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One of the plants that are widely cultivated in Indonesia is the melon plant. Commodity melon (Cucumis melo L.) is one of the horticultural crops that is spreading. Melon is a fruit that is widely consumed by Indonesian people. However, the productivity of melons in Indonesia is low when compared to other fruit crops. Utilization of high yielding varieties, managing the growing environment appropriately and applying proper cultivation techniques in order to increase or maintain melon production need to be done to overcome fluctuating production. In this study, morphological characterization of several candidate melon varieties was carried out which is useful for knowing different characters and having economic value. The research was conducted from July to October 2022 at the Glass House CV. Borneo Seed Indonesia which is located in Bocek Village, Karangploso District, Malang Regency, East Java. The design used in this study was a randomized block design with 8 treatments and 3 replications. If the calculated F results from the ANOVA table are significantly different, then proceed with further tests using the DMRT test with a level of 5%. The results showed that the candidate varieties that had the potential to have high yields and superior performance were the MO-04 and MO-07 candidates. The yield potential of the MO-04 variety candidate was on the character of fruit diameter, fruit length, percentage of fruit flesh that could be consumed, fruit weight, level of sweetness and shelf life. The yield potential of the MO07 variety candidate is on the character of fruit diameter, fruit length, percentage of fruit that can be consumed, fruit weight, productivity per hectare and level of sweetness. In addition, the candidate varieties MO-04 and MO-07 have special characteristics, namely flesh color and net density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, gold nanoparticles were synthesized using the green synthesis method with the bioreduction extract of Basella alba leaf infusion. This research aims to characterize gold nanoparticles synthesized using UV-Vis spectroscopy and TEM and assess their antioxidant activity, which is quantified by the IC50 value. The UV-Vis spectrophotometric characterization of the gold nanoparticles revealed an absorption peak at a maximum wavelength of 543 nm. TEM characterization indicated a particle diameter of 9.463 ± 2.273 nm. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) reduction method with concentration variations of 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 ppm, resulting in reduction percentages of 40.6%, 44.3%, 57.4%, and 77.9%, respectively, and an IC50 value of 7.05 μg/mL, indicating very strong antioxidant activity. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that Basella alba leaf infusion extract is effective as a biological reducing agent in synthesizing gold nanoparticles, and the resulting nanoparticles show significant potential as antioxidants for reducing free radicals.

This study aimed to characterize fecal sludge (FS) combined with sawdust (SD) as non-charcoal briquettes. The combination consists of var.1 (FS 75% : SD 25%), var.2 (FS 50% : SD 50%), and var.3 (FS 25% : SD 75%). Fecal sludge was obtained from the sludge drying bed of a fecal sludge treatment plant (FSTP) in Malang City, and sawdust was obtained from the furniture workshop. Labor scale briquettes were produced, measured and analyzed the calorific value (ASTM D 5865-01), proximate analysis (SNI 06-3730-1995 and SNI 01-6235-2000), sulfur (ASTM D3177), and density (SNI 8021-2020). The characteristic results the moisture content 3.26%-7.57%, volatile matter 48.68%-68.97%, ash content 12.02%-32.97%, fixed carbon 11.44%–26.62%, calorific value 4,237.78–5.158.64 cal/g, sulfur 0.23%–0.41%, and density 0.50-0.68 (g/cm3). Compared with pure fecal sludge briquettes, the addition of sawdust increased the calorific value of fecal sludge briquettes by up to 32% and decreased ash content by up to 40%. All variations met the standard of SNI 8021:2020, except for the density for var.2 and var 3. Based on MCA, the best variation is var.2 with a score of 45 and requires modification for density to meet the standard of SNI 8021:2020.

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have drawn significant attention due to their exceptional properties and diverse range of applications, particularly in nanomedicine. The distinctive properties of MSNs, such as their high surface area, tunable pore size, and versatile surface chemistry, make them ideal candidates for various biomedical applications. This review aims to present a detailed understanding of MSNs, from synthesis and characterization to their versatile applications in biomedicine, highlighting their significant potential in advancing healthcare technologies. The synthesis methods for MSNs were comprehensively discussed, emphasizing the influence of parameters like solvent, base, alkoxysilane concentrations, and template surfactants on the size and shape of the nanostructures. Different types of MSNs, including MCM-41, SBA-15, KIT-6, and hollow MSNs, are discussed, along with their synthesis protocols and unique characteristics. The review also covers various spectroscopic techniques, such as XRD, XPS, FTIR, NMR, and fluorescence spectroscopy, which are crucial for characterizing MSNs. Furthermore, the biomedical applications of MSNs are highlighted, demonstrating their potential in drug delivery systems, imaging, and diagnostics. The review concludes with a discussion of the future perspectives and challenges in the field, providing insights into potential developments and the prospects for clinical translation.

