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Green mussels with the Latin name Perna viridis are an animal that lives in the ocean and is a type of shellfish that is widely consumed by the public. Along with time, the emergence of factories that can pollute the oceans can cause contamination of marine life in it, one of the pollutants is the heavy metals of Fe and Co. The accumulation of heavy metals Fe and Co in green mussels can be toxic to people who consume them. This study aims to determine the concentration of heavy metals Fe and Co in green mussels before and after immersion in starfruit solution. Tests for immersion of the starfruit solution were carried out at 15, 30, and 45 minutes, then the destruction results were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma (ICP) with the calibration curve method. The Fe content in the green mussel sample before treatment was 2.946 mg/kg and the Co content in the green mussel sample before treatment was 2.6081 mg/kg. After soaking in starfruit solution for 15, 30, and 45 minutes, the Fe metal was 1.572 mg/kg, 1.275 mg/kg, and 1.035 mg/kg and the Co metal was 1.572 mg/kg, 1.275 mg/kg, and 0.683mg/kg. Research of immersing starfruit solution with soaking for 15, 30, and 45 minutes is effective in reducing levels of heavy metals Fe and Co in green mussels. The highest reduction was observed during a 45-minute immersion, with a decrease of 64.87% for Fe and 73.81% for Co, respectively.

Research on drug delivery systems continues to develop, including making the latest formulations on capsule shells as a medium for drug delivery. The effort that has been done was developing non-gelatine drug delivery materials made from the combination of seaweed and cactus. The main component in making gel on seaweed and cactus is the polysaccharide pectin. This study aims to make and determine the characterization of capsule shells from a combination of seaweed and cactus. Capsule shells are made from a combination of pectin extracts from seaweed and cactus with 5 different ratios of 0:4 (A), 1:3 (B), 2:2 (C), 3:1 (D), and 4:0 (E). The characterization involved weight uniformity test, disintegration time test, water swelling test, and dissolution test. Pectin from green seaweed and koboi cactus weighed 235 g and 75 g. The capsule shell weights based on Farmakope Indonesia sixth edition were 307.2, 311.6, 309.7, 304.6, and 308.7 mg. The capsule shell disintegration times, based on Farmakope Indonesia sixth edition, 2020, were 15,16, 14, 21, and 12 minutes, and the best result of the water swelling test was C capsule (2:2) of 666.7%. The results of the capsule shell dissolution test showed that the reduction of the capsule shells did not exceed 10% for 30 minutes according to the Farmakope Indonesia sixth edition. The capsule shells made from a combination of seaweed and cactus can be used as material in drug delivery systems. Non-gelatinized capsule shell which is expected to have anti-inflammatory activity.

The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of adding natural antioxidants from ethanolic extract of mango parasite (Dendrophthoe petandra) to oxidation stability of crude palm oil (CPO) during storage. The parameters tested were levels of free fatty acid (FFA), acid values, and deterioration of bleachability index (DOBI). The antioxidant activity of D. petandra extract obtained was IC50 of 6.369 ppm. Concentrations of D. petandra extract range from 200 to 1000 ppm. Based on the results, the ethanolic extract of D. petandra was able to reduce the FFA and acid value and increase the DOBI compared to the negative control. The lowest FFA levels and acid numbers were obtained from samples with addition of 1000 ppm natural antioxidants with FFA of 4.2% and acid value of 7.4 mg KOH/g, while the DOBI value increased to 1.300.

Bidara leaves contain antioxidants that are good for the body because they play a role in warding off free radicals. Kombucha made with bidara leaves is an innovative tea variant product that comes from the symbiotic culture of fermentation between bacteria and fungi. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of fermentation time on antioxidant and organoleptic activity of kombucha and to determine the value of antioxidant activity of kombucha. The parameters measured were the antioxidant activity using the DPPH (2,2- diphenyl-picrilhydrazine) radical method and the organoleptic test with the hedonic scale including taste, aroma and color. The analysis showed that the length of fermentation time affected both the antioxidant activity and organoleptic test which included the taste, aroma and color of kombucha leaves of bidara. Based on the mean value of DPPH radical scavenging percentage, the antioxidant activity at fermentation time of 1, 8 and 12 days are 24,72%; 35,98%; and 7,05% with the highest antioxidant activity of kombucha made with bidara leaves occurred at 8 days fermentation is 35.87%. The IC50 value of kombucha made with bidara leaves product at fermentation time of 1, 8 and 12 days are 524,63 ppm; 441,03 ppm; and 1442,3 ppm Keywords: Antioxidant Activity, Kombucha, Leaf of Bidara, Organoleptic

Discovery of new antibacterial agent to treat oral disease caused by pathogenic oral bacteria is an attracted focus to more pay attention of researcher. The tropical natural product is the promising sources of new bioactive as antibacterial compounds. The epiphyte plant of Sarang Semut (M. pendans) empirically has been used as a drug to treat various diseases. Our previous research found that ethyl acetate extract of Sarang Semut inhibited the bacteria growth of Enterococcus faecalis. This study aims to isolate, structure determination and antibacterial activity evaluation of active compound against Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175. The isolation by combination chromatography on normal and reverse phase resulted an antibacterial compound 1. Based on the analysis of the spectroscopic data including IR, FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 2D-NMR as well as by mass spectroscopic (MS) and compare to reported data, structure of compound 1 was suggested as terpenoid type diterpene derivative. Antibacterial activity evaluation by Kirby-Bauer method of compound 1 against S. mutans ATCC 25175 showed inhibition zone values were 17.8, 14.5 and 11.1 mm at 10000, 5000 and 1000 ppm, respectively, while the MIC and MBC values were 18.125 ppm with MBC of 2500 ppm, respectively.