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This paper presents a special, direct methodology regularly applied in the Baltic countries to measure the size of the shadow economy. The same approach had been applied in Hungarian data collections in 2016 and 2017. Besides presenting the results, the patterns of nonresponse are also in focus. The Shadow Economy Index (SEI) is based on a direct survey of companies to estimate the size of the shadow economy as a proportion of a given country's GDP (Gross Domestic Product). Direct approaches are mainly avoided by researchers on this topic because of its sensitive nature. Response rates are usually low because concealing the information is just „natural" regarding shadow activities. The SEI approach uses several techniques to maximize the responses: the survey is run as a face-toface interview; they ask company owners/managers; the questions are related to the industry and not directly to the firm. Still, nonresponse can be notable. In the second part of the paper, I determine the main patterns of nonresponse based on the two Hungarian surveys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper falls within the scope of entrepreneurship research focused on entrepreneurs as agents with individual personality traits. This paper first overviews the relevant literature – both early and current theories – of this research agenda. The main conceptual findings are then linked to the value theoretical framework developed by Shalom H. Schwartz, which seems to reflect, with limitations, on the basic content of these framings about entrepreneurial traits. Based on the Schwartzian background, this paper sheds light on the linkages among the individual value structures and specific personality traits considered important for entrepreneurial actors. The empirical portion used data from the European Social Survey to identify four distinct entrepreneurial mindsets among European entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to present the main steps of the meta-analysis when applying the Cohen's d effect size indicator in a one-sample context. In the paper, the authors use a database from a real survey as an example, through which they describe the database structure for the analysis, the steps to determine the overall effect size indicator, the interpretation of the results and a possible approach to explain heterogeneity between studies (subgroup analysis). Although the paper describes the main steps of the method in a relatively simple structure, focuses only on the analysis based on Cohen's d effect size in a one-sample context. It is important to emphasise that, depending on the research question, different effect size indicators may need to be calculated and the complexity of the analysis can be much more in-depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon costs impact both the input side of economic sectors, as fossil inputs are used as raw materials, and the output side, as CO2 emissions are paid for in the form of emission allowances. The effectiveness of climate policies depends heavily on the total cost of fossil inputs and emissions, but the input side has typically been ignored so far. The aim of this paper is to present a model that quantifies the total private costs associated with the carbon use of economic sectors. The model presented in this paper is based on an environmentally extended input-output analysis. Total private carbon costs include costs associated with fossil inputs, including both energy and non-energy use, as well as costs associated with carbon emissions. China provides an instructive example, as its economy is heavily dependent on fossil energy sources. The results of the presented model highlight the problem of conflicting energy and climate policies. Reductions in input-side costs may offset the rising costs of carbon emission costs enforced by the climate policy. This article represents a stride in that direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statistical analysis has a special relationship to measurement. For it, measurement and measurement theory not only provide the data on which analysis is based, but are also a source of important uncertainties in theoretical, methodological and applied research. A detailed presentation of measurement issues is therefore justified, together with the different approaches and the arguments behind them. After a careful discussion of the everyday and scientific meanings of measurement, the paper deals with the different meanings and conceptions of measurement, and then turn to the drastic change in meaning in social statistics in the mid-20th century. Then the theory of measurement scales, their criticism and proposals for expansion will be discussed, and finally some of the specific aspects of Likert-type statements that cannot be placed within the framework of measurement scales will be examined. One of the conclusions of the paper is that the Stevens system of measurement scales cannot be regarded as an adequate description of data types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the fact that entrepreneurs often aim to fulfil environmental, political and social goals, the role of task-specific self-efficacies in entrepreneurial intention, other than entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and the relationship of self-efficacies with entrepreneurial social identities have been largely ignored in the entrepreneurship literature. Since entrepreneurial success requires strong interpersonal skills and the dominant goal of some entrepreneurs is to create social value, in this paper we investigate how and why social self-efficacy may be an important factor underlying entrepreneurial intention. Our results show that while the effect of Darwinian social identity on entrepreneurial intention is mediated only by entrepreneurial self-efficacy, the effect of communitarian social identity is fully mediated by both social and entrepreneurial self-efficacies. However, individuals with a missionary social identity expect to need additional self-efficacies to become successful entrepreneurs. Thus, our results suggest that, in addition to entrepreneurial self-efficacy, other task-specific selfefficacies should be considered when examining the antecedents of entrepreneurial intention. Perceived environmental support did not moderate the mediating effect of the examined self-efficacies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The explosion of digital technologies marks the beginning of a new industrial revolution. Digitalization has transformed not only our everyday lives, but also the entrepreneurial processes. We are now seeing the integration of digital and entrepreneurial ecosystems at the heart of the digital revolution with the rapid rise of platform organisations. We aim to track this integration using the Digital Entrepreneurial Ecosystem (DEE) Index developed in Szerb et al. (2022). In the paper, we present the structure of the DEE index and the steps to calculate the composite indicator. Our study focuses on a comparative analysis of Hungary's digital entrepreneurship ecosystem, identifying its strengths and weaknesses for the period 2020-2022. The reference European countries were grouped into six categories, with Hungary being selected as one of the Central and Eastern European (CEE) EU members. In the DEE Index ranking of 170 countries in 2022, Denmark was at the top of the ranking, with the US second. Hungary is ranked 36th, 23rd in the EU, with Poland, Croatia, Romania and Bulgaria trailing behind in the CEE countries. The four sub-indices, twelve pillars and 24 variables of the DEE Index are used to analyze the Hungary's digital entrepreneurship ecosystem profile. While we are relatively well placed in terms of laying the foundations of the digital economy and developing the physical infrastructure, the benefits of the platform economy are hindered by the relatively low number of fintech firms and the low level of digital skills of the population, while