IInsect pathologists’ attention to the potential of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) as inducers of plant resistance has increased in recent years. Several types of EPF that have received attention as biocontrol agents for insect pest populations include Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Trichoderma sp. because they are able to infect and kill insects directly, has a wide host range, and has been used to control various types of insect pests. Apart from being able to infect and kill insect pests, EPF can also live endophytically in plant tissue and increase plant resistance to pest attacks. The presence of EPF as endophytes is able to induce plant resistance by stimulating an increase phytohormones production. In this article, we reviewed the role of fungi as entomopathogens, the characteristics of entomopathogenic fungi, and their role as inducers of plant resistance. The review was carried out by collecting information from original articles and related reports which reviewed the results of research on the role of entomopathogenic fungi as plant resistance inducers by including the keywords entomopathogenic endophytic fungi, resistance induction, characterization, systemic resistance and herbivorous insects. This systematic review concludes that EPF as an inducer of plant resistance is a very promising control alternative in the development of plant protection management against insect pests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Fitopatologi Indonesia is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study addresses sediment dynamics within the fluvial system of the middle Kasai Basin, specifically between Ilebo town (pk605) and the confluence with the Loange River (pk525). The primary aim is to characterize the granulometric and mineralogical evolution of sand bars in the Kasai River, which pose navigational challenges in this section of the basin. The study seeks to answer the following question: How do the granulometric and mineralogical characteristics of sands transported by the middle course of the Kasai River evolve? The research employs laboratory granulometric techniques. Twenty sand samples were collected from sand bars along the middle and navigable course of the Kasai River during the flood recession period, ranging from upstream to downstream. Sieving was conducted using an AFNOR-type sieve column, followed by sedimentometric analyses and the calculation of various Folk & Ward textural parameters using the Excel program Gradistat. Additionally, six samples underwent automated mineralogical analysis using a QEMSCAN FEG Quanta 650. Granulometric analysis revealed that the sands from the middle course of the Kasai River are unimodal, with fine to medium grains in the granulometric fraction ranging from 186.2 µm to 426.8 µm. Most of these sands are moderately to well graded, with grains showing granulometric symmetry and, less commonly, fine asymmetry. Their kurtosis is largely mesokurtic, with occasional leptokurtic and platykurtic characteristics, indicating multiple depositional environments. The study demonstrates that the evolution of these granulometric parameters is uneven along the middle course of the Kasai River, though overall, the parameters exhibit limited variation. This suggests minimal and regular sediment inputs, consistent with the relative regularity of granulometric variations in environments characterized by free sedimentation. Automated mineralogical analysis identified a diverse mineralogical assemblage, dominated by quartz, followed by calcite, iron oxides, orthoclase, plagioclase, and kaolinite. Additionally, a group of minerals that do not exceed the 0.55% threshold—such as illite, apatite, ilmenite, muscovite, chlorite, biotite, montmorillonite, rutile, pyrophyllite, siderite, zircon, and dolomite—was identified. Consequently, the mineralogical evolution is not uniform throughout the middle course of the Kasai River, showing a sawtooth variation. This study clarifies the evolution of the granulometric parameters of Kasai River sands, which are influenced by the river's hydrodynamic regime. It also elucidates the mineralogical evolution, linked to the petrographic nature of source areas, which are distributed based on their mechanical resistance to abrasion, chemical alteration, and the morphology of the riverbed. The findings from this research contribute significantly to the field of sedimentology and integrated river management

IInsect pathologists' attention to the potential of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) as inducers of plant resistance has increased in recent years. Several types of EPF that have received attention as biocontrol agents for insect pest populations include Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Trichoderma sp. because they are able to infect and kill insects directly, has a wide host range, and has been used to control various types of insect pests. Apart from being able to infect and kill insect pests, EPF can also live endophytically in plant tissue and increase plant resistance to pest attacks. The presence of EPF as endophytes is able to induce plant resistance by stimulating an increase phytohormones production. In this article, we reviewed the role of fungi as entomopathogens, the characteristics of entomopathogenic fungi, and their role as inducers of plant resistance. The review was carried out by collecting information from original articles and related reports which reviewed the results of research on the role of entomopathogenic fungi as plant resistance inducers by including the keywords entomopathogenic endophytic fungi, resistance induction, characterization, systemic resistance and herbivorous insects. This systematic review concludes that EPF as an inducer of plant resistance is a very promising control alternative in the development of plant protection management against insect pests.

To achieve the high accomplishment of the supercapacitor, various electrolyte concentrations of Na2SO4 (0.5 M, 1 M, and 2 M) were added to the activated carbon (AC) electrode. The AC has a moderate surface area of 1,500 m2/g and a pore size of 1 nm (micropore scale). The AC electrode was deposited from the mixture of AC, carbon black, and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) with a weight ratio of 8:1:1 using the doctor blade method. Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Galvanostatic Charge Discharge (GCD), and Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) were used to characterize the electrodes electrochemically. Based on CV, GCD, and EIS characterizations, the measured specific capacitance of 17.2 F/g and ESR of 4.4 W exhibit the best performance due to their high ionic conductivity. We can conclude that 2 M Na2SO4 is a viable option for the ionic electrolyte of the microporous AC for the high performance of a supercapacitor.

Using natural fibres is often recommended as polymer composite materials owing to their potential to reduce the pollution of synthetic material waste. This study aimed to obtain the physical properties of unsaturated polyester resin matrix composite containing calcium carbonate fillers of 15 and 30 parts per hundred weights of the resin and natural pineapple leaf fibre of the amount 20% and 30% of the composite weight. The composite samples were three millimetres thick, with the pineapple leaf fibres arranged in one longitudinal direction. Some parameters observed included density, water absorption, response to fire, hardness, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and impact strength. The results showed that adding calcium carbonate filler into the matrix increased the density, water absorption, hardness, and modulus of elasticity of the composite. However, it reduced the flame propagation rate, tensile strength, and impact strength. Also, the use of pineapple leaf fibre contributed to increased water absorption, rate of flame propagation, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and impact strength of the composite, but it reduced the density and hardness. As these samples use economical materials, they are likely valuable for building materials that do not require high mechanical properties, especially guttering materials.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have several applications in nanoscience and nanomedicine such as antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic properties. In the present study, the AgNPs were synthesized by the chemical method and characterised using a combination of UV-Visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry, Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The AgNPs were made by chemically reducing AgNO3 with NaBH4 leading to the formation of a characteristic yellowish-brown colour of AgNPs. To investigate the formation, crystalline behavior, and quality of AgNPs powder, XRD measurements were performed. The produced AgNPs were found to be spherical, dispersed, and scattered in form and the particle size of the AgNPs formed was about 15 nm and they were crystalline in nature. The interaction of AgNO3 with biomolecules may have numerous applications in nanoscience and nanomedicine.

