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Objectives: The polymerization shrinkage and shrinkage stress of dental composites are in the center of the interest of researchers and manufacturers. It is a great challenge to minimize this important property as low as possible. Many factors are related and are in complicated correlation with each other affecting the polymerization shrinkage. Polymerization shrinkage stress degree of conversion and elasticity has high importance from this aspect. Our aim was to study the polymerization shrinkage and related properties (modulus of elasticity, degree of conversion, shrinkage stress) of three flowable composite (Charisma Opal Flow, SDR, Filtek Ultimate) and an unfilled composite resin., Materials and Methods: Modulus of elasticity was measured using three point flexure tests on universal testing machine. The polymerization shrinkage stress was determined using bonded-disc technique. The degree of conversion measurements were performed by FT-IR spectroscopy. And the volumetric shrinkage was investigated using Archimedes principle and was measured on analytical balance with special additional equipment., Results: The unfilled resin generally showed higher shrinkage (8,26%), shrinkage stress (0,8 MPa) and degree of conversion (38%), and presented the lowest modulus of elasticity (3047,02MPa)., Conclusions: Highest values of unfilled resin correspond to the literature. The lack of fillers enlarges the shrinkage, and the shrinkage stress, but gives the higher flexibility and higher degree of conversion. Further investigations needs to be done to understand and reveal the differences between the composites.

Present study provides a short review concerning the applicable membranes for modelling the percutaneous drug permeation and about their importance. The theoretical introduction summarizes the transdermal drug permeation routes and enhancement strategies. Two penetration enhancers are presented, the Transcutol and a sucrose ester, the Sucrose laurate which can offer an interesting possibility. Various recently applied and tested membranes (synthetic membrane, human, animal and artificial skin) are shown, which can be used for modelling dermal drug permeation. Furthermore two investigation methods are demonstrated for examining the drug diffusion, penetration and permeation, the vertical Franz diffusion cell and the ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, which can offer possibility for studying the skin at molecular level, too. Our previous in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo experimental results support, that choosing the appropriate model membrane is of primary importance. Examining the drug permeation through the skin is indispensable to get information about the interactions between the drug, the penetration enhancers and the skin as well, and to study also the drug accumulation in the skin.

Application of counterfeit medicines is extremely dangerous, because neither their quality, nor their efficacy and the circumstances of their preparation are known. The most effective and well-known fight against counterfeit medicines is the assurance of closed medicine supply chain. In the present study beside the review of the anti-counterfeiting technologies, combined oral contraceptives purchased out of pharmacy were examined from the point of counterfeiting. Based on the results of the study it could be concluded that the medicines contained the correct ingredients, but the examined products were not marketing authorized in Hungary.

D-Lactobionic acid (4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-D-gluconic acid) complexes of Cs(I), Fe(III) and di-n-butyltin(IV)2+ ions were prepared in the solid state. The bonding sites of the ligands were verified by means of FTIR, Raman and 13C NMR spectroscopic measurements. The Cs(I)-D-lactobionate was obtained in single-crystal form. The X-ray crystallographic results on Cs(I)-D-lactobionate demonstarted that each Cs(I) ion is bonded to four D-lactobionate ions, forming an intricate 3D network. The asymmetric unit consists of one Cs(I), one D-lactobionate ion and one water molecule. For the di-n-butyltin(IV) complex, Mössbauer pqs calculations indicated octahedral and trigonalbipyramidal stereochemistry around the central tin atom in the oligomeric compound. In DMSO solution, the polymeric structure does not remain as shown by 13C NMR measurement. One solvent molecule is coordinated additionally to the tin center, and the carboxylate group has become monodentate. According to the EPR measurement, the Fe(III) complexes obtained at different pH have at least dimeric or oligomeric structure.

Author is first dealing with the debate about supranormal oxygen delivery and with the Consensus Conference, closing the debate. Author is emphasizing the significance of the regional tissue-oxygenisation, which can be measured--in the splanchnic region--indirectly by tonometry, suitable for prognostic index too. The continuous blood gas analysis became already a fact and for the estimation of the cerebral circulation are also developed new methods: the measurement of the ajvDO2 and the near infrared spectroscopy. Author outlines the new parameters, determining the oxygen-availability (px, Cx, Qx). Finally, author is discussing two new american concepts for reducing healthcare costs: flexible monitoring and subacute centers.