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Although the emotion of shame can strongly influence human behavior and trigger destructive behaviors, it still receives too little attention in educational practice and research. This article therefore focuses on the experience of shame at school, with special attention to situations of shame at school from the perspective of university students. In addition to an insight into theory and the state of research on shame in school, a pilot study is presented in which students (n = 108) reconstruct school shame situations by writing them down. It is shown that the visibility of performance-related flaws (e. g., making mistakes) and nonperformance-related flaws (e. g., one's own appearance) is associated with shame experiences among students. These flaws are also used by classmates and teachers to discredit students. Furthermore, being the unwanted focus of attention or perceiving toomuch closeness or distance (in the form of being excluded by classmates) to others can be associated with shame. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the modes of contact and the developmental steps that came out of the high-frequency analysis of an isolated young patient and the corresponding counter-transference feeling of »closest distance«. With this concept, the paper examines the seemingly contradictory experience of both great closeness and vast distance in such a way that they can be viewed as complementary. The paper will examine this variable and emergent experience and will show how room for developing new relationship possibilities could develop out of the transference-countertransference experiences that take place in the communities and games available in the complex world of the internet. The question will be discussed as to how far the term hikikomori, coined in Japan for young people who have totally withdrawn from society, can be helpful in the treatment of secluded patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Hikikomori is a condition of severe social withdrawal in which people shut themselves off from society and stay alone in their homes/rooms for at least six months. The first part of this paper reports on how Hikikomori has been widely conceptualized as a clinical (i.e., psychiatric or psychological) condition. From this point of view, temperament, emotional or familiar factors have been often proposed to explain Hikikomori. The second part of this paper focuses on the thesis that Hikikomori mainly depends on historical-cultural circumstances that have prevailed in the Japanese context, and suggests that it may be best conceptualized as a form of social protest (instead of as a psychopathological condition).