Search

Soft rot disease in orchid plants is a factor in decreasing orchid production. One way of biological control that has the potential to spur growth is to utilize endophytic bacteria. This study aims to describe the diversity of orchid endophytic bacteria that have the potential as growth promoters and biocontrol agents. Observation parameters include indole acetic acid (IAA) production, inorganic phosphate dissolution, ammonia production of orchid endophytic bacteria, and antagonism of endophytic bacteria to pathogenic bacteria that cause soft rot in vitro. The diversity of orchid endophytic bacteria was analyzed using rep-PCR with BOX-A1R primer. The results showed that 10 isolates of orchid endophytic bacteria were able to produce IAA with a concentration of 79–321 μg/mL, able to dissolve phosphate, and produce ammonia. In antagonism testing against soft rot-causing bacteria, all isolates were able to form an inhibitory zone with a diameter of 3–7.2 cm. Furthermore, diversity analysis using rep-PCR showed that isolates of endophytic bacteria DnPh5, BgCt2, BgVt10, DnLp7, DnBl1, and DnAr4 had a uniform DNA band pattern so that they were grouped together. Meanwhile, isolates of TbPh7, IbtPhm1, DnDr2, and AkOc1 showed different DNA band patterns, indicating that the four isolates were different species or subspecies of bacteria. In dendrogram analysis, DnPh5, BgCt2, BgVt10, DnLp7, DnBl1, and DnAr4 isolates have a similarity of 100%. The similarity of isolates IbtPhm1, DnDr2, and AkOc1 was 90%, 79%, and 68%, respectively, against the other six isolates. TbPh7 isolate is an isolate with a low level of similarity to other isolates, which is about 51%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problems in the COVID-19 pandemic era for cows’ cattle farmers were limited skills of farmers in processing of feed without forage in order to reduce production costs and anticipate prolonged droughts. The government's steps to overcome these problems are by providing business capital assistance, deferring loan payments, and assisting cows cattle farmers. The Regional Superior Product Development Program (RSPD) aims to determine the increase in body weight of various types of cattle using feed without forage and growth promoters in the COVID-19 pandemic era of SMEs of cows cattle fattening. Data was collected by interview/questionnaire methods and making feed without forage, growth promoter, and fermentor. The feed from RSPD was applied to five types of cows’ cattle (local cattle, ongole crossbreeds, madura cattle, limousin crossbreeds and Simmental crossbreeds). This activity was carried out from February until June 2021. The results showed that farmer’s skill in making feed without forage, growth promoters, and fermenters has been improved and also type of cows’ cattle with good weight gain has been determined. In conclusion, the production of feed without forage, growth promoters, and fermentor in the COVID-19 pandemic era could be done by the cattle farmers independently. Limousin and Simmental crossbreeds had good weight gain compared to local cattle, ongole crossbreeds and madura cattle.