The beetroot leather with CMC (Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose) or carrageenan as a binder resulted in beetroot leather with a dense clay texture and a good level of plasticity. Based on the benefits and content of beetroot and the addition of CMC and carrageenan, this research tries to characterize beetroot leather's physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics from various concentrations and types of thickening agents. This study was arranged in RBD (Randomized Block Design) with 6 treatments and 4 repetitions. CMC was expressed as factor X and carrageenan as factor Y with each concentration level (0.1%; 0.3%; 0.5%). Beetroot leather was tested physically, chemically, shelf life, and organoleptically. Physical tests include color and texture tests. Chemical tests include moisture, ash, antioxidant capacity, and total sugar. The data from observing physical and chemical properties were processed using the ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) method, further tested using DMRT (α=5%) and organoleptic using the Likert scale. The best treatment was found in X1Y1 (CMC 0.1%), which has good physicochemical content with a hardness level of 173.13g, deformation 2.07mm, dark purplish gray color, moisture content 15.72%, ash content 5.23%, total sugar 67.82%, and antioxidants 42.06%. Beetroot leather is easy to consume and has the best hardness level with a moisture content that is not too high, so it is not easily damaged. The organoleptic test showed that the respondents could not distinguish the five treatments and expressed their liking for all beetroot leather products.

This study aims to show how Hawthorne uses characterization techniques and figurative languages such as metaphor and simile to describe the mental state of Arthur Dimmesdale and Hester Prynne's characters. This study uses a qualitative method with a psychological approach. The theory used in this research is the theory of life instinct and death instinct by Sigmund Freud. This study analyzes the style of language and characterizations to reveal the characters' mental conditions and inner conflict. The results of this study show that Hawthorne uses characterization techniques and figurative language to tell the conflict between the life and death instinct in Arthur Dimmesdale and Hester Prynne. Arthur Dimmesdale represents human weakness and hypocrisy that results in feelings of regret, inner conflict, and suffering that lead to the instinct of death. At the same time, the character Hester is described as having a strong and patient nature that leads to the instinct of life. This study concludes that Hawthorne uses characterization techniques and figurative language such as metaphor and simile to show the characters, Dimmesdale and Hester. They experience inner conflicts and life and death instincts.

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisis karakterisasi bahan Scaffold HAGP dengan kombinasi alginat rumput laut coklat (sargassum sp) menggunakan FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra Red. Menganalisis bentuk porositas dari bahan Scaffold HAGP dengan kombinasi alginat rumput laut coklat (sargassum sp) dengan SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) dan melihat prosentase porositas dari bahan Scaffold HAGP dengan kombinasi alginat rumput laut coklat (sargassum sp) dengan menggunakan uji porositas. Metode penelitian menggunakan metode deskriptif. Metode analisis data menggunakan FITR, dan uji porositas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karakterisasi bahan Scaffold HAGP dengan kombinasi alginat rumput laut coklat (sargassum sp) menggunakan FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra Red) dijelaskan bahwa pola FTIR hidroksiapatit gipsum Puger (HAGP) dan gabungan pola FTIR HAGP dengan Alginat nampak ada kemiripan pola FTIR HAGP. Bentuk porositas dari bahan Scaffold HAGP dengan kombinasi alginat rumput laut coklat (sargassum sp).

Red brick is a building material that can be used as a construction material. Red bricks are made of pure clay or mixed materials. This study aimed to determine the effect of fly ash and heating temperature variations on physical properties (compressive strength, density, porosity, and absorption), chemical composition, phase structure, and morphology in brick making. The addition of fly ash by 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% of the composition of the material is 750 grams. The red bricks were printed with a size of 5 x 5 x 5 cm3, heated at 700°C and 800°C for 2 hours, and soaked for 24 hours. Physical tests include compressive strength test, density test, porosity test, and absorption test, as well as red brick characterization, namely XRF, XRD, and SEM-EDS. Red brick with sample A10 at a temperature of 700°C has the highest compressive strength value of 3.68 Mpa, while red brick with sample A10 at a temperature of 800 °C has the highest compressive strength value of 4.17 Mpa. Characterization shows that the phases formed in red brick are quartz (SiO2), hematite (Fe2O3), and anorthite (Al2O3).

Determination and characterization of the lycopene content of the n-hexane fraction from potato-leaved tomato (Solanum lycopersicum grandyfolium) using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometry and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. This study aims to determine the levels and characterization of lycopene compounds from potato-leaved tomato fruit using FTIR and UV-Vis spectrophotometers. The methods in this research include maceration, liquid-liquid extraction, crystallization with antisolvent, chromatography with three eluent systems, identification of lycopene compounds, and characterization of lycopene compounds using FTIR and UV-Vis. The results showed the presence of lycopene compounds based on the spectrum with absorption peaks at wave numbers 2924, 18 cm-1 and 2863, 66 cm-1 indicating C-H (stretching); 1637, 43 cm-1 indicating C=C alkene; and the wave numbers of 1461, 63 cm-1 and 1422, 46 cm-1 indicating the presence of a CH2 (bending) functional group. The results of UV-Vis spectrophotometric characterization showed the presence of lycopene compounds at three main wavelengths, namely at 445, 467, and 500 nm. The level of lycopene compounds produced from the n-hexane extract of potato-leaved tomato fruit was 7.25 mg/gram