the diffusion and adoption of digital technologies is hampered by the digitalization deficiencies at the business level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a systematic review of the international literature, this paper investigates how the digitalization of information processes shapes the role of controllers in supporting decision-making. Drivers of this transformation include the increased amount of data and the diffusion of advanced data analytics techniques. At the same time, the available ‘new types’ of decision-relevant data are no longer primarily financial and accounting in nature, so other professional groups have entered the field of decision-supporting data analytics. These changes rightly raise the question of what added value controllers create in managerial decision support. Based on our synthesis, we argue that controllers as become marginal in data analytics, their importance increases in the areas of interpreting results, sense-making and trust building. Advances in data analytics lead to jurisdictional problems, and the cooperation not only with other professional groups but with the technology itself raises new questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I argue that Leibniz's ethics is a kind of virtue ethics where virtues of the agent are explanatorily primary. I first examine how Leibniz obtained his conception of justice as a kind of love in an early text, Elements of Natural Law. I show that in this text Leibniz's goal was to find a satisfactory definition of justice that could reconcile egoism with altruism, and that this was achieved through the Aristotelian virtue of friendship where friends treat each other as “other selves.” Following this decisive moment, Leibniz adopted an Aristotle‐inspired ethical framework where the virtuous agent is central for moral evaluations. I then show that, despite certain developments, Leibniz's ethics retained this essential feature throughout his career. In Leibniz's later writings, God constitutes the foundation of the moral realm, and the fundamental moral endeavor of human beings consists in the imitation of God. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regression is one of the most common statistical tools used in exploring relationships between socio-economic phenomena. Traditional regression models, however, have limited reliability in case of spatial data. One solution to this problem is the geographically weighted regression (GWR), which considers spatial processes as variables. Traditional GWR assumes that all modelled processes operate on the same spatial bandwidth. A novel extension allows each relationship to vary according to different spatial bandwidths, leading to the multiscale geographically weighted (MGWR) method. This paper is comparing standard OLS, GWR and MGWR by investigating corporate liquidation. The author estimated the spatial variability of settlement-level corporate liquidations using meso-level economic, municipal, and transportation data. The findings of the three models indicated that MGWR outperformed the other two methods. Among the economic factors affecting liquidation, the global effect of the unemployment rate and the local effect of per capita income may be observed. The presence of bank branches in the settlement and the weight of the industrial sector significantly impact business liquidations, as well as transportation indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper delves into the significance of cultural diversity and its implications within virtual and face-to-face project team interactions. In international business and management education, comprehending the differing expression of cultural specialities in these settings and enhancing intercultural competencies adapted to each is extremely important. To gain insights into teamwork dynamics regarding cultural diversity, a project involving 65 bachelor students was designed. The project’s progression was closely monitored, and students provided feedback through two stages, yielding a total of 130 feedback sheets for analysis. The research findings underscored that, in virtual teamwork, cultural diversity is often perceived as a risk factor. In contrast, during the face-to-face round of the project, cultural diversity emerged as a valuable asset, contributing to innovative and creative solutions. Ultimately, this study is a critical resource for educators, project managers, and stakeholders seeking to optimise cross-cultural interactions in virtual and face-to-face settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban sprawl is one of the most prominent processes of urban development, of great importance in post-socialist countries, too. Urban space use reshapes the traditional rural landscape, resulting in environmental and social sustainability challenges. The intensive changes are not only reshaping the suburban belt, but also transform the outskirts of our cities. This subprocess is differentiated at micro-scale, and this fragmentation may hide it in certain databases. The study attempts to provide additions regarding this peculiarity. The authors selected three case studies for detailed examination: those of Győr, Kecskemét and Szeged. GIS methods, field examination, surveys and expert interviews have been used to get a detailed picture of the demographic and land cover change processes, as well as the distinctions between the destination areas of the case studies. The comparison of results drawn from different methods reveal that land use changes in the study areas are more widespread than what the land cover datasets indicate. The authors' observations show that Corine Land Cover categories describing mixed land use - especially complex cultivation patterns - are not able to capture the drastic function shift caused by intense suburbanization. Different environmental and social sustainability issues have been identified depending on the economic status of outmigrants. The paper also sheds some light on urban planning considerations regarding this emerging challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current paper, the authors examined the unsecured interbank deposit market, more specifically, how short-term, passive-side central bank instruments with highly attractive interest rates influence it. They tested the hypothesis that instruments of this type impose a quasi-manual control and reduce the activity on the interbank market. They considered the post-2013 Hungarian monetary policy as a crucial case. The one-week central bank deposit rate introduced in April 2020 and the one-day deposit rate applied from October 2022 both represent the subject of the investigation. Through network analysis, the authors proved that the one-week deposit rate exerted effects over the period March–December 2020, in line with their hypothesis. The liquidity of the interbank market deteriorated accordingly, and the opportunity to manage liquidity needs through the interbank market narrowed. They conclude that short-term, passive-side central bank instruments such as an especially high interest rate should be used only on a temporary basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the author combined the theoretical framework of political exchange and agenda-setting with the concept of political product. He examined voter perceptions of political products in the 2022 Hungarian parliamentary elections to identify voter segments with cluster analysis. Eleven days before the 2022 parliamentary elections, he conducted an online survey, which resulted in a sample of 2,000 voters who reflected the basic socio-demographic attributes of Hungarian citizens by gender, age and type of residence. The author created segments based on the salience of issues by party preferences, and he was able to observe identity voting and issue-voting in various groups. Based on the results, he has to highlight the role of two clusters: war-orientated and disillusioned opposition segments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]