild brachygnathia inferior had severely affected progeny. Selection of sheep for breeding with a perfect occlusion of jaws decreases the risk to pass on the hereditary disposition for brachygnathia inferior. An early inspection of potential breeding animals is advisable to detect all cases of brachygnathia inferior even if the underbite decreases in the first year of life.

The second part of the recommendations deals with the healthcare and the regulatory framework for the husbandry of sheep and goats. The suggested concept for healthcare aims to develop an individual health plan for every flock. This health plan focuses not only on the prevention of notifiable diseases, but also on chronic and slow infections as well as on parasite monitoring. The emphasis is on early detection of diseases and prophylaxis. In conjunction with this, the handling of lameness, shearing, animal trade and quarantine as well as cleaning and disinfection in sheep and goat flocks are intensively discussed. There are detailed federal and European legal regulations concerning the transport and the physical well-being of animals. These laws are clearly presented and advice for their practical implementation is provided.

In 2011, three newly developed active pharmaceutical ingredients for horses and food producing animals were released on the German market for veterinary drug products. Two of these new products represent different drug classes of antibiotics, the polypeptide antibiotic Bacitracin (Bacivet™) and the macrolide antibiotic Clorsulon (Levatum®). The third product represents an anticestodal antiparasitic (Tildipirosin, Zuprevo®). Furthermore, three established veterinary active pharmaceutical ingredients were modified to allow their application for additional species. Thus the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug sodium salicylate is now additionally authorised for turkeys and both the macrolide antibiotic Tilmicosin and the anticoccidial drug Toltrazuril are currently available for sheep. Additionally, two veterinary drugs with a new formulation as well as a veterinary drug for horses and food producing animals with a resourceful new combination of active pharmaceutical ingredients have recently been released.

The footvax® vaccine should protect sheep from footrot for a period of about 10 weeks. This is slighly shorter than the duration of the Swiss alpine pasture season. Thus, the vaccine was evaluated for its prophylactic and therapeutic effectiveness for an Alpine pasture trial season.Two flocks of 261 and 338 sheep were assessed in the spring for the prevalence and severity of footrot, and thereafter divided each into a vaccinated and a control group. At the end of the Alpine season, all sheep were reevaluated and the data were analyzed.In both flocks, vaccinated groups showed an improvement during pasture. One flock had a significant reduction in the number of cases and improvement of case severity only in the vaccinated group. In the second flock, no significant difference between groups was found, because both groups improved while on pasture.Vaccination improves footrot in flocks during the Alpine pasture season.Vaccination with Footvax® is effective for footrot control, however, it cannot be used as the sole measure to control the disease during Alpine pasturing.

In total, 796 serum samples of sheep on commune alpine pastures in the region of Vorarlberg were investigated by a commercial ELISA kit for antibodies against Chlamydia abortus, the agent of ovine enzootic abortion. The aim of the study was to determine the seroprevalence within this region and to compare these results with the seroprevalence in the neighboring canton Graubünden as well as to obtain data on the seroconversion after alpine pasturing. Therefore, 421 samples were collected before and 375 samples after alpine pasturing, whereas corresponding serum samples were available from 359 sheep. Within the region of Vorarlberg, a mean seroprevalence of 9.2 % was calculated with a threshold of 60 %. Seroconversion for C. abortus occurred in 5.0 % of animals with corresponding serum samples. Seroprevalence values were comparable to Swiss regions with similar management systems, although the neighboring canton Graubünden is known to have a much more higher seroprevalence of 43 %. In conclusion, the traditional animal exchange between these two regions is not significantly favoring the spread of C. abortus.

High perinatal mortality, low milk yields and occasional ewe deaths were investigated in a Dorper sheep flock in Southern Germany. Parasitic gastroenteritis due to Trichostrongylus spp. associated with severe weight loss despite regular anthelmintic treatments of the flock was identified as the underlying cause. A faecal egg count reduction (FECR) test revealed zero reduction after treatment with ivermectin or albendazole, respectively, and a FECR of 57.9% following treatment with levamisole. These results indicate a lack of, or considerably reduced efficacy of substances from all three classical groups of anthelmintics and demonstrate that triple anthelmintic resistance is also present in Germany. The introduction of resistant worm populations with imported livestock, excessive use of anthelmintic drugs and under-dosing of goats have possibly led to the problem in the flock described. Veterinary advice on anthelmintic treatments and responsible parasite control programmes are therefore crucial in small ruminant flocks.