Disney's 2020 live-action film Mulan is remade of the 1998’s cartoon version, with several changes, including the characterization of the main character. This study aims to investigate the characterization of Hua Mulan as the main female character in Disney's 2020 Live-Action Mulan. Using the qualitative interpretive method by Miles, Huberman, & Saldana (2014), the research was conducted in four simultaneous processes: data collection and condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing/verification. This research revealed that Mulan is a village girl who was reckless, brave, strong, and often acted like a boy. When Mulan grew up, she became a brave and tough person who made she could protect herself and her family. Moreover, it reflects Mulan's independence which is represented by her ability to survive and fight alone for the sake of her family and empire. Furthermore, Mulan also had an extraordinary "Chi" power that made her a strong warrior. Her family and society also respected Mulan for her honesty in revealing her mistakes. The depiction of Mulan, who has a masculine character, implies that Disney's 2020 live-action Mulan can be used as a role model by the audience in protecting and loving those around them.

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Engineering / Jurnal Keteknikan Pertanian is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The freshly harvested rice seeds generally do not readily germinate due to after-ripening that will naturally disappear after a certain period. This study aimed to investigate the agro-morphological traits and the period of seed after-ripening of five potential landraces of Timor-Leste. The experiment was conducted during April 2018-November 2019. Agro-morphological traits were observed in a paddy field at Caibada Village, Baucau District, Timor-Leste. The seed after-ripening was observed at the Seed Testing and Storage Laboratory, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, IPB University. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors and four replications. The first factor was 5 landraces of Timor Leste, i.e., Hare R-oitu, Fos Mean, Hare Belit, Hare Nona Portu, and Ale Mamea Ula Lesa. The second factor was the storage period, i.e., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 weeks after harvest. The result showed that the plant height of the five landraces is categorized as semidwarf (76.3-105.50 cm), medium maturity (129-141 DAS), and high tillering ability (17.5-53.50 tillers), except Ale Mamea Ula Lesa. The productivity of the five landraces is potentially high ranging from 8.1-9.8 tons/ha. The afterripening period of Hare Belit and Hare Nona Portu landraces was terminated at 2 weeks after harvest (WAH), Hare R-oitu at 6 WAH, whereas Ale Mamea Ula Lesa and Fos Mean at 8 WAH. The longer the seeds are stored the ratio of ABA/GA3 content decreases from a range of 0.53-1.22 ppm at 2 WAH to 0.45-0.93 ppm at 4 WAH. Hare Belit and Hare Nona Portu are potential landraces to be established as national varieties in Timor-Leste for low land and medium land respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gelatine is a protein derivative that can be obtained from collagen fibres through the extraction process. The soaking duration process will affect to quality of gelatine. Research was conducted to analyzed the effect of soaking time using acid-base combination on the characteristics of chicken feet gelatine. Design used in this study was a randomized block design with six replications. Treatment used was soaking time treatment (2, 4, and 8 hours). The resulting gelatine was analyzed for physicochemical characteristics. Results showed that curing time significantly (P 0.05) on water content, ash content, fat content and pH, but not significantly (P 0.05) on yield, protein content, viscosity, gel strength, time of gel formation and melting time. Gelatine produced with 4 hour soaking time produced the best characteristic of chicken feet gelatine with a yield of 3.51 ± 0.26 %, moisture content of 7.01 ± 1.09 %, ash content of 3.09 ± 0.02 %, fat content of 2.09 ± 0.43 %, protein content 78.40 ± 0.68 %, soluble, viscosity 12.20 ± 0.70 cP, gel strength 56.94 ± 23.75 bloom, pH 6.58 ± 0.03, gelling time 326.67 ± 20.55 seconds and melting time 230.67 ± 163.7 seconds.

This study aims to determine the effect of treatment concentrations (4%; 8%; 10%; 13%; 16%; 20%) of Bacillus subtilis bacterial isolates on the production of pectinase enzymes from pineapple peel waste, and the characteristics of the pectinase enzyme produced include (enzyme activity, optimum temperature, optimum pH, Km and Vmax values). The yield of crude enzyme extract production from the 6 treatments carried out, the highest yield was found in the 10% treatment at 1.59 g and the lowest in the 4% treatment at 1.53 g. In the results of enzyme characterization, the highest enzyme activity was found at a concentration of 20% at 1.883, and the pectinase enzyme produced was able to work optimally in environmental conditions with a temperature of 400C and pH 4 at all concentrations, but the highest activity at variations in temperature and pH was on enzymes with 20% bacterial concentration treatment, namely 0.680 at 400C and 0.650 at pH 4. Enzyme kinetics analysis obtained from the pectinase enzyme produced, showed the highest Km value of 0.021 at a concentration of 4% while the lowest value is 0.0095 at a concentration of 20%. Then at the Vmax value of the enzyme, the highest value was found at the 20% concentration treatment and the lowest value was at 4% treatment was 0.481.

