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This paper aims to elaborate the extent of women's role working in the informal sector at marine tourism area in Batu Gong Beach of Konawe District. This research is a qualitative research using case study approach. The data was collected using in-depth interviews, Focus Group Discussion, and observation. Interviews were conducted on 15 women who had been married and have children, who worked as rice sellers, gogos, burasa, sate pokea, beverages, cakes, candies, cigarettes, tire rentals for swimming equipment, rental mats for seat, etc. The results indicate that the role of women who work and have income play significant role to support the family finance. The income earned from selling is used to meet the needs of household life such as: as the complementary of the husband and family income; for daily shopping needs; for school’s fee and children’s expenses; and for other important needs such as when it comes to crises, severe illness, and other family problems. This study is expected to be useful for scientific development in the theme of the role of women who work in creating a prosperous family.

This paper analyze Nonperforming Loan ratio to total credit (NPL), as a proxy for credit risk, for five major economic sectors by utilizing panel data of 117 commercial banks in Indonesia over period 2000Q1 to 2016Q3. Our empirical analysis shows that real economic growth is the main driver that is negatively correlated with credit risks in all sectors. The inverse relation is also found in commodity and housing price. Commodity price inflation affects NPL in manufacturing industry and trade sectors, meanwhile housing price inflation influences NPL in manufacturing industry, trade, and construction sectors. In addition, decreased in policy rate will decline credit risk in commodity, trade, and other sectors, meanwhile nominal exchange rate only affects credit risks in the other sector. Our assessment shows that credit risks in commodity and other sectors are more sensitive to real economic growth than those on manufacturing industry and trade sectors. Real economic growth elasticities to credit risk for commodity and other sectors are almost twice higher than for manufacturing industry and trade sectors. Thus, during economic contraction phase, NPL in commodity and other sectors will increase higher than NPL in manufacturing industry and trade sectors.

As the number of female customers shopping in online clothing stores increases, understanding how female customers’ e-loyalty is formed and fostered in this type of online store becomes very important. The purpose of this paper is to focus on female online clothing shoppers and to examine the mediating of e-loyalty in the context of online clothing stores: e-satisfaction and e-trust. The number of respondents is 196 persons who have online clothing shopping experience in Jakarta. The structural equation modeling was performed to analyze the measurement and structural models. The results show that both Online Satisfaction and Online Security are positively associated with e-trust, whereas web design is not. Furthermore, Online Satisfaction turns positively influence e-loyalty for female online clothing shoppers.

The global financial crisis in 2007 followed by Indonesia’s largest labor demonstration in 2013 encouraged turmoils on Indonesia labor market. This paper examines the effect of the minimum wage on wage distribution in 2007 and 2014 and how the minimum wage increases in 2014 affected the distribution of wage differences between 2007 and 2014. This study employs recentered influence function (RIF) regression method to estimate the wage function by using unconditional quantile regression. Furthermore, to measure the effect of the minimum wage increase in 2014 on the distribution of wage differences, it uses the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition method. Using balanced panel data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS), it found that the minimum wage mitigates wage disparity in 2007 and 2014. The minimum wage policy in 2014 leads to an increase in the wage difference between 2007 and 2014, with the largest wage difference being in the middle distribution.DOI: 10.15408/sjie.v7i2.6125

This paper investigates the uniformity of corporate governance practices towards international code of best practices. The top 5 trading partner countries with India and export network worldwide have been selected, then from each country, 5 companies are selected which are leading in merchandise export. This study is based on secondary data sourced from published annual reports of the listed companies for the financial year from 2015 to 2017. The study employs descriptive statistics and ANOVA to evaluate the uniformity of corporate governance practices namely; some board characteristics, board committees, listing abroad, international segment or branch, and international governance indicators. It has found that there is statistical significance at the level of 5% that companies follow uniform corporate governance practices relating to board characteristics, board committees, listing abroad, having international segment, and international governance indicators except for executive members, risk management committee, corporate governance and grievance committee, total assets and sales of the company. It is recommended that countries and international bodies should encourage companies toward uniformity of corporate governance. Keywords : Corporate Government Practice, Trade Partners, Best Practice JEL Classification: M00

This paper presents photovoltaic system as a stand-alone electric power plant in the renewable energy development. To maximize these stand-alone generators, it is necessary to design photovoltaic modeling to produce energy and maximum power. The problems that exist in the design of PV systems are PV configuration, battery size, and the maximum power system. Therefore, this research will be proposed modeling Matlab/Simulink based PV system. The contribution of this research can provide various characteristics of the photovoltaic system with a capacity of 100 Wp. This modeling is designed using Matlab/Simulink software. The data generated from this simulation will provide a good reference for designing the stand-alone generators in the future.

This paper focused at communication system with multipath effects at building environment. The frequency that used for the communication system was 47 GHz. That frequency possibly used for higher bandwidth at communication system. The condition of communication propagation that used was downlink direction. Mobile station placed at track or street with buildings environment condition. This research analysis was based on transmitter power variation, bandwidth variation, and modulation threshold variation. That analysis produced signal to noise ratio value that was obtained from bandwidth variation and transmitter power variation. The transmitter power variation that used was consists of 0.01 Watt, 0.1 Watt, and 1 Watt. Threshold variations for communication modulation that used was consist of 16 QAM and 64 QAM. As the result such as bandwidth variation showed widened of bandwidth then more decreasing of signal to noise ration value, and more increasing of transmitter power then also more increase of signal to noise ratio value

Record creation and management by individuals or organizations grows rapidly, particularly the change from print to electronics, and the smallest part of record (metadata). Therefore, there is a need to perform record management metadata, particularly for students who have the needs of recording references and citation. Reference management software (RMS) is a software to help reference management, one of them named zotero. The purpose of this article is to describe the benefits of record management for the writing of scientific papers for students, especially on biology study program in UIN Malik Ibrahim Malang. The type of research used is descriptive with quantitative approach. To increase the depth of respondents' answers, we used additional data by conducting interviews. The selected population is 322 students, class of 2012 to 2014, using random sampling. The selection criteria were chosen because the introduction and use of reference management software, zotero have started since three years ago. Respondents in this study as many as 80 people, which is obtained from the formula Yamane. The results showed that 70% agreed that using reference management software saved time and energy in managing digital file metadata, 71% agreed that if digital metadata can be quickly stored into RMS, 65% agreed on the ease of storing metadata into the reference management software, 70% agreed when it was easy to configure metadata to quote and bibliography, 56.6% agreed that the metadata stored in reference management software could be edited, 73.8% agreed that using metadata will make it easier to write quotes and bibliography.