In 2008 and 2009, two consecutive outbreaks of Q fever in humans were recorded in the district of Freudenstadt, northern Black Forrest, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. In 2008, a total of 41 persons from a single local community fell ill and were found infected with Coxiella burnetii. Although comprehensive diagnostic and epidemiological outbreak investigations were conducted and control measures taken which included vaccination of ruminants at risk in three parts of the affected community, re-occurrence of the disease in 2009 with further 29 confirmed human Q fever cases could not be prevented. While the origin of infection of the first outbreak was probably a flock of 550 sheep moved in the surrounding of the affected villages, the source of infection for the consecutive outbreak in 2009 could not be identified. It seems possible that meadows contaminated with infectious placenta or birth fluids represented the sources of infection.

Claw diseases pose a major problem for dairy and sheep farms. As well as systemic treatments of these illnesses by means of drug injection, veterinarians discuss the application of footbaths for the local treatment of dermatitis digitalis or foot rot. On farms footbaths are used with different substances and for various purposes. The author presents the requirements for veterinary medicinal products (marketing authorization and manufacturing authorization) and demonstrates the operation of the "cascade in case of a treatment crisis". In addition, the distinction between veterinary hygiene biocidal products and veterinary medicinal products and substances to care for claws is explained.

In a female White Polled Heath a congenital shortening and abnormal bending of the tail was observed. The trunk appeared to be shortened and almost quadratic. However, further findings could not be ascertained in the general clinical, neurological and orthopaedic examination. Maceration of the trunk skeleton showed vertebral fusion in several segments of the vertebral column and a wedge-shaped vertebra of the cervical spine, causing slight scoliosis. In addition, several ribs were fused. Exogenic causes such as drugs or viral infections during pregnancy were unlikely, whereas hereditary could not be ruled out.

In Switzerland, bovine fasciolosis is an economically important but often overlooked disease of dairy cows. The intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica in Switzerland is Galba truncatula, an amphibious snail living in humid habitats which are infected by miracidia from recently hatched Fasciola eggs. The definitive hosts include cattle, sheep, goats, horses, and free-living ruminants. Infection of these hosts occur from metacercariae, usually encysted on vegetation. Infection risk depends on the location of the habitat on the farm. There is a lower risk for the intermediate host to become infected on pastures for young stock and dry cows than on pastures for dairy cows. This in turn results in a lower infection risk for young stock and dry cows than for dairy cows. When controlling the disease, epidemiologic factors such as treatment and pasture management strategies should be taken into account. If individual control measures are followed, infection pressure and prevalence in a herd can be significantly reduced. To support veterinarians and farmers in the control of fasciolosis, an interactive map showing potential risk areas for fasciolosis was created on the basis of geographical, meteorological, and biological data of the intermediate host and the free-living parasite stages.

Effective measures for protection of laboratory staff against infections due to experiments with pathogens are a challenge for safeguarding against hazards. Investigations on limited epidemic infections and their causes are of high relevance. During an experiment with pregnant sheep 5 of 7 persons who took part in the operation procedures developed Q fever 10 to 24 days after exposure. One sheep aborted spontaneously 3 days after the third experiment. Examinations of the aborted material revealed Coxiella burnetii, Chlamydophila psittaci, and Staphylococcus chromogenes. Coxiella burnetii and Chlamydophila psittaci were also detected in some of the other placentae. This outbreak of Q fever during an experiment with infected sheep affected more than 70% of the people involved with this experiment and shows the high risk of working with the zoonotic agent Coxiella burnetii. Hence, technical, organizational, and personnel measures have to be taken, and laboratory animals are to be monitored to prevent further infections.