The adage of new generation of fine chemicals process is the best process applied in the absence of conventional methods. However, many methods use different reaction parameters, such as basic and acidic catalysts, for example oxidation, reduction, bromination, water splitting, cyanohydrin, ethoxylation, syngas, aldol condensation, Michael addition, asymmetric ring opening of epoxides, epoxidation, Wittig and Heck reaction, asymmetric ester epoxidation of fatty acids, combustion of methane, NOx reduction, biodiesel synthesis, propylene oxide polymerization. Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs) have received considerable attention due their potential applications in flame retardant and has excellent medicinal property for reducing acidity. These catalysts are characterized using analytical techniques, such as: X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric-Differential Thermal Analyzer (TG-DTA), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Transmission electron microscopes (TEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, N2 Adsorption-desorption, Temperature programmed reduction (TPR), X-ray photoelectrons spectroscopy (XPS), which gives its overall picture of its structure, porosity, morphology, thermal stability, reusability, and activity of catalysts. LDHs catalysts have proven to be economic and environmentally friendly. The above discussed applications make these catalysts unique from Green Chemistry point of view since they are reusable, and eco-friendly catalysts. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

This study aims to determine (1) characters and characterizations; and (2) moral values ​​in fable stories. This study is a qualitative descriptive study. The source of data in this study is a story entitled "Piwulang kanggo Cempe," "Anak Gajahlan Semut Ireng," and "Kancil kang Cerdik" contained in Djaka Lodang magazine. The research data collection techniques used were library techniques and note-taking techniques. The instrument used is the research itself. The data analysis technique uses qualitative analysis methods. The results showed: (1) the characters in the fable of "Piwulang Kanggo Cempe" are Babon Domba dan Anak Domba or Cempe, in the fable story “Anak Gajah Lan Semut Ireng” are Anak Gajah and Semut Ireng, and in the fable story "Kancil Kang Cerdik" is Kancil, Manuk Blekok, and Manuk Bangau. The characterizations are shown analytically and dramatically. Furthermore, the moral values ​​contained in the three fables are about obedience to parents, helping others, respecting others, being honest, and establishing friendships.

Natural kaolin clay was used to successfully prepare 13X zeolite catalysts, which were modified by dealumination with citric acid. Acid leaching eliminates impurities and aluminum, and improves the Si/Al ratio of the zeolite framework. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of both the original and modified 13X zeolites were the same, indicating that the crystalline frameworks were not destroyed during the dealumination process. X-ray fluorescence data of the dealuminated 13X zeolite showed an improved Si/Al ratio. Also, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was used for the characterization of the catalysts. The catalytic performance of the original and modified catalysts was tested in the esterification reaction of oleic acid in a batch reactor. A higher conversion of oleic acid was obtained using the modified 13X zeolite. The resulting experimental data from the esterification reactions were fitted to the heterogeneous Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson (LHHW) kinetic model to determine the rates of reaction. The results of the reaction kinetics showed an increase in the rate of reaction velocity and a distinct decrease in the activation energy when using the modified zeolite, indicating that employing the modified catalyst will give a higher conversion over a shorter time through a reaction with less sensitivity to temperature. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Copyright of Livestock & Animal Research is the property of Sebelas Maret University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Microwave-heating method for catalyst preparation has been utilized recently due to its shorter operation time compared to the conventional method. Glucose, a renewable carbon source can be partially carbonized and sulfonated via microwave heating which could result in highly potential heterogeneous carbon-based acid catalyst. In this study, the impacts of the carbonization and sulfonation parameters during the catalyst preparation were investigated. Catalysts prepared were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET), and Temperature Programmed Desorption–Ammonia (TPD-NH3). Analysis of the carbonization screening process discovered that the best incomplete carbonized glucose (ICG) prepared was at 20 minutes, 20 g of D(+)-glucose with medium microwave power level (400W) which exhibited the highest percentage yield (91.41%) of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The total surface area and acid site density obtained were 16.94 m2/g and 25.65 mmol/g, respectively. Regeneration test was further carried out and succeeded to achieve 6 cycles. The highest turnover frequency (TOF) of the sulfonated catalyst was methyl palmitate, 25.214´10−3 s−1 compared to other component of the methyl ester. Kinetic study was developed throughout the esterification process and activation energy from the forward and reverse reaction was 3.36 kJ/mol and 11.96 kJ/mol, respectively. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Exosomes from Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSC) is currently one of the highlighted research due to its more specific action on the target tissue. Exosome is one of the MSC Extracellular Vesicle (EVs) that acts as a mediator in the cellular communication. However, not so many literatures have succeed in elaborating its isolation and characterization process. This study aimed to explain the method used in exosomes isolation from Adipose-Derived MSC (ASC) and elaborate its characteristics. This is an in-vitro study performed in the Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering (SCTE) Indonesia Medical Education and Research Institute (IMERI) laboratory. Ultracentrifugation method was performed to isolate exosome from ASC. The exosome were characterized based on its particle size, morphology, and CD63 and CD81 expression for its purity. We were able to isolate sterile exosome from ASC by performing differential ultracentrifugation. The mean size of exosome was 88.7 nm ± 40 nm SD and showed expression of CD63 and CD81. Exosome was successfully isolated from ASC using ultracentrifugation method and characterization following the MISEV standard should be implemented in order to meet the therapeutic efficacy and safety issues as a regenerative agent.

Rhizosphere bacteria live in the soil around plant roots. Various rhizosphere bacteria are able to produce the hormone Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA) which stimulates plant growth. This study aims to isolate and characterize IAA-producing rhizosphere bacteria in rice plants in the rice fields of Kedungpani urban village, Semarang city. Bacterial enumeration was carried out using the total plate count (TPC) method. The isolates obtained were characterized by observation of colony and cell morphology, gram staining, endospore staining, catalase test, and sugar fermentation test. The ability to produce the IAA hormone was tested using Salkowski's reagent. The enumeration results showed that the total bacteria in the sample was 2.9 x 105 CFU / g. A total of 10 isolates were obtained and were able to produce the IAA hormone with various concentrations. Isolates KP1, KP2, KP3, KP4, KP5, KP6, KP9, KP13, KP14, and KP15 produced IAA with concentrations of 3.389, 5.111, 3.000, 1.667, 1.944, 5.056, 5.444, 4.500, 5.056, and 10.833 ppm, respectively. The results showed that there were 5 isolates with the highest IAA concentrations, namely KP2, KP6, KP9, KP14, and KP15 which had the potential to be used as biostimulant agents for plants.