Orthodontic diagnosis and treatment plans are determined based of some analyzes that require data derived from direct examination, study models, x-rays and clinical photos. Currently the clinical photos both intra oral and extra oral are easily made. Unfortunately, not all clinicians are willing to make good documentation especially making photos, or making the inadequate ones. The purpose in this paper to reveal how to make good intra and extra-oral photos for orthodontic records as communication features between clinician and patients. Proper documentation is needed especially on orthodontic treatment that requires a relatively long period. There are at least 5 intra-oral photos that should be made: frontal photo, right and left buccal, upper and lower occlusal photos. Extra-oral photos are relatively easier made than intra-oral photos. The important thing is position of the patient and the clinician. Four extra-oral photos are face-frontal with lips relaxed and smiling, profile and 45o profile will provide the maximum information about the face, soft tissues, proportions and esthetic smile. All important details should be recorded. Photos before, during and after treatment can be compared to recognize the changes that have been achieved. Good orthodontic records includes intra and extra-oral photograph taking will minimize the misunderstandings between the dentist and the patients in orthodontic treatment.

Pathogenic nematodas are widespread in nature, it can attack plants, animals, and humans and cause disruption to their hosts, then effect to lower quantity of plantation, yields, and livestock production and also affect to degradation of human resource quality. This paper is a systematic review that uses literature method about the inventory of nematoda parasite that attacks plants, animals and human, some method of examination and the effects that occurred by the host. The major parasite nematodas that infect the plants are Meloidogyne sp, Pratylenchut sp, and Radopholus sp., nematode in animals are Strongyloides spp., Haemonchus spp., Oesophagosomum spp., and Trichostrongyloides spp. In the fish variant, Anisakis spp, and nematode in humans are Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworm. Some animal nematodas were found to attack humans whereas plant nematodas have not been reported to be found in humans or animals. Nematoda control is by anthelmintic consumption, environmental modification, personal hygiene and the use of biological agents.

This paper is intended to obtain a description of the strategic planning process to shape the character of younger children in kindergarten Islam al-Irsyad Purwokerto. case study research method was selected and used to obtain these goals. The results showed that there are seven steps involved in strategic planning for early childhood shape the character. First, to accommodate the wishes and needs of parents based on the results of environmental monitoring process. Second, develop a vision, mission, and objectives of TK Islam that focuses on character building early childhood. Third, set the value of the character to be internalized in early childhood in kindergarten Islam. Fourth, prepare quality assurance Islamic kindergarten graduates. Fifth, organize the activities empowerment of children in kindergarten Islam towards achieving quality assurance Islamic kindergarten graduates. Sixth, develop programs and strategies for early childhood character formation towards achieving quality assurance Islamic kindergarten graduates. Seventh, develop instruments assessment program for early childhood character formation that leads to the achievement of quality assurance Islamic kindergarten graduates

This research examines about graph coloring using Welch-Powell algorithm. This research begins by trying to understand about graph coloring and its algorithm. The case study was conducted at the intersection of Pangeran Antasari Street. In the formation of graph obtained 12 vertices as traffic flow and 16 edges as traffic path. The results of this study obtained 4 chromatic number s which describes 4 stages of traffic light arrangement. This paper also explains the application of Mathematica software in graph coloring.

RF Energy harvesting adalah sebuah teknologi memanen ambient energi dari peralatan yang wearable. Salah satu peralatan wearable yang dapat bertindak sebagai sumber adalah end device LoRa. LoRa (Long Range Accesss) adalah bagian dari Low Power Area Network (LPWAN) yang beroperasi pada unlicensed frequency (ISM). Sebagai sebuah teknologi nirkabel, end device LoRa akan ditempatkan pada area remote yang sulit untuk diakses. End device LoRa bertindak sebagai transceiver yang mengirimkan data dan juga menerima data dari gateway. Sebagai sebuah transceiver, end device LoRa membutuhkan ketersediaan energi. Pada remote area, RF ambient energy dari end device LoRa dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber energi RF yang dapat dipanen dan disimpan. Paper ini mendiskusikan tentang bagaimana memanen energi ambient RF yang dipancarkan oleh end device LoRa menggunakan antena mikrostrip sebagai penangkap energi dan menambahkan sebuah rangkaian voltage multiplier sebagai penyearah sekaligus pengali tegangan. Berdasarkan hasil uji yang telah dilakukan, energi yang dipanen dari satu end device dan tersimpan sementara di kapasitor adalah sebesar163 pJ dengan jarak 11 cm dari sumber. Energi yang dipanen ini dapat disimpan pada baterai atau capasitor bank untuk digunakan dimasa mendatang

The previous financial crisis has revealed the importance of risk in the financial and business cycle within the economy. This paper examines relationship among three cycles in the economy, namely (i) business cycle macro risk, (ii) credit cycle and (iii) risk cycle, and their impacts toward individual bank performance. We examine the responses of individual bank credit cycle and risk cycle toward a shock in business cycle macro risk and its consequence to the bank performance. We use Indonesian data for period of 2005q1 to 2014q4. We use unbalanced panel data of individual banks’ balance sheet with Panel Vector Autoregressive approach based on GMM style estimation by implementing PVAR package developed by Abrigo and Love (2015). The result shows dynamic relationship between business cycle macro risk and financial risk cycles. The study also observes prominent role of risk cycles in driving bank performance. We also show the existence of financial accelerator phenomenon in Indonesian banking system, in which financial cycles precede the business cycle macro risk.

Changes in the form of communication that occurs can not be separated from the development of communication and information technology. Lots of people who use communication technology as a primary way to convey a message, consequently the message conveyed more rich meaning because the message is delivered in the form of symbols. Cyber society as a virtual society depends on the symbols in conveying the message. Symbolic interactions are used by the cyber community to convey messages. Not infrequently we find that the meaning of the symbols conveyed is interpreted differently, resulting in mutlipersepsi. This paper examines how the communication culture of cyber societies, what kind of communication patterns are used to convey messages, and how to give meaning to the symbols communicated. In addition, the author also examines the process of symbolic inteaction that takes place in cyber society. As is known that the symbolic interaction can not be separated from the communication process that occurs in cyber society.

