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The COVID-19 epidemic first appeared at the end of 2019, and it became a worldwide pandemic in the first quarter of 2020. The new coronavirus pandemic made it clear that infectious diseases are able to significantly influence morbidity and mortality data of countries in the 21st century, too. There are many complex and profound socio-economic consequences of the restrictions in relation to the coronavirus pandemic. This epidemic also resulted in an economic crisis with multiple effects on the economy and society. It is said that spatiality has a determinative role in the geographical spreading of the pandemic and on regional differences of the economic crisis. The scope of this paper is to compare the most important features and regional inequalities of the epidemic waves in Hungary based on epidemiological data. Besides statistical analysis, the study examines short-, medium- and long-term effects of the pandemic on health and health care, too. The literature review presents some regional features of the coronavirus epidemic, and it also defines the role of this pandemic on non-communicable diseases for the future. The used content-analysis investigates the Hungarian restrictions and their regional relevance. The main results of our research show that there are marked differences between the three epidemic waves in Hungary based on the number of confirmed cases and regional inequalities regarding restrictions. There was a longer interim period during the summer between the two epidemic waves of spring and autumn of 2020. On the other hand, the longer improving tendency of the second wave suddenly stopped in mid-February 2021 resulting in a third epidemic wave in Hungary. The first wave was a 'flat curve' while the second wave resulted in an epidemic plateau. The third wave started during the decreasing process of the second wave. The first wave was more linked to geographical (Budapest capital city and Pest county) and institutional (hospitals, nursing homes) hotspots, however in the second and third wave nationwide infection ranges became more determinative. The results of our research call the attention to the regional relevance of restrictions regarding the pandemic. When this paper was finished, on the 4th of March 2021, the pandemic did not end yet in Hungary, so its evaluation can not be complete at this time. The ascending trend of the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic is due to the spreading of new coronavirus variants and mutations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 epidemic first appeared at the end of 2019, and it became a worldwide pandemic in the first quarter of 2020. The new coronavirus pandemic made it clear that infectious diseases are able to significantly influence morbidity and mortality data of countries in the 21st century, too. There are many complex and profound socio-economic consequences of the restrictions in relation to the coronavirus pandemic. This epidemic also resulted in an economic crisis with multiple effects on the economy and society. It is said that spatiality has a determinative role in the geographical spreading of the pandemic and on regional differences of the economic crisis. The scope of this paper is to compare the most important features and regional inequalities of the epidemic waves in Hungary based on epidemiological data. Besides statistical analysis, the study examines short-, mediumand long-term effects of the pandemic on health and health care, too. The literature review presents some regional features of the coronavirus epidemic, and it also defines the role of this pandemic on non-communicable diseases for the future. The used contentanalysis investigates the Hungarian restrictions and their regional relevance. The main results of our research show that there are marked differences between the three epidemic waves in Hungary based on the number of confirmed cases and regional inequalities regarding restrictions. There was a longer interim period during the summer between the two epidemic waves of spring and autumn of 2020. On the other hand, the longer improving tendency of the second wave suddenly stopped in mid-February 2021 resulting in a third epidemic wave in Hungary. The first wave was a 'flat curve' while the second wave resulted in an epidemic plateau. The third wave started during the decreasing process of the second wave. The first wave was more linked to geographical (Budapest capital city and Pest county) and institutional (hospitals, nursing homes) hotspots, however in the second and third wave nationwide infection ranges became more determinative. The results of our research call the attention to the regional relevance of restrictions regarding the pandemic. When this paper was finished, on the 4th of March 2021, the pandemic did not end yet in Hungary, so its evaluation can not be complete at this time. The ascending trend of the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic is due to the spreading of new coronavirus variants and mutations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 has changed the way the world works, the frameworks and ways of cooperation and methods. Every organization must be able to cope with major unforeseen disruptions, environmental changes and uncertainties. Studies in the international literature have examined the impact of COVID-19 on agile organizations and some have indicated that agility has been a very useful solution for many organizations during the COVID-19 crisis, as agile teams or organizations have been able to build for the long term in a dynamically changing turbulent environment. There has been no discussion in the Hungarian literature, however, on the impact of the changes generated by COVID-19 on small agile software development companies and teams less likely to adopt a work from home strategy before the virus or how these organizations have responded to the current changes. This paper primarily sought to address these issues and to fill this gap in the Hungarian literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several researches highlighted the outstanding importance of security and trust in tourism. Natural disasters, pandemics, political turmoil, all have their influence on trust and security in tourism. As the experiences of the last decades show, pandemics have significant and immediate negative effects on travel decisions. The COVID-19 pandemic and the related travel restrictions influenced both global and national tourism flows in 2020, e.g., through the occupancy rates of hotels and P2P accommodations. However only a handful of studies dealt with the spatial aspects of these effects. This paper