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Milk and dairy products are an important part of the human diet for numerous reasons. Goat milk is higher in the content of elements such as K and Ca. Nowadays, consumption of goat milk and goat dairy products increases because of better digestion and therapeutic value. However, goat milk can contain heavy metals and trace elements as well which can harm human health. The content of 22 elements in sixty-nine samples of goat milk, whey, three types of cheese, and yogurt from the ecological farm in region Orava and conventional farm in region Stredné Považie in Slovakia was measured in this study. The highest concentration of four elements Ca, K, Mg, and Na in samples of goat products was found. In our study, significant statistical differences (P < 0.05) were found only in levels of K, Ca, Li and Na when comparing milk samples from organic and conventional farm. Concentrations of K (1260.50 mg/kg), Li (0.02 mg/kg) and Na (293.46 mg/kg) were higher in samples from ecological farm, while concentration of Ca (1344.65 mg/kg) was higher in samples from conventional farm. Toxic elements were present in trace amounts or under the limit of detection. The consumption of goat milk and goat dairy products from monitored farms can be considered as safe and beneficial for human health regardless of the way of farming. According to the highest level of strontium in hard ripening cheese, frequent regular consumption should be considered for children as a preventive measure for development of bone health.

Introduction: Low-volume (1-2 U) transfusion affects more than a quarter of cardiac surgical patients. This may increase the incidence of complications, mortality, and blood use, even in low-risk patients. Objective: By analyzing risk factors, we searched for measures to reduce the frequency of low-volume transfusions. Method: The risk factors for transfusion of up to 2 U red blood cells were examined in 1011 patients. We compared data from 276 (27.3%) patients who received low-volume transfusion (study group) with 448 (44.3%) patients who received no transfusion (control group). 287 patients (28,4%), who received more than 2 U red blood cells, were excluded. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of data was performed. Results: The factors affecting low-volume transfusion were female gender (OR= 2.048; p = 0.002), age (OR= 1.033; p = 0.002), body weight (OR= 0.954; p<0.001), preoperative hemoglobin value of <130 g/l (OR = 3.185; p<0.001), preoperative glomerular filtration rate <60 ml/min/1.73 m(2) (OR = 1.750; p = 0.026), off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery (OR = 0.371; p<0.001), combined procedures (OR = 2.432; p = 0.015), perioperative fluid balance (OR = 1.227; p = 0.005), intraoperative bleeding and preoperative clopidogrel treatment (OR = 1.002; p<0.001), postoperative bleeding >1200 ml/24 hours (OR= 2.438; p<0.005). Conclusion: Screening and treatment of preoperative anemia, decreasing operative hemodilution, increasing the number of minimally invasive and off-pump procedures as well as applying a surgical hemostasis protocol could be a solution to avoid low-volume transfusion in cardiac surgery.

Background: Detection of childhood traumas is important both in clinical practice and in research. There is a pressing need for methods that are relatively simple but comprehensive, non-intrusive, and possess adequate psyc - ho metric properties. In this study we translated one of the most widely used and well-studied measure of childhood abuse and neglect and explored the psychometrical properties of this questionnaire., Methods: The study was based on data from a clinical (N=171) and a normative (N=358) sample. In total 529 adults participated in the testing process. Beside the trauma questionnaire Parental Bonding Inventory, Impact of Events Scale and Dissociative Experiences Scale were administered., Results: We examined the internal consistency of the translated trauma questionnaire. The Cronbach's a coefficients for the five subscales ranged from 0,639 to 0,934. Participants in the clinical sample reached higher scores on all trauma subscales except sexual abuse, than normative adults [PA: t (398)=-2,771; p=0,006; PN: t (398)=-5,990; p=0,000; EA: t (398)=-3,679; p=0,000; EN: t (398)=-4,759; p=0,000; total score: t (398)=-4,669; p=0,000]. Correlations among the trauma questionnaire total score and the scales of Parental Bonding Inventory indicating some medium effects (with maternal care: r=-0,661; p=0,000; with paternal care: r=-0,483; p=0,000)., Conclusion: Our preliminary findings suggest that this trauma questionnaire is practical and facilitates the systema - tic evaluation of adverse early life events and maximizes the possibility of detecting childhood abuse and neglect.