The development of android application of music instrument called Angklung is explored in several features and techniques. Previous applications allow the user to play angklung by touching and shaking, learn, answer the quiz, customize the application environment such as changing the background sound, character asset, etc. There are the problems of android angklung application including the amount of tones generally 1 octave, utilizing of accelerometer sensor, and recording system. This paper describes the development of angklung android multi octaves using accelerometer sensor. The method used is waterfall involving requirements definition, system and software design, implementation and unit testing, integration and system testing and operational and maintenance. The application is tested each functionalities (black box) and questionnaire. The result show that the application has successfully worked in android device (Jelly Bean, Kit Kat and Lollipop) that provides the innovations features to play angklung in 18 tones, play different octave by shaking the device in different way, and record the angklung orchestra sound using android. Based on the questionnaire result, the user satisfaction rate is 82.8%.

This paper examines the relationship between foreign direct investment inflow, export and economic growth in Indonesia in a dynamic framework. We uses vector error correction model to estimate the causal relationship between FDI, exports and GDP. The findings in Indonesia’s case verify the proposition that FDI plays an important role which, in turn, together with joint FDI-exports can promote economic growth in the immediate short run and improve the competitiveness for Indonesia’s commodity exports. Nonetheless, the absence and existence of economic growth effects to FDI and exports respectively indicate that Indonesia still has several domestic economic constraints. It denotes that Indonesia’s economic structure is still transforming and far from adequate. Indonesia needs bold policies in order to accelerateits economic growth and further integrate trade chains for reducing domestic economic restrictions and improving Indonesia’s degree of competitiveness.

Nowadays, the availability of national food cannot accommodate all the food needs of nation’s people, especially in each region. This current issue is caused by the absence of an effective arrangement, the absence of synchronization among state institutions, especially among the agricultural, trade and housing agencies, and the presence of an extreme climate change currently. In addition, the issues of the regeneration of farmers that have not shown any continuity that had been cut off among the younger generations led to the changes in the pattern of community life in the region. Therefore, based on the aforesaid issues, this paper aims at finding out on how the strategy and policy of food development in the local food availability in the midst of climate change today can be overcome by changing the mindset of consumptive to productive young generation through agricultural education, utilization of empty land which is available for planting food crops, empowerment of farmer groups, socialization of the local food potentials in East Nusa Tenggara. As a result, the food security can be realized and the region cannot be dependent its food needs on the other regions. Therefore, the writer attempts to formulate the strategy of food security developments from education aspects through the Dick & Carey development strategy. Food is an important and strategic commodity for the region because food is the basic human need that must be provided collectively by the government and society as mandated by the Acts No. 7 of 1996 on food. With respect to the Acts No. 7 of 1996 on food, it is stated that the Government organizes the regulation, guidance, control and supervision of the community, and organizes the process of production and supply, trade, distribution and in the same time, the Government also serves as a consumer that is entitled to adequate food, in terms of quantity and quality, safety, nutrition, variety, equity, and affordability by all society. The availability of national food can be fully fulfilled if it is commenced from the food sufficiency in the levels of family. In regard to the local area, it is marked by the existence of food consumption which can fulfill the sufficiency of every individual, in terms of balanced nutrition. In fact, it then has an impact on sufficiency of food and the nutrition status of Indonesian society can be fulfilled locally, especially in East Nusa Tenggara. The availability of food in terms of adequate quantities and types for the whole community locally in East Nusa Tenggara, smooth food distribution, cheap food prices and affordability by the all levels of society locally in East Nusa Tenggara, evenly distributed to all families in the region.

Untuk memperluas dan menghasilkan kualitas sensor yang baik dari Microring Resonator salah satu objek yang dapat divariasikan ialah kopling dalam devais Microring Resonator. Variasi kopling yang gunakan 0.25, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7. untuk luas sensing dapat dilihat pada FSR (Free Spectral Range) dan kualitas sensor dapat dilihat pada FWHM (full width half maksimum) sebagai parameter sensor dan perangkat telekomunikasi. FSR tidak dipengaruhi oleh kopling hanya dipengaruhi oleh jari-jari dan panjang gelombang. Dengan panjang gelombang yang digunakan 1300 dan 1350. FSR terbesar didapat pada nilai 1350. Kualitas sensor yang kita lihat pada FWHM. FWHM terbesar didapat pada 1350 (panjang gelombang) dan 0.7 lebar koplingnya.In order to improve the performace of microring resonator, the object that can be varied is the coupler in the microring resonator device. The values of the coupler that varied is 0.25, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 in nanometer. For the sensing range of the device can be observed in the FSR (Free Spectral Range) and the sensor quality can be observed in FWHM (full width half maximum) as the sensor's parameter and communication device. The FSR was not affected by the coupler but by the radius and the wavelength. In this paper the wavelength that is used are 1300 and 1350. The highest FSR obtained at the 1350 wavelength. The sensor quality is at best when the coupler is 0.7 nm with 1350 wavelength.

I ntisari— Paper ini menjelaskan rancang bangun sistem pembayaran parkir menggunakan NFC ( Near Field Communication ) dan GPS ( Global Position System ) untuk menciptakan metode pembayaran parkir yang lebih cerdas. Kontribusi yang diberikan dari hasil penelitian adalah menerapkan konsep pervasive computing dan Internet of Things (IoT) di dalam pembangunan sistem parkir, sehingga pengguna menjadi lebih nyaman untuk memarkirkan kendaraan mereka. Lokasi parkir dipasang wifi dan nama SSID yang unik. Sistem akan melakukan sensing kepada pengguna yang memasuki lokasi parker menggunakan IMEI. Pembayaran parkir menggunakan aplikasi pada smartphone dengan NFC Enable dengan cara didekatkan pada NFC reader pada sistem. Pengguna melakukan tap pada smartphone dengan NFC Enable ke NFC reader untuk melakukan proses inisialisasi awal parkir kendaraan yang akan mencatat ID pengguna, date , dan saldo virtual money . Aplikasi pada smartphone akan mencatat koordinat lokasi parkir kendaraan sesuai lokasi parkir yang dipilih oleh pengguna. Selanjutnya, aplikasi akan membantu pengguna menemukan lokasi kendaraan ketika penguuna terlupa. Sistem pembayaran parkir pada penelitian ini telah berhasil dibangun dengan menghindari penggunaan kertas untuk tiket sehingga akan lebih memudahkan pengguna dan lebih ramah lingkungan.