In a herd of dairy sheep several losses occurred due to a respiratory syndrome in combination with progressive wasting. Clinical and pathomorphological diagnostics of 3 sheep revealed the presence of cancerous masses in the nasal cavities. These neoplasms were identified as adenocarcinomas originating from the nasal mucosa. Etiologically, they were attributed to JRSV (Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus) by detection of capsid protein 24 in western blot. The significance of the disease in Switzerland is discussed, also in the context of lung adenomatosis.

European mouflon are in the focus of research since they were brought from the Tyrrhenic islands to the European mainland a hundred years ago. From the beginning many populations on European mainland suffer from different claw diseases which are unknown in their original habitats. Foot rot, the ovine purulent laminitis, whose existence im wild ruminants was negotiated some years before, furthermore claw alterations caused by primary or secondary lack of trace elements similar to the copper deficiency syndrome of the boreal deer species moose and reindeer and finally horn hyperplasia with a genetic background are found as main claw diseases in Central Europe. Object of this study was the acquiring of clinical parameters from blood for the installation of a mouflon-specific diagnostic profile "claw diseases". Count of leucocytes (WBC), activity of Alkaline phosphatase, serum contents of phosphorus, iron, copper and zinc were found to be parameters for successful differential diagnosis and control of progress in cure programs.

The bloodsuckling abomasal parasite Haemonchus contortus is the most pathogenic worm in sheep and goats. High prevalences of anthelmintic-resistant isolates make H. contortus difficult to control. Detecting the most anaemic animals could support a targeted selective treatment approach. Leaving the rest of the flock untreated would generate a refuge for anthelmintic-sensitive parasites. South-African researchers tried the FAMACHA-Eye-Colour-Chart for anaemic sheep and goats with good success. Field studies, carried out in Northern Germany on naturally infected sheep and goats showed, that at a comparatively low prevalence of H. contortus the FAMACHA-test proved not being sufficient in detecting all animals with high fecal egg counts. Under these conditions there was no satisfying reliability to identify small ruminants for selective deworming only based on the FAMACHAEye-Colour-Test. But if not working hours are the limiting factor, the repeated score could support the selection of pale animals in need to be treated.

The importance of latent zoonoses has increased in recent years in view of foodborne diseases: (i) the "healthy" animal repesents a reservoir for specific pathogens; () no pathological-anatomical changes in the carcass and its organs show the presence of these pathogens; and (iii) these pathogens may enter the food chain via hygienic weak points in the slaughtering process. To estimate the risks involved and to take appropriate measures, analysis of the slaughtering process should be complemented by collecting data relating to the carriage of the animals of latent zoonotic pathogens. From October 2004 to June 2005, fecal samples from 630 slaughtered sheep were enriched and then examied by IMS technique and by PCR to assess the prevalence of E. coli O157 (OE). Seven samples (1.1%), distributed throughout the whole examination period, were found to be positive. To assess the potential pathogenicity for humans, E. coli O157 strains were isolated by colony hybridization and further characterized. The isolated strains fermented Sorbitol, showed four different H tys (H7, H12, H38, H48), and were all negative for stx. One O157:H7 strain harbored the gene for intimin (eae) in combination with ehxA, and paa. In consequence, the potential health hazard from sheep meat related to O157 STEC seems current not to be of particular importance in Switzerland. Results emphasize the fact that E. coli O157 are not always STEC but may belong to other pathotypes as nontraditional EPEC.

In this study serological investigations were performed to determine the prevalence of pestiviral infections in sheep in one Federal State of Austria, namely Carinthia. 1527 blood samples from sheep in 147 flocks were collected and tested by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and virus-neutralisation tests for antibodies to ruminant pestiviruses. The estimated flock prevalence was 47.6%, the individual prevalence 16.3%. Significant geographical variations in the flock as well in the individual prevalence were found. The highest prevalence in sheep and in sheep flocks was established in the region Spittal/Drau with 25.9% and 69.7%.The individual and the flock prevalence was significantly higher on farms where cattle or sheep from other farms were present than on farms with no cattle (p0.017). All Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay positive sera were tested for Bovine viral diarrhea virus-1 (strain NADL), Bovine viral diarrhea virus-2 (strain 125) and for Border disease virus (strain MOREDUN) by virus neutralisation tests. Seventy out of 249 positive samples revealed the highest titres (or = two-fold) to Bovine viral diarrhea virus-1 and 25 to Border disease virus. The remaining positive samples did not show clear results because of cross reactions.