This essay presents two studies of Bertalan Petho's rich and diverse oeuvre. The first one (published in 1967) analyzed a schizophrenic composer-patient's composition created during the acute phase of schizophrenia and consi - dered the hiatus discursivitatis as one of the main characteristics of the pathology of expression in his musical works. The second study is the patients' catamnestic follow-up after 13 years. In that late, chronic, residual phase of schizophrenia with overwhelmingly negative symptoms, the mannieristic catatonia dominated the clinical feature, as well as the pathology of musical expression. These two studies build a bridge between music and psychopathology in a way unique in the literature and greatly demonstrate the utilization of musical expression in the phenomenological approach of schizophrenia. Due to Berta - lan Petho's high level of musical literacy, his knowledge of music theory and harmony, we have an insight through a specific window into the severe self-disturbance and alienisation determining the schizophrenic world of experience. Petho's approach is still relevant today: it fits conceptually to the most novel phenome-nological framework of the psychopathology of schizophrenia, i.e. to the ipseity-hyperreflexivity model, as well as to theories that draw a parallel between the schizophrenic reification and alienisation and the 20th-century modernism.

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Introduction: The purpose of the Schizotypy Personality Questionnaire - Brief Revised (SPQ-BR) is to help the diagnosis of schizotypial personality disorders within the framework of the DSM-5 and identification of people with an increased vulnerability towards schizophrenia related symptoms. The aim of our current study is twofold; validation of the SPQ-BR's Hungarian adaptation and investigating it's latent structure., Methods: The sample consisted of 1702 Hungarian university students and university graduated persons. Exploratory factor analytic procedures were performed, cross-validating their results by the use if confirmatory factor analysis., Results: The results suggested that the Hungarian SPQ-BR is best represented by a model of the hierarchical structure, reflected by seven first order factors, and two higher order dimensions of positive and negative symptoms. On lower order factors males were shown significantly greater constricted affects, and proneness to eccentric behaviors and unusual perceptions, while females were characterized by higher magical thinking, next to stronger social anxieties. Gender differences in the Ideas of references - Suspicion and odd speech scales were found to be non-significant. Concerning it''s validity with other scales we found that magical thinking and unusual perceptions from the positive symptoms significantly positively correlated with the magical ideation (MI), anxiousness (ASI), and self-concept clarity (SCCS) scales, next to a negative correlation between unusual perceptions and the self-esteem (RSES) scale. Among the negative symptoms the No close friends-Constricted affect and the Ideas of references - Suspicion subscales showed significant negative linear associations with the ASI, SCCS scales., Conclusion: The Hungarian version of the SPQ-BR showed adequate psychometrical properties, it was found to be reliable.

Nowadays, both in the clinical population, and in general communities, we tend to encounter an increasing number of personality disorder patients, whose social adjustment, partnerships and efficient life management is made difficult by the disorder. The ideas of borderline personality disorder patients, who fluctuate between farfetched expectations and fears of their selves being demolished, schizoid patients, who close their selves in their own alienating prison, avoidant patients, who try to escape difficulties, which would enhance their self-esteem, OCD patients, who build their own mythic superstitious world, and antisocial patients who tend to ignore and aggressively override others' interests are all important in the development of cultures with insecure identities. Taking into consideration the symptoms enlisted in the diagnostic system of DSM-5, it is the task of experts of cultural anthropology, psychology, psychopathology and cognitive neuroscience to explore the referring ways of personality development, relationships and of conflict management. Notwithstanding, avoiding the psychopathological terminology, rather pointing at population characteristics, we need to identify personal functionings of the general features of perception, cognition and world views, which in the long run, may modify personal developmental possibilities, individual approaches to information technology, and emotional, family or professional motivations. Based on the respective literature and clinical experience, below we intend to explore the different aspects of schizotypy, which contribute to the formation of schizoid personality disorder. We analyze the interrelations of avoiding relationships and empathy toward relationship building.