One of the important aspects in industrial field is a good material handling in logistics. Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV) can be an alternative to making an optimal logistics system. A widely used type of AGV based on its navigation system is line follower robot. This paper explains about applying the line follower robot integrated with LabVIEW to implement ultrasonic sensor as a radar to determine an empty space in logistic storage. The utilization of ultrasonic radar makes the searching process of empty space in the storage faster. Meanwhile, LabVIEW interface is used to help the operator to monitor material handling process. The result of the testing showed that ultrasonic sensor reading in Virtual Instrument LabVIEW has a good precision level when the line follower robot moves in a straight path. The error rate was 6,19% compared to the real situation.Salah satu aspek penting dalam dunia industri adalah penanganan material yang baik pada bagian logistik. Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV) dapat menjadi alternatif untuk mengoptimalkan sistem logistik tersebut. Jenis AGV yang banyak digunakan berdasarkan jenis navigasinya adalah robot pengikut garis. Pada artikel ini, dipaparkan penggunaan robot pengikut garis yang diintegrasikan dengan LabVIEW untuk mengimplementasikan sensor ultrasonik sebagai radar yang berfungsi menentukan lokasi kosong pada tempat penyimpanan barang. Penggunaan radar ultrasonik membuat pencarian ruang kosong pada tempat penyimpanan menjadi lebih cepat, sedangkan untuk membantu operator dalam memonitor proses penanganan material digunakan antarmuka LabVIEW. Berdasarkan hasil beberapa kali pengujian, pembacaan sensor ultrasonik pada Virtual Instrument LabVIEW memiliki tingkat presisi pembacaan cukup baik pada saat pengikut garis bergerak di lintasan lurus. Adapun kesalahan dalam pembacaan sebesar 6,19% dibandingkan dengan kondisi sebenarnya.

The number of maternal and infant mortality in Indonesia is still high. Most of Indonesian neonatal mortality occurs in the first week of life with low-weight birth (LwB) / premature as the main cause. Birth weight is an important and reliable indicator for the survival of neonates and infants, both in terms of physical growth and development of the mental status. LwB caused by many complicated factors that related each others as if maternal factors that also affect the baby's weight at their birth. The purpose of this study was to identified the determinant factors that affect the incidence of LwB based on the related research topic. The data source obtained from the scientific journals with LwB studies during the years of 2009 untill 2016 with the total of 14 studies consisting of scientific papers and thesis. In this study, researchers divided into five risk factors associated with LwB. From those factors then it divided again into 20 aspects. The result show that the maternal nutritional aspec and anemia status have become significant risk factors againts the low-weight birth incidence.

Rapid development of Internet makes transactions message even easier and faster. The main problem in the transactions message is security, especially if the message is private and secret. To secure these messages is usually done with steganography or cryptography. Steganography is a way to hide messages into other digital content such as images, video or audio so it does not seem nondescript from the outside. While cryptography is a technique to encrypt messages so that messages can not be read directly. In this paper have proposed combination of steganography using discrete cosine transform (DCT) and cryptography using the one-time pad or vernam cipher implemented on a digital image. The measurement method used to determine the quality of stego image is the peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and ormalize cross Correlation (NCC) to measure the quality of the extraction of the decrypted message. Of steganography and encryption methods proposed obtained satisfactory results with PSNR and NCC high and resistant to JPEG compression and median filter. Keywords—Image Steganography, Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), One Time Pad, Vernam, Chiper, Image Cryptography

Integrated Planting Calendar Information System becomes a necessity, which is expected to increase agricultural yields and can reduce crop losses due to drought and floods. Besides that an information that is summarized in one data-base becomes a need to get various information in a quick time. This planting calendar provides complete information for farmers. These operational guidelines are established at the community and sub-district levels. Planting Calendar Information System as an important tool in adjusting cropping patterns with climate change. Deliver information about the direction, strategies, and policies of the agricultural sector on climate change in the form of a road map to stakeholders and related parties. This paper aims to find out the application of water resources and climate in supporting the improvement of Indragiri Hulu Regency's rice crop index. The methodology used is through field observations and secondary data collection. The Research and Development Agency has developed adaptive technology with climate change, namely the Integrated Planting Calendar Information System (KATAM). The results showed that referring to the Recapitulation of Rice Potential Calendar for Indragiri Hulu Regency in the planting season MH 2017/2018 and MK April - September 2018 it was known that the area of ​​rice planting was 5.029 ha with a Planting Index of 269%. The recommended potential for SI Katam Integrated rice was 862 ha wider than the existing planting area of ​​4.167 ha with an IP value of 118%.

Reality shows that there are problems in education sociology lecturing process. Amount of discussion about social interaction in sociology education is expected in Higher Education Level, namely social interaction between lecturers and students and between students and students. This study discusses about the role of lecturers in developing material to improve social interaction, developing verbal and written communication through communication media, the role of lecturers in developing sosial interaction at education sociology lecturing process. This study uses qualitative method. Data are collected by participatory observation, in-depth interviews and documentation techniques. Analysis techniques use data analysis in sites and cross sites. The results show that lecturers develop materials to improve student social interaction, lecturers develop verbal or written communication through discussions related to constraints students, and evaluating through paper assignments, journal making and directing students to the community.

Currently, most of basic control engineering lectures teach both mathematic model and control of an inverted pendulum to explain stability problems in dynamic systems. The inverted pendulum system is a pendulum controlled with a certain force in order to stand in balance around vertical equilibrium line. Hence this system is a highly unstable system and needs stabilization methods using a kind of controller. This paper describes how to design a Proportional Derivative Integral (PID) controller via root locus technique to stabilize it and realization of its interface system for monitoring angle trajectory. This visualization is needed to observe the stability and effectiveness of its mathematic model and control design. Experimental results and analysis show that control design and interface system can be implemented well.

