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The study aims to examine the ownership transmission strategies in the context of family firm succession in Hungary. The successful transfer of ownership, management and acquired experience at a family firm represents one of its greatest challenges; however, there is still a lack of understanding of the unique future strategies and succession outcomes of Hungarian family businesses. As a significant proportion of the founders of those family businesses established after the regime change (post-1989) are now reaching retirement age, a study of how such business organisations plan to survive the generational transition is highly relevant. This study applies a mixed methodology of quantitative and a qualitative analysis (e.g., in the case of IPOs). The results show that the average age of the examined family firm CEOs is higher than the global average and the majority of them plans to keep ownership and management within the family. Other exit strategies (i.e. initial public offerings, mergers and acquisitions) are not typical of the examined sample.

The study aims to examine the ownership transmission strategies in the context of family firm succession in Hungary. The successful transfer of ownership, management and acquired experience at a family firm represents one of its greatest challenges; however, there is still a lack of understanding of the unique future strategies and succession outcomes of Hungarian family businesses. As a significant proportion of the founders of those family businesses established after the regime change (post-1989) are now reaching retirement age, a study of how such business organisations plan to survive the generational transition is highly relevant. This study applies a mixed methodology of quantitative and a qualitative analysis (e.g., in the case of IPOs). The results show that the average age of the examined family firm CEOs is higher than the global average and the majority of them plans to keep ownership and management within the family. Other exit strategies (i.e. initial public offerings, mergers and acquisitions) are not typical of the examined sample.

A Ming-dinasztia uralmának időszakát a kínai hagyomány a harcművészetek aranykoraként tartja számon. Az elmúlt évek harcművészet-történeti kutatásai megerősítették, hogy a fegyveres fizikai erőszak jelentős mértékben volt jelen a kor társadalmának mindennapjaiban, többek között gyakori haramiatámadások, klánháborúk, helyi felkelések formájában. Ugyanakkor kevés ismerettel rendelkezünk arról, hogy a Ming jogrendszer hogyan viszonyult a fegyverek és a fegyveres erőszak általános jelenlétéhez a társadalomban. Jelen tanulmány célja, hogy a Da Ming lü 大明律 [A Ming-dinasztia törvénykönyve] vonatkozó törvénycikkelyeinek elemzése révén megvizsgálja a fegyveres erőszak törvényi szankcionálását és a civil fegyvertartás szabályozását a Ming-korban.

The famous 16th century military handbook, Jixiao Xinshu 紀效新書 contains the earliest known surviving treatises on fencing theory in the history of Chinese martial arts. The author, General Qi Jiguang 戚繼光, collected those teachings of fencing theory in the 10th and 12th chapters of the book, considering them necessary in the context of the military application of martial arts. The present paper introduces the difficulties of interpreting the concepts of fencing theory described in Jixiao Xinshu, with a special focus on the problems caused by inconsistent editing, then suggests an interpretational framework that makes it possible give a structured description and analysis of the concepts of fencing theory in Jixiao Xinshu. Finally, placing the sources in the mentioned framework, the paper examines Ming era military fencing theories in detail.

The Wubei zhi 武備志 is a comprehensive military encyclopaedia, compiled by Mao Yuanyi 茅元儀 in the early 17th century. It contains several martial art manuals, recording fighting systems of different weapons used by the Ming military. Among these fightbooks, there is a fencing manual, which is the first known recorded description of the fencing system of the Chinese double edged straight sword (jian 劍). This paper introduces the fencing manual by investigating its historical and military context, points out its relevance in the study of Chinese military history, and provides the Hungarian translation of the text with commentaries. Based on the example of the jian manual, the article also proposes the application of the interdisciplinary research methods of historical European martial art studies on Ming Chinese martial art manuals to obtain previously unknown knowledge about Chinese military history.