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Introduction: Mentalization is the ability to attribute mental states (intentions, desires, thoughts, emotions) to others, and hence to predict their behaviour. This ability fundamentally determines our participation in social relationships and adaptation to society. A significant proportion of the disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) affects those brain structures and neurotransmitter systems that play a role in the mentalizing processes. Accordingly, a number of CNS disorders may be associated with mentalizing deficits, which may affect the outcome of these diseases. Here, we review recent research on mentalizing abilities in neurological diseases., Methods: An internet database search was performed to identify publications on the subject., Results: Sixty-two publications in English corresponded to the search criteria. These publications reported impaired mentalization in several neurological disorders (e.g. epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, dementias, traumatic brain injury)., Discussion: The results indicate that a number of neurological disorders associate with mentalizing deficit. This deficit is often present in the early stages of the diseases and has a prognostic value, which in turn emphasizes the importance of the early detection and adequate rehabilitation.

In this study we have examined a group of schizophrenia patients during the understanding of irony tasks, who had normal IQ. 14 patients and 14 healthy control subjects were included, 15 irony and 15 control tasks were invertigated during an fMRI investigation. During the contextual phase patients had shown a higher activitation in different brain regions. The healthy controls had shown deactivitation during this phase, while this couldn't be seen in the patiens group. During the irony phase healthy subjects activated brain regions known as mentalisation areas, while patients didn't. Our results can support the view, that behind schizophrenia patients mentalisation deficit the contextual phase can play the central role.

Since the beginning of the 20th century music scores and other music releated pictoral elements have repeteadly appeared in psychotic patients' visual artworks. Interestingly, little attention was paid to these enigmatic forms of psychopathological art expression till the 1970s. This essay investigates the underlying psychopathology and the psychodynamic basis of musical elements applied in psychotic patients' visual art expression within a phenomenological- intersubjective framework integrating the art-historical context of the 20th century. As an illustration, artworks of the psychopathological art collection of the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Pecs, Hungary are presented.

Minor physical anomalies are mild, clinically and cosmetically insignificant errors of morphogenesis which have a prenatal origin and may bear major informational value for diagnostic, prognostic and epidemiological purposes. Since both the central nervous system and the skin are derived from the same ectodermal tissue in utero, minor physical anomalies can be external markers of abnormal brain development and they appear more commonly in neurodevelopmental disorders. Recently studies were published on the prevalence of minor physical anomalies in the relatives of patients with schizophrenia. In a systematic review of literature 11 studies were identified with mixed results. We suppose that the differentiation of minor malformations and phenogenetic variants can help to clarify the minor anomaly profile as a potential endophenotype in schizophrenia.

The impairment of social functioning and difficulties in social integration are frequently found in patients with schizophrenia, and may affect the quality of life, thus revealing the underlying mechanisms of these differences appear to be of high importance. The impairment of social functioning has been reported in first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients and individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis. Two meta-analyses and 15 studies were reviewed, in which various ToM tests were performed involving first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia,with diverse findings, both positive and negative results have been found, and in addition other cognitive deficits were reported in some cases. In the background of different findings methodological differences can be presumed. Overall the social cognitive functions of first-degree relatives were found affected, which suggests the role of social cognition as endophenotypic marker of schizophrenia.

Some decades ago the dream seemed to be randomly generated by brain stem mechanisms in the cortical and subcortical neuronal networks. However, most recent empirical data, studies on brain lesions and functional neuroimaging results have refuted this theory. Several data support that motivation pathways, memory systems, especially implicit, emotional memory play an important role in dream formation. This essay reviews how the results of neurobiology and cognitive psychology can be fitted into the theoretical frameworks and clinical practice of the psychoanalysis. The main aim is to demonstrate that results of neurobiology and empirical observations of psychoanalysis are complementary rather than contradictory.