The role of an educational institution has a big responsibility in shaping the ethics and personality of the participants. The rapid progress of the times and sophisticated technology makes the space indefinitely which eventually leads to a variety of positive and negative impacts, its positive impact is so easy to obtain information, while the downside is many information that is not able to be answered that resulted in the understanding and developing of the news lying (hoax), the Qur'an as a source of scientific excavation has offered a concept for humans, especially students education through Islamic religious educational learning materials. The conceptualization and theorization of the Qur'an in this paper uses analysis content with steps; Unitizing, Sampling, Recording, Reducing, Inferring, Analyzing and Narrating. These methodological measures will result in an anti-hoax education concept sourced from the Qur'an and combined with several theories in favor. The results build a formulation of how to build personality for honest learners and avoid the hoaxes of Islamic education institutions.

This paper aims to describe the Islamic education system in Indonesia, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, sociological issues, and alternative solutions. The method used is library research. Study results: Institutions of Islamic education in Indonesia: Islamic boarding schools, madrassas, Islamic higher education , and non-formal Islamic educational institutions. Sociological problems: misorientation, emphasis on intellectual, verbalistic and centralistic, exclusive, dichotomous, mechanical, methodological and pedagogical crises, depending on government education patterns and issues of relevance. The solution: needed concepts that clarify the basic ambivalence of philosophy, objectives, methods, and curriculum of Islamic education; reformulation of Islamic sciences; creating a more future-oriented education; institutional reconstruction; methodological innovation; fostering research enthusiasm; and integration of Islamic education with general education. Islamic education in Pakistan is divided into three: Quranic School; Mosque Primary School; and Madrasa. Sociological problems: poverty; regional disparity; gender discrimination; lack of work skills education; fund; lack of professional teachers; verbalistic; centralistic; exclusive; dichotomous; crisis methodology; and indoctrinative. Solution: increase cooperation with Islamic countries; integration of Islamic education and general education; Increasing teacher and cleric competency; Campaign for equal rights to education; and Increasing the cost of education. Islamic education in Saudi Arabia includes levels: Basic Education, Further Education: general, religious, and technical; College. Its sociological problems: the Sunni clash with the Shiites; teacher domination; gender disparity; and dichotomous problems. The solution: ijtihad ulama ’Islam across countries helps Saudi Arabia formulate an Islamic education system; and cooperation between Islamic countries.

Farm machinery is one of the important power sources to carry out farm operations today. The availability of farm power in adequate number is prerequisites for providing enough power in perform rice farming operation. This paper attempts to evaluate the farm machinery and power requirement for performing operations of small-scale rice farming in Kampar Regency, Riau Province. Data were obtained from field survey in 15 districts from 21 districts of Kampar Regency. Village surveys were chose for each selected district which are rice production center and farm machines have been used in working rice farm operations. Samples were purposively selected and consisted of 30 farmers, 5 extension staffs and 20 machine operators. They were interviewed to collect field data on September 2015 by using questionnaires. The results show that the number of farm machinery was not sufficient to fulfill requirement and provide enough power for farm operations. From farm machinery available, it provided power about 0.61 hp.ha-1, while minimum power required for efficient rice farming is about 0.8 hp.ha-1. The results suggest that the number and type of farm machinery must be increased with financial support and involve private sectors.

This paper examines the dynamic interaction between financial innovation development in the payment system to money demand function especially for currency and narrow money, from 2007-2017 using Indonesia monthly data. This research based on Baumol (1952) and Tobin (1956) and Lippi and Secchi (2009) theory which stated that improvement of technology in the payment system will lead to a decrease in transaction demand for money. From estimation result using Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) method, study reveals that tremendous development in the payment system on the last eleven years i.e Real Time Gross Settlement, Clearing, Automatic Teller Machine (ATM)atauDebit Card, Credit Card and electronic money using several proxies, such as using transaction value (with and without clearing), total transaction value, transaction volume, ratio of financial innovation in the payment system to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), broad money (M2) to narrow money (M1) ratio, ratio of financial innovation in the payment system to narrow money (M1) will decrease currency and narrow money (M1). Analysis of the financial innovation in the payment system role in affecting money demand (currency and narrow money) is very important so that money demand function is not misspesificied and in determining monetary policy has considered the development of payment system technology.

Food crops added value is obtained by the process of being processed products through the role of agro-industry. In the era of globalization, Indonesia must immediately implement the development of agro-industries to produce highly competitive trade products and be able to gain global market share. The success of implementing agro-industry is the support and support of the government to increase farmers' income in an effort to realize their welfare. This paper aims to express more comprehensively of food crop-based agro-industry products development acceleration to produce quality processed products, and agricultural functions roles institutions empowerment and high efficiency seriously and sustainably. The acceleration of the implementation of agro-industry is predicted as one of the solutions to efficiency, effectiveness, continuity and the continuity of the trade in processed products rather than raw materials, labor and capital of processed products. It is necessary to increase the competitiveness of Indonesian agroindustry products which have been dominated by raw materials, which only rely on comparative advantages of natural resource abundance and uneducated labor. Obtained agricultural products processed added value that are competitive and meet the high demands of quality and hygiene (GMP), increase in income and welfare of farmers and processed business actors, as well as the transfer of exports of raw materials to processed products. Thanks to the efforts of RMU to process rice into rice, rice flour and crackers (made from rice and rice flour), the RC ratio value of approximately 1.53, 1.28 and 5.91 showed business feasibility and obtained value-added products from processing operations which increased acquisition income. The development and improvement of technological innovations in processed products, investments and HR of business actors is predicted to be able to become the "driving engine" of strong economic progress, especially if the empowerment and institutional development function in line with the development policy programs implemented. Agro-industry products are expected to be able to reach the export market, be able to create jobs and increase interest in young labor in agriculture, able to increase income and the economy in rural areas, and be able to drive the development of rural industrialization.

Agglomeration, the spatial concentration of industries in a specific location, has been argued to improve productivity since it could provide positive externalities such as knowledge spillover, input sharing, and labor pooling. This paper examines the effect of large and medium manufacturing industry (LMI) agglomeration on labor productivity. Measuring the output and labor density as agglomeration effect by using 2009-2014 panel data from 44 cities and regions across the metropolitan areas of Indonesia, this study shows that in terms of output share, agglomeration positively contributes to labor productivity. On the other hand, in terms of labor density, agglomeration results in a negative impact on productivity. These findings suggest the government should expand industrial clusters in less densely populated areas, especially outside the island of Java, by providing necessary infrastructures such as electricity, ports, and roads, so that this development creates favorable economic conditions for investment and industrial development in such areas.

