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Since Indonesia gained independence in 1945, security dynamics have been intricately linked with conflict. The emergence of separatist movements, such as the Free Papua Movement or Free Papua Organization (Organisasi Papua Merdeka or OPM), has significantly disrupted Indonesia’s stability. This study aims to analyze the actions undertaken by OPM in their quest for independence, utilizing the perspective of the Montevideo Convention of 1933. Employing a qualitative descriptive research methodology, this research relies on secondary data from a literature review focused on the Papua region. The study reveals several key findings: The size and stability of a population are critical factors for the existence of a state. West Papua, with a population of 1.15 million, plays a pivotal role. The establishment of well-defined territories is crucial for distinguishing and representing nations. The proposed establishment of the Republic of West Papua has garnered support and recognition from nations like Vanuatu. Moreover, the Republic of West Papua actively engages in international organizations such as UNPO. Establishing and exercising effective government control over a nation’s territory is essential for asserting sovereignty and maintaining independence. This is exemplified by the Papua National Manifesto and the declaration of Papua’s independence in 1961. Building and maintaining relationships with other countries necessitate active participation in the global community. International recognition and support play pivotal roles in achieving long-term political goals. Challenges related to democracy, human rights, and environmental issues pose significant hurdles to Indonesia’s diplomatic relations. The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) principle offers a framework for preventing mass atrocities and holding state actors accountable for crimes against humanity. International cooperation and dialogue are imperative in addressing these complex issues and safeguarding the well-being of affected populations.

Abstract This article aims to discuss the Principles of Responsibility to Protect (R2P) that may be applied to the conflict in the Gaza Strip between Israel and Palestine. This normative legal research using a conceptual approach and a case approach indicates that the humanitarian crisis resulting from the conflict needs to be the focus of the international community, and the R2P principle may be applied as an alternative solution. Although the R2P principle is not a legal formulation, R2P plays an important role. It is recognized as an emerging norm or an obligation with a legal significance. R2P has been agreed upon and accepted by most countries globally that are members of the United Nations through UN General Assembly Resolutions. R2P assigns responsibility to the international community to help parties protect populations from the crime of genocide. Ultimately, R2P is expected to encourage states to fulfill their legal responsibilities and obligations, help build capacity to protect populations, and provide assistance to states in emergencies. Â Abstrak Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mendiskusikan Prinsip Responsibility to Protect (R2P) yang mungkin diterapkan pada konflik di jalur Gaza antara Israel dan Palestine. Penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan konsep dan pendekatan kasus ini menunjukkan bahwa krisis kemanusian yang terjadi akibat konflik tersebut perlu menjadi fokus masyarakat internasional, dan prinsip R2P perlu untuk diterapkan sebagai salah satu alternatif solusi. Meskipun prinsip R2P bukanlah suatu rumusan hukum, R2P berperan penting dan diakui sebagai sebagai emerging norm, atau suatu obligation with legal significance. R2P telah disepakati dan diterima oleh mayoritas negara-negara di dunia yang menjadi anggota PBB melalui Resolusi Majelis Umum PBB. R2P memberikan tanggung jawab kepada komunitas internasional untuk membantu para pihak melindungi penduduk dari kejahatan genocide. Pada akhirnya, R2P diharapkan dapat mendorong negara untuk memenuhi tanggung jawab dan kewajiban hukum mereka, membantu membangun kapasitas untuk melindungi penduduk, dan memberikan bantuan kepada negara dalam keadaan darurat.