Aspergillus infection of the central nervous system is a rare disease, occasionally seen among immunocompromised patients. The most frequent pathway is hematogenic dissemination. Less known is the direct propagation from the paranasal sinuses, which is usually observed in immunocompetent patients. We report a patient who developed cavernous sinus syndrome due to an invasive intracranial aspergilloma after longlasting chemo- and steroid therapy for chronic lymphoid leukemia and immunhemolytic anemia. The characteristic features seen on radiological images--brain CT and MRI--suggested the possibility of invasive aspergilloma. Postoperative histology defined the diagnosis. Our case review highlights the importance of considering the possibility of an invasive opportunistic infection of the CNS in an immunocompromised patient presenting a new neurological sign.

In this essay, I introduce two schizophrenic artists from the Reuter's Psychopathological Art Collection (Pecs, Hungary), who had been treated in the 1920es.One artist drew a number of sketches of machines; the other created a serial of mechanically erotic pictures. Pictures are analyzed from an intersubjective-phenomenological perspective. Schizophrenic patients' subjective experiences i.e. the experience of reification as well as the intrusivity and uncontrollability of sexuality are particularly emphasized.

Case study and review of the literature We review the nosology and phenomenology of delusion of pregnancy. Two cases with post partum delusion of pregnancy which can be regarded as a delusion with bizarre content are described. The possible etiological factors particularly aspects of the novel cognitive theories of delusion formation and the hyperprolactinaemia caused by antipsychotic treatment are considered. While discussing the cases with post partum delusion of pregnancy we integrate the false sensory and cognitive processing of the puerperal somatic changes with the motivation theory of delusion formation and with the effect of the cultural environment.

Introduction: Patients with schizophrenia have difficulties in appreciating the mental states of others. This deficit is strongly related to the outcome of the disorder. In recent years, considerable efforts have been made in identifying the neuronal processes involved in mentalization. In this review article we summarize the functional neuroimaging studies on mentalization in schizophrenia., Methods: Internet database search was performed to find papers on the subject., Results: We found eight relevant articles, published between 2000 and 2008. Increased activation can be detected in multiple brain areas including certain cerebellar regions, thalamus, parietal cortex, middle and superior areas of the temporal cortex, and some prefrontal regions. In addition, patients show decreased activation of the inferior areas of the lateral and medial temporal lobe, inferior occipital cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, and the lateral part of the prefrontal cortex near to the insula., Conclusion: According to the studies patients with schizophrenia demonstrate marked differences in activation pattern during mentalization tasks relative to the healthy control subjects.

Social experiences are largely intersubjective in nature, offering an abundance of pre-reflective, simulative knowledge of others' subjective experiences. In the last decades, special mirror neurons have been found in the premotor area and in the posterior parietal cortex. They directly link perception to action: the perception of actions activates the relevant parts of the observer's motor system. Emotional expressions evoke resonance states inside the observer in a similar way. Besides underscoring the prereflective and implicit nature of intersubjectivity, this can provide an access to the neuronal basis of empathy and intuition. Moreover, a new integration of psychoanalysis and neuroscience seems to be possible, which shifts the psychoanalytic technique toward non-verbal and non-interpretative methods, and can explain psychoanalytic phenomena, such as introjection, projection, transference, counter-transference, and the very complex enactments.