RETRACTION TO : Yanmi, A. (2019). Improved thematic learning outcomes used the STAD type cooperative model. Jurnal Konseling dan Pendidikan, 7 (1). doi: https://doi.org/10.29210/128600 This article has been retracted by Publisher based on the following reason : The Editor of JKP: Jurnal Konseling dan Pendidikan found the double publication in the article publishing due to article's content similarity published in http://journal-litbang-rekarta.co.id/index.php/jartika/article/view/21. Yanmi, A. C. (2019). Peningkatan hasil belajar tematik menggunakan model kooperatif STAD peserta didik kelas 1 SD. Jurnal Riset Teknologi dan Inovasi Pendidikan , 2 (1), 38-44. One of the conditions of submission of paper for publication in this journal is that authors declare explicitly that their work is original and has not appeared in a publication elsewhere. Re-use of any data should be appropriately cited. As such this article represents a severe abuse of the scientific publishing system. The scientific community takes a very strong view on this matter and apologies are offered to readers of the journal that this was not detected during the submission process

Dalam makalah ini, akan diperkenalkan notasi image (pre-image) di bawah homomorfisma grup, dan akan dibuktikan image (pre-image) interior subgrup fuzzy (interior subgrup) di bawah homomorfisma grup selalu interior subgrup fuzzy (interior subgrup). [In this paper, we will introduce the image (pre-image) under the group homomorphism, and we will prove the image (pre-image) of the interior of the fuzzy subgroup (the interior of the subgroup) under the group homomorphism is always the interior of the fuzzy subgroup (the interior of the subgroup).]

Healthcare facilities are very important for sustainable rural regions in developing countries. The Republic of Rwanda, in central east Africa, suffered massive social conflict in 1994 between the Hutu and Tutsi. Furthermore the health problem happened in Burera District because of lack of a proper district hospital. Therefore, in January 2011, the Rwandan Ministry of Health and Partners in Health (PIH) opened the 140-bed Butaro Hospital in the Burera District of Rwanda. The paper-based research was conducted based on hospital’s architecture of Hatmoko, et.al. (2010). Analysis was made with based on the secondary data of Butaro Hospital. Lastly, primary data gathering would be conducted if the funding allowed. The Butaro Hospital was an affordable solution for healthcare problems in rural regions of the developing countries, especially the infectious diseases (such as: HIV, malaria, tuberculosis, nose-ear-and-throat disease). Sustainable innovative solutions for minimum infection were implemented such as: external corridors, large-radius-low-speed fans (with diameters of 24 feet), high-louvered windows, germicidal UV lights, and non-permeable-continuous flooring. The construction of the hospital also would reduce the impact of political crisis in 1994. The project created 4,000 jobs for local craftsmen and local residents. They were initially trained for manual excavation, construction, and project management, before involving in the hospital construction. Therefore, the Butaro Hospital supported the smart regions of Burera area. Keywords: Sustainable and affordable hospital, participatory design, local material

The relationship between majorities and minorities in Islamic discourse is a result of the seizure of an authentic Islam. The discourse of authentic Islam in the history of Islamic society, rooted in the concept of heresy. This concept appeared due to the absence of religious authorities in a chaotic social dynamic. In the social political history of Islamic society, the ahlul hadith are the people who are responsible in introducing the concept of heresy as the opponent of the concept of sunna. This was motivated by the spirit of religiousity and the complexity of political nuance. As a result, the early Islamic historical discourse in the medieval was dominated by the opposition between heresy (bid’ah) narration and sunna. Through this opposition mainstreaming, the ahlul hadith stands as the narrators of the authentic Islam. In the contrary, religious narration outside the ahlul hadith is recognized as ahl al-ahwa’ wa al-bida’. This pejorative recognition, at the same time declared the victory of the ahlul hadith in propagating the authentic Islam and marked the emergence of opposition movement. This paper focuses on questions regarding the origin of heresy narration, the sunna and the discourse of authentic Islam. Methodically, some focuses will be analyzed by investigating the term of ahl al-ahwa’ wa al-bida’ used by the early ahlul hadith as mentioned in ‘ulum al-hadith’s books.

In the era of Dutch colonial, the majority of entrepreneurs in Central Java and Yogyakarta come from the students. But after Indonesian independence, the students did not show up in the business world because of political policy. Nowadays the entrepreneur students bounced back with Islamic banks that one of its products is a Musharakah finance. Musharakah finance deal with the birth of the free market, namely the ASEAN Economic Community so that the question arises how the prospect Musharakah finance in Indonesian Islamic banks of facing the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC). This paper aims to describe the prospect of Musharakah finance to face AEC. The results showed that the Musharakah finance has a lot of prospects such as financing products that can be performed well and have a competitive value because it has a solid legal basis. From the network side, Islamic banks have been supported by a network offices that much better at home and abroad with excellent quality customer service. In addition, the presence Bank Indonesia blueprint of the Islamic banking institution can strengthen the Musharakah finance products so that can be applied in the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC).

Aim of this paper is to explore the root and role of trust within business cycle and transaction. Any business and social transactions contain complexity and are built on the basis of trust and rational calculation. Fluctuation of price of any commodities and level of their selling products are determined by the degree of consumers’ trust. Lessons learned from the field teaches that the trust easy to be gone and hard to be re-treated. Keeping trust is very important since any transactions tend to face business failure but existing trust in business commitment will diminish the risk of losing. It is reason why businessmen rely on not only rational calculation but also on emotional, cultural and ethnicity based of trust.If not, it will engender serious risk. DOI: 10.15408/sjie.v5i2.3393

Payment for Environmental Services (PES) incentive need be applied to ensure the promotion of soil and water conservation. It’s pro conservation attitude should be soon adopted by sharecroppers in various protected areas. Likewise the sharecroppers in Protected Forest Management Unit (KPHL) Batutegi which their area has been degraded. Based on the paper plan of Unit Pelaksana Teknis Daerah (UPTD) KPHL Batutegi (2014), there were critical area of 14405.10 hectares (24.77%) and very critical of 45.56 ha (0.77%). The value of the willingness to accept (WTA) for the water PES for upstream community as a provider of environmental services was necessary to be studied towards to increase willingness of people to apply soil and water conservation. The purposes of this study were to determine the water PES WTA value of Datar Lebuay Villages and establishment of influenced factors. The methods used in this research were WTA survey include gathering data as follows education, income, age, acreage (land tillage), number of trees and stay duration. The data was analyzed by double linear regression to examine the effect of these variables the WTA value. Based on the analysis, it could be concluded: a. The estimated water PES WTA value Datar Lebuay Villages was about 4119.05/tree/year averagely and the total water PES WTA value was Rp 14,033,050/year when the 3,682 trees belong to the communities, b. Factors that significantly affected the WTA value were age, stay duration and level of education. According to research results, it’s suggested to scalling up this research to another village included add socio-economic factors such as gender, ethnicity and the other social variables. Keywords: Datar Lebuay Villages, payment for environmental services, Way Sekampung Sub-Watershed, WTA