In this study 2058 blood samples from sheep of 150 flocks from the province of Tyrol were tested by ELISA and serum neutralisation tests for antibodies to ruminant pestiviruses. In the ELISA, positive results were obtained with 34.9% of individual sheep sera and in 89.3% of the sheep flocks. The prevalence in sheep and sheep flocks varied according to areas. Seroprevalence of pestiviruses was significantly (p0.05) higher in small ruminants pastured during summertime on the Alps. Comparative neutralisation studies were carried out on all positive blood samples with BVDV-1, BVDV-2 and BDV. 443 seropositive sheep samples exhibited clearly the highest titre against one of the pestivirus strains tested. 413 revealed the highest titres (2 or more fold) to BVDV-1, 6 to BVDV-2 and 24 to BDV. In some areas a very high rate of pestivirus seroprevalence could be found. This fact could be harmful to the BVDV-Elimination and Controlling Program in cattle in Austria.

Local epidemics of Q fever occur sporadically in Germany, mainly in rural residential communities. There is increasing evidence that these outbreaks, which are caused by Coxiella burnetii, are related particularly to the lambing season and shearing periods of nearby sheep holdings. It is assumed that this zoonotic agent is massively emitted from the placenta of infected ewes at birth and during shearing of wool contaminated with infected faeces of ticks. However, little is known about the airborne transmission and travel distance of this infectious agent, and only few attempts have been made to isolate it directly from the air. This paper describes for the first time the isolation and detection of C. burnetii in the air of an enclosed sheep barn during shearing of a herd which had tested positive for C. burnetii serologically and by PCR. Samples of inhalable dust samples were taken using I.O.M. samplers with glass fibre and polycarbonate filters at a flow rate of 2.5 l/min. The sampling time was nearly 4.5 h. Two sampling positions were set up on both sides of the shearing place at a distance of 3 m and 1.5 m above the ground. A third position with the same sampling equipment was not activated and served as a sampling and transport control. In the laboratory, the glass fibre filters were used to determine the dust concentration. The polycarbonate filters were treated in a specific breakdown procedure which inactivates PCR inhibitors, followed by amplification and sequencing of a specific DNA section of C. burnetii, which was found in the dust from both active sampling positions. The investigation clearly shows that the sampling and detection methods used in this small field study are suitable for the detection of C. burnetii in the air of sheep barns. The results confirm experimentally the high risk of airborne transmission of C. burnetii from sero-positive sheep herds during shearing. However, little is known about the effective travel distance of infective airborne C. burnetii particles. There is an urgent need for more detailed investigations on the emission and airborne dispersion of infectious C. burnetii particles in order to improve our understanding of the health risks caused by this zoonotic agent originating from sheep herds.

In spring 2005, the outbreak of contagious abortion caused by Salmonella Abortusovis in 6 sheep flocks in Switzerland led to considerable economic losses. The Swiss small ruminant health service (BGK) evaluated this case. The aim was to identify the source of the epidemic in order to avoid further spread of infection and to evaluate the possibility of using vaccination. Moreover, a strategy for prevention of future outbreaks was developed. This article aims to increase disease awareness of food animal practitioners for Salmonella Abortusovis abortion in sheep.

Monitoring of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) in Swiss sheep and goats is based on the examination of animals from different sources. In this study, frequencies and proportions of the different diagnoses were compared between routinely submitted sheep and goats, notified scrapie suspects as well as fallen stock. Meningitis/ encephalitis cases were significantly more frequent (OR = 2.2) in the scrapie suspect group when compared to the routine submissions. Metabolic-toxic encephalopathy was seen more frequently within the fallen stock. Rare neurological diagnoses were more frequent among scrapie suspects and routine submissions when compared to fallen stock. Listeriosis was diagnosed equally frequent among the scrapie suspects and routine submissions but less frequent in fallen stock. Scrapie prevalence among the fallen stock and the routine submissions was 0 (zero), with 95% certainty that prevalence is1%. The examined animals are representative for most of the Swiss regions with considerable sheep and goat production. Continuation of the detailed neuropathological examination of small ruminants from these three groups, substituted by actively testing a sufficiently large sample of fallen stock and possibly also healthy-slaughtered adult sheep and goats for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies would ensure a good surveillance within the small ruminant population.