Characteristics of composite materials that are light, strong, heat resistant, and high hardness are needed in their application. This study aims to obtain a hard material and good heat conductivity, with the innovation of making aluminum matrix composites (AMC) from aluminum powder as a matrix, combined with silicon-carbon whisker (SiCw) and alumina particles (Al2O3p), and adding Magnesium through the powder process metallurgy. The method of making composites was carried out by means of powder metallurgy. The research variables composition I, II, and II with Al/(SiCw+Al2O3/Mg), were given temperature treatment: 500, 550, and 600oC. The test results show that there is an increase in the mechanical properties of the composites both from variations in composition and also from variations in treatment temperature because the bond resulting from the addition of Al2O3 reinforcement has hard and fine grain properties. The physical and mechanical properties of the test results are in the form of the highest density at composition I, 600oC (2,699 gr/cm3) while the hardness at composition III is 600oC (42,438 HV) and heat conductivity at composition III, 600oC (185,183 Watt/m.oC). Scanning with SEM showed that the pore size decreased from the treatment temperature of 500oC to 600oC due to phase changes and a stronger bond between the matrix and the reinforcement. So that the influence of composition and temperature will affect the thermal conductivity, hardness, and density of the composites.

Sunflower is a strategic plant because, in addition to being used as food, it can produce oil, especially edible oil, which occupies the third-largest position in the world after soybean and palm oil. The development of sunflower cultivation in Indonesia is still not optimal, especially in sunflower production. In increasing production, one them is the need for superior seeds. Identifying seed diversity needs to be done to obtain different genotype characters of plants in the cultivar assembly process to prevent duplication. This study aimed to determine the character and variability of sunflower seeds. The plant accessions used were Ha1, Ha15, Hu1, Hu2, and Hu3. This research method consists of land cultivation, planting, maintenance, pest control, and harvesting sunflower plants. Then after the harvested seeds were obtained, seed characterization was carried out with quantitative variables, namely seed length, seed diameter, the weight of 100 seeds, and percentage of empty seeds. Meanwhile, the qualitative variables are seed color, seed shape, border, and line color. Analysis of the data used was simple descriptive statistics. Data analysis was done by comparing phenotype variance with a standard deviation of phenotype, variance, and standard deviation. The results obtained on qualitative and quantitative characters show diversity. Variables with broad variability values are the character of seed diameter, seed color, seed shape, border, and seed line color. While the variable length of seeds, the weight of 100 seeds, and the percentage of empty seeds showed narrow variability [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of chitosan- CuO nanoparticles was studied. This research’s aims were biosynthesis CuO nanoparticles, synthesis of chitosan-CuO nanoparticles, and used as an antibacterial agent of Shigella dysenteriae. CuO nanoparticles and chitosan-CuO nanoparticles were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, respectively. CuO nanoparticle was synthesized by the reaction between leaf extract of sweet star fruit (Averrhoa carambola L.) and copper sulfate pentahydrate. Chitosan-CuO nanoparticles were synthesized by a heating method. The suspension of chitosan-CuO nanoparticles was used as an antibacterial agent with a paper disk method. The result showed that the Cu-O group at CuO nanoparticles was detected at a wavenumber of 503, 619, 767, and 821 cm-1. The crystallite size of the CuO nanoparticles was 4.25 nm. Cu-O group bonded at N-H and O-H groups and detected at 3406 cm-1 from the FTIR spectra of chitosan-CuO nanoparticles. The average inhibition zone of chitosan-CuO nanoparticles at concentration 2.500, 5.000, 7.500, and 10.000 ppm to Shigella dysenteriae were 13.57 ± 1.55; 14.90 ± 1.20; 15.97 ± 0.76 and 17.03 ± 1.80 mm, respectively.

The ferrospinels NixZn1_xFe2O4 (x = 0.0 and 0.6) nanoparticles (NPs) were successfully prepared by a sol-gel method and analyzed by TGA/DTA, XRD, SEM-EDS, UV-Vis-DRS, and pHIEP. The adsorption potential of NZF NPs towards the Bromophenol blue (BPB) dye was investigated. The batch adsorption efficiency parameters were studied including contact time, pH, initial dye concentrations and catalyst dosage. Results indicated that NZF crystallized in single-phase and exhibited smaller crystallite size (49 nm vs. 59.24 nm) than that of the pristine (ZF). The SEM analysis showed that the materials are elongated-like shape. NZF catalyst showed a red-shift of absorption bands and a more narrowed band gap (2.30 eV vs. 1.65 eV) as compared to ZF. The adsorption process was found to be highly dependent to the pH of the solution, dye concentration and adsorbent dose. Under optimum conditions of 5 mg.L–1 BPB, 0.5 g.L–1 NZF catalyst, pH = 6, and 25 °C, up to ≈ 86.30% removal efficiency could be achieved after 60 min. Pseudo-second-order kinetic model gave the best fit with highest correlation coefficients (R2 ≥ 0.99). A high specific surface area, a stabilized dispersion state of NZF NPs and the electrostatic interaction between the BPB-2 anions and the NZF-H3O+active sites on NZF surface were believed to be the main factors that can be responsible for the high adsorption efficiency. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Indonesia as a country that has ample large coal reserves spread across the Sumatera and Kalimantan islands. The huge potential in the region needs further research to be able to find out the quality and excellence of coal resources in order to know the characteristics in detail, then the research was carried out in the Bengkulu Province area by testing coal sample based on Proximate analysis to obtain accurate coal quality results and analysis of coal characteristics in the area can be carried out. The results show that the coal seams in the Arantiga mine have an average value Inherent Moisture is worth 7.49 %, ASH is worth 9.82 %, Volatile Matter is worth 40.99 %, Fixed Carbon is worth 41.70 %, Total Sulfur is worth 0.34 %, Gross Caloric Value is worth 6305 kcal/kg and including of High Volatile A Bituminous coal type, while the Seluang mine has an average value Inherent Moisture is worth 2.07 %, ASH is worth 22.92 %, Volatile Matter is worth 20.26 %, Fixed Carbon is worth 54.78 %, Total Sulfur is worth 0.55 %, Gross Caloric Value is worth 6365 kcal/kg dan and including of Medium Volatile Bituminous coal type.