Training Center in Jakarta offers a certification program for the individuals and companies who wish to search for or complement international scale IT certifications. The certification program consists of training certification exam preparation and certification exams. The purpose of this research is to get an overview of the performance of information technology governance in order to determine the extent of the capabilities of information technology governance in the Training Center which is currently running, with a few aspects to consider such as effectiveness, efficiency, functional unit of information technology within an organization. Implementing IT governance, however, is a challenge to organizations. To ensure IT alignment with business goals use standard COBIT. COBIT 5 Framework is a service for auditing IS/IT are the most commonly used to audit information systems in a rapid, accurate, and interactive. The result of this audit training center is business and IT management are aware of the impact of not managing performance and capacity. Performance needs are generally met based on assessments of individual systems and the knowledge of support and project teams. In this paper the method to be used is COBIT 5 is focused on the domain of DSS (Deliver, Service, and Support).

Nowadays, people do not need to go to the library for searching knowledge or information. World has changed. We come to the new generation that so called as digital native generation. Information can be searched through the gadgets on hands which is connected to the internet. Then question comes, is the library still important? What should the library do? It is no wonder that most of the libraries have been decreasing its number of visitors as well as its number of books that out of the shells. This paper describes the characteristics of the digital native, people habit in learning and reading books. It also summarizes some discussions among the heads of the three university libraries in Surabaya, i.e, Intitut Teknologi Sepuluh (ITS) Nopember Surabaya, Petra Christian University (PCU), Surabaya Universities (Ubaya). The results of the discussion show that library has to be changed so that they can accommodate the needs of the digital native. It is not only the place for borrowing books, but also the place for doing discussion, watching videos and listening to audios, and of course the online materials must be provided to encounter the decreasing visitors.

This study aimed to describe the success of marketing strategies in SMA Sedes Sapientiae Jambu which is a high boarding school in Bedono, Semarang regency with its students coming from various cities in Indonesia, such as Palembang, Lampung, Jakarta, Bogor, Semarang , Yogyakarta, Bali, Makassar and Papua. The diversity of high school students Sedes Sapientiae Jambu is becausethe success of marketing management at SMA Sedes Sapientiae Jambu Bedono, where in the executing the marketing strategy there is a special team and they did not hesitate to invite an expert in the field of marketing to teach the promotion team to do marketing. In addition, many of the activities carried out in marketing schools such as by visiting junior high schools in various regionsof Java and Jakarta region and made a presentation as Sedes Sapientiae Jambu students as keynote speaker, did a choir at churches, did a tty out for the junior and open house in SMA Sedes Sapientiae Jambu, besides that, establishing relationships with alumni who are in various cities in Indonesia. Data collection techniques in this research through interviews, participatory observationand documentation, and data analysis performed continuously throughout the study. One of the keys of the succesful of marketing in SMA Sedes Sapientiae Jambu the activities that establish a good relationship with various secondary schools in various regions, relations with alumni, parents, committee and local residents. The evidenced of it by the increasing number of high school students in Sedes Sapientiae Jambu from year to year. In this paper the writer recommend ways of marketing carried out by SMA Sedes Sapientiae Jambu that can be applied in other schools to increase student numbers.

This paper discuss on addict of the power, namely people who experienced an addict to the power both legislative and executive arena. This study try to find answers what kinds of social construction and how to interpret on the power due to people experienced an addict to the power as well as to construct typology of addict of the power. Data on addict of the power were collected through field research on 23 people who were legislative and executive arena in West Sumatra

The prevalence of mental disorder is growing up every year and highly contributed on global mental health burden. Yet the people who got professional treatment was below average. There was a gap between the high prevalence of mental disorder cases and the number of people who got the proper treatment. Some literature reviews showed that patients with psychiatric symptom were found out in primary health care, but mostly the case was not recognized by health workers due to lack of knowledge and skills on mental health issues, as well as the fear of stigma by the patients. The delay on detection of mental disorder onset will affect the prognosis of patient’s mental health. It is indicated the real emergency on detecting mental disorder symptoms and delivering the initial psychological intervention at primary health care level. This paper highlighted the high pre valence of mental disorder cases in primary health care, evidence based psychological interventions that have been used to treat the mental disorder cases in primary health care, as well as the challenges and the opportunities of psychological intervention in primary health care from some literature reviews

s: Education determines the progress of a nation to be a prosperous country. With education, the pride and civilization of a nation is easily realized. This paper is a small portrait of educational system and educational quality in Indonesia; quality of education is directly correlated to the quality of the graduated in Indonesia. Human resources in Indonesia are deeply affected by quality of education in Indonesia. The fact found that only the qualified human resources can be absorbed in work places. In line with the global live, Indonesians are parts of Asia community and world community, therefore, Indonesians are required to move on following requirement of world community. To cope the existence of “MEA”changes on education paradigm and making wisdom decisions must be done appropriately that Indonesians can be actively involved in “MEA” and they are not merely the objects of other Asia Countries. ةيناكما ةدّ يلجا ةيبترلابو .ايندم اعمتمج هنوك لىإ لوصولل بعشلا رّ وطتو ّ ونم ينيعت في اسايقم ةيبترلا تناك ماظن نع ةيرغص ةروص ضرع ةلاقلما هذه تلواح .ةمّ دقتم ةراضح اذ ايمرك ابعش بعشلا نوك تاينمأ ققتح ينجّ رلخا ةدوجو ،ينيجّ رلخا ةدوج ىوتسم ىلع ةرشابم رثؤت ةيبترلا ةدوج نلأ ،ايسينودنإ في اهتدوجو ةيبترلا .لمعلا نيدايم اهيلإ جاتتح تيلا يه ةدّ يلجا ةيناسنلإا دراولماو .ايسينودنإ ىدل ةيناسنلإا دراولما ةيعون في رّ ثؤت اذهب .لماعلا في تاعمتلمجا نم ضعبو ،ايسآ عمتمج نم ضعب ايسينودنإ نإف ةلموعلا رصع في ةايلحا بناج فيو يداصتقلإا عمتلمجا دوجوبف .رصاعلما يلماعلا عمتلمجا تايضتقم ةرياسم ّ يسينودنلإا بعشلا وطيخ نأ دبلا نم دبلا ةمكلحاب رصعلا تايضتقلم فقولما ذاتخاو ةيبترلا في رظنلا تاهجو تايريغت ّ نإف يويسلآا قاوسلأا نم اقوس ايسينودنإ نوكت لا نلأو في كاترشلاا ىلع يسينودنلإا بعشلا ردقيل اهب مايقلا .لودلا نم اهيرغل