Early hypotheses on the pathophysiology of mood disorders were based on aberrant intrasynaptic concentrations of the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine. However, recent neuroimaging and post mortem morphometric studies demonstrated selective structural and morphological (macroscopic and microscopic) changes across various limbic and non-limbic circuits in the brains of depressed patients. Recently, these two types of observations seem to converge at the cellular and molecular level. It has been revealed, that stress and antidepressant treatment have an opposite effect on the intracellular signaling, transcription factors and target genes. In some cases, the factors that are influenced by antidepressants (e.g. cAMP-CREB cascade, BDNF) have also been identified as important mediators of learning and memory. An evolving new hypothesis in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression involves adaptation or plasticity of neural systems. Depression could result from an inability to make the appropriate adaptive responses to stress or aversive stimuli. It is possible that antidepressant treatment could oppose these adverse cellular effects, which may be regarded as a loss of neural plasticity, by blocking or reversing the atrophy of neurons and by increasing cell survival and function.

Objective: There is an increasing interest in the background of mentalization deficit in schizophrenia. On the one hand, according to developmental psychological studies, mentalization development is connected with the development of pragmatic language skills. On the other hand, studies suggest that mentalization is dependent on the maturation of neurocognitive skills such as executive functions. Our study investigated the role of these domains in the mentalization deficit of schizophrenia., Method: 28 patients with schizophrenia and 20 control patients with depression took part in the first part of the study. Participants were presented first-order and second-order mentalization tasks, metaphor and irony tasks for the assessment of mentalizing skills. The pragmatic language skills were examined by "question and answer" vignettes. 20 patients with schizophrenia took part in the second part of the study. The test battery was completed with a picture recognition task and neurocognitive tests were made by all patients., Results: Patients with schizophrenia performed significantly worse in the irony and pragmatic tasks, but there was no correlation between their performances in the irony and in the pragmatic tasks. Selective attention and verbal working memory showed correlation with the cumulative verbal mentalization index. Selective attention correlated with the recognition of complex mental states from pictures as well, but the successful decoding of complex mental states was dependent on the recognition of basic expressions. Attention correlated with mental state recognition as well., Conclusions: Our results suggest that the mentalization deficits of people with schizophrenia cannot be explained by pragmatic language deficits alone, and the manifest impairment is the consequence of disturbances in multiple cognitive processes. Basic neurocognitive factors such as attention, selective attention and verbal working memory can influence the mentalization skills.

Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) results basically from decreased activity of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (UROD) in the liver. PCT is not a homogeneous disease; it can be either inherited or acquired. Not only alterations at the UROD gen locus but also other genetic factors outside the locus take part in the inactivation of UROD, that support polygenic inheritance of PCT. In every case, acquired factors take also part in development of the overt form of PCT. Iron has a key-role in the oxidative damages.

Skin consists of three structurally and functionally distinct compartments containing resident and nonresident cells. These cells cooperative with humoral pathway of immune system in defence of healthy skin. Resident and nonresident cells are able to initiate inflammatory or immune processes of skin, although interstitial reactions (activation by bacteria, immunoglobulin or complement) also take place in such processes. In normal conditions nonresident cells can migrate through vascular endothel, however, PMN granulocytes and B lymphocytes cannot. Resident and nonresident cells of skin are capable of exerting a wide range of immunomodulatory effects, among them keratinocytes are of distinguished significance producing arachidon metabolites and IL-1 as well. Activated skin cells might induce chemotactic migration of distinct white blood cells normally absent or only a few cells being present in healthy skin. Cell migration into the interstitial space of skin is mediated by adhesion molecules expressed on cell surface of migrating cells, vascular endothel cells and on keratinocytes. Composition and density of adhesion molecules vary by type of stimuli, therefore various cytokines might induce distinct reactions mediated by certain population of cells. In addition, initiation and progress of immune- or inflammatory reactions are determined by the involved cell-populations as well. Normal regulation provides appropriate control and termination of the reaction, however, uncontrolled regulation results in development of pathological state.

Ninety two patients suffering from porphyria cutanea tarda were examined ophthalmologically in a paired case-control study. The incidence of pinguecula and that of pterygium were 8 times and 2 times higher, respectively, in PCT patients that in the control group. The photodamage of the conjunctiva is presumed to be a result of the photoactivity of uroporphyrin in the tissues.