Ketergantungan akan pemakaian bahan bakar fosil yang terus meningkat telah mengubah pola pikir manusia untuk mengembangkan penelitian terkait energi alternatif terbarukan. Bioetanol yang berasal dari hasil fermentasi nira tanaman aren (Arenga pinnata MERR), dan dikenal sebagai minuman tradisional Moke di Flores dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan bakar alternatif jika memiliki kemurnian di atas 99,5%. Proses adsorpsi merupakan salah satu metode yang dilakukan untuk menghasilkan bioetanol dengan kadar di atas titik azeotrop. Adsorben yang efektif digunakan sebagai molecular sieve adalah zeolit alam yang berasal dari kabupaten Ende – NTT. Peningkatan efisiensi penyerapan zeolit alam dalam pemurnian bioetanol berbahan baku Moke sudah dilakukan melalui proses aktivasi kimia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kadar dan kualitas bioetanol setelah pemurnian menggunakan adsorben zeolit alam Ende – NTT yang telah diaktivasi NaOH pada berbagai konsentrasi. Kadar bioetanol yang terdapat pada Moke sebelum dan sesudah proses adsorpsi ditentukan dengan instrumen gas kromatografi, karakterisasi zeolit alam menggunakan X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) dan Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Zeolit alam Ende dapat digunakan sebagai adsorben dalam meningkatkan kadar bioetanol berbahan baku Moke. The reliance on increasing use of fossil fuels has changed the human mindset to develop research related to renewable alternative energy. Bioethanol derived from fermented palm sugar sap (Arenga pinnata MERR), and known as Moke, traditional drink in Flores can be used as an alternative fuel if it has a purity above 99.5%. The adsorption process is one method used to produce bioethanol with a level above the azeotrope point. The effective adsorbent used as molecular sieve is natural zeolite originating from Ende - NTT. Increased efficiency of absorption of natural zeolite in bioethanol purification made from Moke has been done through a chemical activation process. This study aims to determine the level and quality of bioethanol after purification using Ende-NTT natural zeolite adsorbent which has been activated by NaOH at various concentrations. Bioethanol levels found in the Moke before and after the adsorption process were determined by gas chromatography instruments, natural zeolite characterization using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Ende natural zeolite can be used as an adsorbent to increase the level of bioethanol made from Moke.

Research on the synthesis and characterization of SiO2/ZnO nanocomposites from zinc waste and Mount Merapi volcanic ash has been carried out. The semiconductor used was ZnO using a SiO2 as the host material. The use of SiO2 was due to its high efficiency and abundant raw materials. This is because the eruption of Mount Merapi occurs regularly every four years. Apart from the abundant presence of SiO2, the source of ZnO from lathe workshop waste is also easy to obtain. The research aims to reduce the volume of zinc waste from the lathe and volcanic ash, which was not optimized. Zinc waste and volcanic ash were synthesized into nanocomposites. Then the obtained nanocomposites were characterized to determine their effectiveness in degrading various wastes. The synthesis of SiO2/ZnO nanocomposites was carried out using the sol-gel method as easy and highly effective. The method used is to transform zinc waste into Zn(OH)2. The volcanic ash was extracted with KOH to form potassium silicate (K2SiO3). Zn(OH)2, (K2SiO3) and HCl were reacted together when sonicated, then calcined at 550°C. The results showed that SiO2/ZnO nanocomposites made from volcanic ash and zinc waste produced composite sizes with a size range of 100-200 nm and a uniform circular shape. FTIR analysis results show that SiO has the peaks at wavenumbers of 993.34 and 1109.07 cm-1, while the ZnO peak is at wavenumbers of 443.63 cm-1. The XRD diffractogram of SiO2/ZnO nanocomposites shows peaks at 2θ of 30.42°, 31.56°, and 44.40°.

The increment of soybean consumption demands product diversification. One example of soybean-based product is extracted soybean in the form of soymilk, which has the following weaknesses: short shelf life, unpleasant aroma, and impractical processing. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the processing of instant soymilk compared with its brewed solutions using hot and cold water. This experiment will use a completely randomized block design with two factors: the soybean variety ( i.e., Kaba, Burangrang, Anjasmoro, and Argomulyo) and the time to oven of 20 and 30 minutes. The soybean's physical characteristics that will be observed include width, length, thickness, volume, and weight per 100 beans, whereas the powder characteristics shall include yield, moisture, protein content, and degree of lightness. In addition, the characteristics of brewed solutions will be measured using an organoleptical test. The results show that the Argomulyo variety has the biggest size among others, and the Anjasmoro variety contains the highest protein content (38.05%), whereas the Kaba variety has the lowest starch content (4.15%). The best instant soybean powder was the Anjasmoro variety with a time to oven of 20 minutes and the highest protein content (7.88%), where the value of lightness L = 83.4; a = 3.40, and b = 17.95. Moreover, the organoleptical test result for powder color scored 4.16, and the unfavorable aroma was 3.37, whereas the solutions' color was 3.74; favorable aroma was 2.16; taste was 2.11; while the overall preference was 2.26.

