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Dangerousness is the propensity for performing aggressive and/or criminal acts. The tension between denying the liberty of a suspect and the necessity to protect the environment he/she threatens makes evaluation of the "extent of dangerousness" a significant factor in decisions regarding compulsory intervention and denial of rights. EvaLuation of dangerousness aims to protect the Life of the patient--prevent harm and defend public safety. Most decisions concerning the "extent of dangerousness" of an individual are based on clinical evaluation, patient interview and structured evaluation. The examination can be performed directly with the patient, psychodiagnostic tests or via proxy reports of his/her behavior. The cLinicaL method, influenced by the examiner's clinical experience, training, bias and prejudices is subjective versus an actuarial examination that involves a mathematical model. The authors reviewed three instruments: (A) Psychopathology Checklist-Revised [PCL-R), a widely used instrument to assess violent behavior, based on psychopathic personality structure: 20 coded items based on a semi-structured interview and/or on data from the patient file. (B) Historical, Clinical, Risk-Management (HCR-20, V2]: 20 risk factors for violent behavior based on "historical items", "clinical items", "regulation of dangerousness" and "risk management". Inter-rater reLiability ranges from 0.76-0.96. (C) MacArthur VioLence Risk Assessment is a computer program based on a CLassification Tree [CT] and a comparison of different CT's.

Raynaud's disease is characterized by intermittent peripheral vasoconstriction leading to pallor, cyanosis and reactive vasodilation of the arterioles of fingers and toes. These phenomena are accompanied by sensations of cold or warmth, pain and difficulty in manipulating the palms. Ulcerations of the fingertips can occur in severe cases. Since conservative medical treatment, consisting of preventive measures and changing various habits, results in alleviation in only half the patients, sympathectomy is often required. Psychological intervention, including biofeedback, also has a significant role. Biofeedback involving relaxation techniques, guided imagination, and in parallel, computer-assisted monitoring of sympathetic arousal, might lead to symptom reduction as a unique treatment or in conjunction with other treatment modalities.