Four weeks after the introduction of a new ration, a herd of sheep in the Swiss midland area was affected by depression, anorexia, decreased milk production, anemia, hemoglobinuria and frequent recumbency. Seventeen ewes died within a few days. A diagnosis of chronic copper poisoning was based on the results of feed analysis, histopathological findings and the toxicological examination of liver tissue. The remaining sheep were treated with oral ammonium molybdate and sodium sulfate, which together provide an inexpensive alternative to the chelator D-penicillamine.This combination not only prevents further copper intake, but also supports its elimination from the hepatocellular storage compartments. Serum copper levels have been determined to monitor the mobilization of copper following this antidote therapy.

In a double sense, the ovine gamma herpesvirus type 2 (OvHV-2) is a virus in sheep's skin. Not only is it present world wide in all sheep breeds but also it causes malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) in cattle pigs, elk, and bison. OvHV-2 cannot be propagated in cell culture. Therefore, new results from OvHV-2 research are based on molecular techniques and may be summarized as follows. OvHV-2 is transmitted by respiratory routes as well as by sexual intercourse. Lambs are infected within the first few months of life. Leucocytes, primarily latently infected lymphocytes, are responsible for disseminating the virus over the entire organism. On rare occasions, virus particles could be visualized by electron microscopy in explanted lymphocyte cultures. Structural antigens were detected by immunohistology in M-cells of diseased rabbits. Immunologically and cell biologically active genes have been detected on the viral genome.The products arising from those are thought to fine balance, the number of latently infected cells in sheep and to keep them alive without causing harm. Thus, it seems that this balance has been found through co-evolution, favoring both virus and natural host. In contrast, other host species that were exclude from the process of co-evolution, are bound to fall from MCF.

The control of gastro-intestinal nematodes in sheep has almost entirely been based on the use of anthelmintics and pasture management. Therefore anthelmintic resistance escalated in the past. One way of reducing this problem may be the limitation of anthelmintic treatment to those animals with clinical symptoms only. The FAMACHA Eye-colour-chart is based on the principle knowledge that the colour of mucous membranes are correlated with the anaemiae situation of an animal. To monitor anaemic animals they are identified and classified in a 1 to 5-color scale based on the colour of the conjunctiva, and anaemic animals can be selectively treated. It helps to reduce treatments and therefore the development of drug resistance. The objective of this study was to estimate the correlation between FAMACHA-scores, haematocrit values, faecal egg counts, plasma albumin level and worm burden following an experimental infection with Haemonchus contortus in lambs. The estimated correlations have been low. This proofs the limits of the FAMACHA system under a situation of low parasite pressure.

This study examined the occurrence of Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii), the infectious agent of Q-fever, in sheep and sheep-ticks in Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany, as a possible source of infection in Q-fever outbreaks. Using PCR, we examined a total of 1066 Dermacentor ticks from 23 herds and 49 samples of tick excrement from 18 herds for C. burnetii. We found the infectious agent in one non-engorged tick and in one sample of tick excrement from the same herd, in Efringen-Kirchen (district Loerrach). Sequencing the PCR-products confirmed the amplifications as specific for C. burnetii. Further serological tests of random samples of the four districts of Baden-Wuerttemberg showed a seroprevalence from 0 to 1.4% using complement fixation test (CFT), as well as a 0.9 to 10.2% seroprevalence, using ELISA test. Serum samples from a Q-fever-suspicious herd resulted, however, in 6% (CFT) and 53% (ELISA) positive reactions. A comparison between CFT and ELISA showed both a correlation of the two test methods that increased with higher CFT titration levels and positive reactions using ELISA for 9.4% of the serums that had tested negative using CFT. The results of the present study reveal that ticks and their excrements are important vectors of transmission of Q-fever in Baden-Wuerttemberg. Investigations on C. burnetii using PCR as well as serological surveys of sheep are important instruments for diagnosis and disease control of Q-fever.