aims to analyse the impact of COVID-19 on the Airbnb market in Budapest using data from AirDNA, the spatial and temporal characteristics of the decline in Airbnb offers and bookings. The significance of the study comes from the widely debated social and rental market effects of Airbnb. As our results show, similarly to the previous years, Airbnb occupancy had a certain seasonality in 2020. Both the number of guests and the overall revenue decreased compared to 2019. Consequently, many hosts decided to leave the platform, thus the number of available Airbnb listings decreased significantly. The long-term effects of this decrease are uncertain -- and the same applies for future effects of P2P accommodations on the rental market of Budapest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide all mobility segments declined significantly due to the COVID-19 pandemic, from the local traffic to the inter-continental one. The scope of the study is the analysis of the domestic rideshare-traffic during the first two waves of the pandemic. The author scaled within ten three-day intervals the booked places on the most popular route (Miskolc-Budapest) of the base period on the largest domestic rideshare platform (Oszkar.com). The paper examines the effects of the pandemic related restrictions on mobility, both in time and regionally. According to the results, the second wave affected the country more severely regarding the number of those infected and those deceased, still ridesharing declined in a higher degree during the first wave compared to the base period, as a result of the timely differences of the restrictions, the almost complete stoppage of the economy in spring 2020, as well as the prolonged presence of the virus, suggesting that the initial, shock-like effects of the COVID-19 pandemic force the society to a longer period of adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic, emerging at the end of 2019, hit hard countries all over the world -- including Central Europe. Nevertheless, both infection rates and fatalities have significant spatial differences. The aim of this paper is to reveal the spatial patterns of COVID-19 in Central Europe on various spatial scales. During the first wave in the spring of 2020 some of the countries encountered relatively low levels of infections and fatalities. The second wave of the pandemic caused significant health and health care problems in the whole region. The first wave hit Austria, Germany and Switzerland harder, and the dense urban agglomerations had the most outstanding concentrations of coronavirus infections. The spatiality of the pandemic changed during the second wave; the number of infections and fatalities grew in the Eastern countries of the region as well as in rural areas. By this token the second wave had a more severe effect on areas which were less affected before. The factors shaping these spatial processes are diverse and fluctuating over space and time, creating a complex spatial system of causes and consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic, emerging at the end of 2019, hit hard countries all over the world - including Central Europe. Nevertheless, both infection rates and fatalities have significant spatial differences. The aim of this paper is to reveal the spatial patterns of COVID-19 in Central Europe on various spatial scales. During the first wave in the spring of 2020 some of the countries encountered relatively low levels of infections and fatalities. The second wave of the pandemic caused significant health and health care problems in the whole region. The first wave hit Austria, Germany and Switzerland harder, and the dense urban agglomerations had the most outstanding concentrations of coronavirus infections. The spatiality of the pandemic changed during the second wave; the number of infections and fatalities grew in the Eastern countries of the region as well as in rural areas. By this token the second wave had a more severe effect on areas which were less affected before. The factors shaping these spatial processes are diverse and fluctuating over space and time, creating a complex spatial system of causes and consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several researches highlighted the outstanding importance of security and trust in tourism. Natural disasters, pandemics, political turmoil, all have their influence on trust and security in tourism. As the experiences of the last decades show, pandemics have significant and immediate negative effects on travel decisions. The COVID-19 pandemic and the related travel restrictions influenced both global and national tourism flows in 2020, e.g., through the occupancy rates of hotels and P2P accommodations. However only a handful of studies dealt with the spatial aspects of these effects. This paper aims to analyse the impact of COVID-19 on the Airbnb market in Budapest using data from AirDNA, the spatial and temporal characteristics of the decline in Airbnb offers and bookings. The significance of the study comes from the widely debated social and rental market effects of Airbnb. As our results show, similarly to the previous years, Airbnb occupancy had a certain seasonality in 2020. Both the number of guests and the overall revenue decreased compared to 2019. Consequently, many hosts decided to leave the platform, thus the number of available Airbnb listings decreased significantly. The long-term effects of this decrease are uncertain - and the same applies for future effects of P2P accommodations on the rental market of Budapest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide all mobility segments declined significantly due to the COVID-19 pandemic, from the local traffic to the inter-continental one. The scope of the study is the analysis of the domestic rideshare-traffic during the first two waves of the pandemic. The author scaled within ten three-day intervals the booked places on the most popular route (Miskolc-Budapest) of the base period on the largest domestic rideshare platform (Oszkar.com). The paper examines the effects of the pandemic related restrictions on mobility, both in time and regionally. According to the results, the second wave affected the country more severely regarding the number of those infected and those deceased, still ridesharing declined in a higher degree during the first wave compared to the base period, as a result of the timely differences of the restrictions, the almost complete stoppage of the economy in spring 2020, as well as the prolonged presence of the virus, suggesting that the initial, shock-like effects of the COVID-19 pandemic force the society to a longer period of adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]