This paper computes and analyzes the degree of financial inclusion and the inclusive growth in Indonesia. Using provincial data, we calculate the Index of Financial Inclusion (IFI) based on the accessibility, the availability, and the usage of the financial services. On the other hand, the Index of Inclusive Growth (IIG) is developed through the method of social opportunity function by increasing the average level and equity index of opportunities. The result shows that the financial inclusion in Indonesia is largely determined by the accessibility, while the availability and the usage play only small portion. This leads to a conclusion that the group of the poor is limited on using the financial services. Furthermore, we use social opportunity function to measure the inclusive growth, and find a positive correlation with the financial inclusion. These findings call the attention from regulators to push the financial sector to extend their services further beyond their existing market target

The purpose of the paper is to study the determinants of finance companies profitability. The finance company industry is one of main contributors of Indonesia economic growth during the last 15 years. Total asset of the industry is more than IDR 500 Trillion in 2018. The industry also considered as one the fastest growing industries during the last 15 year. We have analyzed the five main financial ratios and alliance impact as determinants of finance companies’ profitability. The profitability is measured by profit size, return on asset and return on equity. The financial ratios are firm size, efficiency ratio, leverage ratio, asset allocation ratio, and profitability ratio. We use data panel. The empirical results show that the determinants of finance companies’ profitability are leverage ratio, firm size, and efficiency ratio. However, the determinants of return on asset are net profit margin and efficiency ratio. On the contrary, the determinants of return on equity are firm size and equity size. Firm size has negative influence on return on equity. All determinants are significant at less than 1%, only efficiency ratio on profitability has significant at less than 10%. Keywords: financial ratio, financial institution, profitability, return on assets, return on equity

This paper aims to determine social functioning in conflict prone areas including status, role, and social norms. Conflict-prone local communities are vulnerable to provocation because of the mistrust between communities that can trigger the clogging of social function in society. The research was conducted in Selok Awar-awar Village, Pasirian Sub-district, Lumajang Regency by seeing the social conflict caused by illegal sand mining which eventually triggered the case of Salim Kancil. Primary data obtained through in-depth interviews, observation, and literature study. Social functionality is discussed in three ways: the ability to meet basic needs, perform social roles, and face shock and pressure. Research shows that communities around the conflict area have difficulty in performing social functions, especially related to the role that is carried out. In general, communities face barriers to meeting basic economic needs due to their lost land and livelihoods; in carrying out its social role, society is limited by intimidation of pro illegal sand mining groups; while in the ability to cope with the pressures of the community are able to manage the conflict without resorting to violence despite intimidation in such a way. It is recommended to assist conflict-prone areas through economic empowerment programs that are capable of implementing two functions, namely as a place for community meetings to reduce disagreements and as a means of increasing revenues to reduce community disparities. Keywords: Conflicts, Social Functioning, Mentoring, Empowerment

Fair trade is one of the trading system that concern about the fairness and the development of the small producers that tend to be treated unfairly by free trade system since the main idea of competitive advantage from free trade incline to be exploitative towards these small producers. Indonesia has many small producers, artisans and farmers that do trading with international society, therefore, fair trade is supposed to be one of a beneficial trading system that Indonesia should implement. But the fact is that, fair trade is not developed well in Indonesia, even many NGOs and fair trade organization went bankrupt in Indonesia. One of the fair trade organization that still do well and have been categorized as success in implementing the fair trade system is APIKRI, a fair trade organization in craft industry that located in the special region of Yogyakarta. In this paper, we argue that based on APIKRI success, it�s not impossible to implement the fair trade system in Indonesia that will bring a beneficial result to the majority of Indonesian producers which are the small producers, artisans and farmer.

Dari banyaknya strategi yang diusulkan untuk proses self-assembly pada swarm robotics, hanya beberapa grup riset berkonsentrasi di bidang ini yang mengusulkan proses paralel pada penggabungan antar robot. Tetapi, strategi ini hanya digunakan ketika sebuah robot memerlukan tumpuan dari dua robot atau lebih pada satu waktu. Berdasar pada kebutuhan untuk menyebarkan ratusan hingga ribuan robot pada satu swarm, strategi penggabungan antar robot satu-demi-satu memerlukan waktu yang sangat lama untuk diselesaikan. Di artikel ini, strategi self-assembly antar robot pada suatu swarm secara paralel diusulkan untuk mengurangi waktu proses self-assembly dengan menempatkan sejumlah robot di posisi tertentu. Saat penggabungan, robot-robot ini akan bergerak menempatkan dirinya sesuai dengan posisi akhir yang ditargetkan. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa strategi ini dapat mereduksi waktu proses self-assembly hingga setengah dari waktu yang diperlukan dengan proses penggabungan satu-demi-satu. Kata kunci: swarm robot, self-assembly, proses paralel ABSTRACT Despite the number of strategies proposed for self-assembly process in swarm robotics, only few research groups working in this area have proposed the parallel process of robots assembled each other. However, this strategy only works when a robot needs to be supported by two or more robots in a time. When deploying hundred to thousand robots in a swarm is required, the strategy of robots connecting to the structure of assembled robots in a one-by-one manner requires an extremely long time to accomplish. In this paper, a strategy of parallel selfassembly for robots in a swarm is proposed for reducing the self-assembly process time by placing a number of robots at particular positions. While connecting, they will move to position themselves appropriately to the targeted final structure. Result shows that this strategy can reduce the process of self-assembly time up to half of the time required for one-by-one process. Keywords: swarm robots, self-assembly, parallel process