The aim of the reduction process is to concentrate nickel at high temperatures with a certain carbonaceous material as a reducing agent. The use of chemicals like Na2SO4 and NaCl in the reduction process can increase the content and recovery of nickel in ferronickel concentrates. A selective reduction of laterite nickel was carried out in a non-isothermal and an isothermal using palm kernel shell charcoal as a reductant and with Na2SO4 and NaCl as additives. Firstly, the raw material is made into a pellet and dried in an oven at 100 °C for two hours. The pellets are weighed before and after the reduction process. The non-isothermal reduction process used the Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) method from a temperature of 100 to 1300 °C, with a heat rate of 10 °C per minute. The isothermal reduction at temperatures 500, 600, 700, 950, 1050, and 1150 °C occurred with a reduction time of 30, 60, and 90 minutes. The analysis is Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) to determine the content of nickel and iron from the reduction process, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) to see changes in the phases formed after the selective reduction process, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM-EDX) for viewing the microstructure of the phase. The Differential Thermal Analyzer-Temperature Gravimetric Analysis (DTA-TGA) results show the endothermic at 256 °C, and the exothermic peak at 935 °C with a total mass loss of 42.15% at 1238 °C. The shrinking core model was used for the kinetic studies of the reduction process. The closest kinetic model to the experimental results is the Ginstling-Brounshtein model, with an activation energy value of 8.73 kcal/mol. Copyright © 2020 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Manufacturers are pushed to use superalloys such as titanium alloys in the aerospace part due to environmental and economic issues. The refractory properties of titanium alloys result in rapid and premature wear of the cutting tools, especially by thermal diffusion. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to focus on understanding the characterization of TiAl6V4 in thermo-physic properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), electrical resistivity against temperature test, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were conducted to analyze the relationship of phase transformation to thermal properties. Phase analysis showed that TiAl6V4 is composed of two-phase a and b creating a duplex microstructure in which the surface fraction contains about 92,5 % and 7,5 %, respectively. Electrical resistivity against temperature test demonstrated the phase transformation of a to b occurred at 1017°C. This study revealed that the phenomena of phase transformation affected the thermal properties, i.e., thermal capacity, thermal diffusivity, and coefficient of thermal expansion.

In this approach, Zn-M+3 layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with M+3 = Fe, Cr, or Al were synthesized by the co-precipitation method from the aqueous solution at a constant solution pH. The as-synthesized samples were characterized by XRD analysis, FTIR spectra, BET techniques and simultaneous thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC). XRD analysis showed that Zn-Fe-CO3 had the greatest lattices parameters. BET surface area of Zn-Fe-CO3 was calculated as 52.24 m2.g-1 and was higher than Zn-Cr-CO3 and Zn-Al-CO3 with 46.70 and 49.99 m2.g-1, respectively. The FTIR spectra clearly confirmed the presence of carbonate anions in the structure of the LDHs. Adsorption experiments for Indigo Carmine (IC), as the main model organic pollutant in this study from aqueous solution onto synthetized samples were carried out in terms of solution pH, contact time and initial dye concentration. Experimental results indicate that the capacity of dye uptake augmented rapidly within the first 15, 40, and 55 minuts for Zn-Fe-CO3, Zn-Cr-CO3 and Zn-Al-CO3 respectively and then stayed practically the same regardless of the concentration. Adsorption kinetics studies revealed that the adsorption process followed pseudo-second order kinetics model instead of a pseudo-first-order model. The adsorption isotherm data follow the Langmuir equation in which parameters are calculated. The maximum Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacities were 94.87, 21.79, and 66.71 mg.g-1, respectively, for Zn-Fe-CO3, Zn-Cr-CO3, and Zn-Al-CO3. The adsorption capacities were slightly influenced by the pH variations from 5 to 10, showing the advantage of using these materials in water treatments in a wide pH range. Finally, the IC removal is proven by the presence of IC functional groups in IR spectra and thermograms. TGA/DSC of Zn-Fe-CO3 obtained after removal of IC indicate that the LDHs stabilizes IC and delays the combustion of adsorbed molecules. Copyright © 2020 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Thermally stable polyimides (PIs) were prepared by condensation technique at 160 ºC for 5 hours in N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) medium under N2 atmosphere both in the presence and absence of metal (Ag) and metaloxide (MO) (V2O5) nanoparticles (NPs). The synthesized polymers are characterized by Fourier Transform Infra Red (FT-IR) spectroscopy, 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-Ray (FE-SEM and EDX). The FT-IR spectrum showed a peak at 1786 cm-1 corresponding to the C=O stretching of dianhydride. The aromatic proton signals appeared between 6.7 and 7.5 ppm in the 1H-NMR spectrum of the resultant PIs. The oxydianiline (ODA) based PI with Ag NP loaded system exhibited the highest Tg value. The apparent rate constant values for the adsorption and catalytic reduction of p-nitrophenol (PNP), Cr6+ and rhodamine 6G (R6G) dye were determined with the help of UV-visible spectrophotometer. Among the catalysts, the system loaded with V2O5 NP has higher kapp values. The experimental results are critically analyzed and compared with the previously available literature values. Copyright © 2020 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Soluble colloidal manganese dioxide was formed by reduction of potassium permanganate with sodium thiosulphate in neutral aqueous medium at 25 ºC. The obtained nano-sized colloidal manganese dioxide was found to be dark reddish-brown in color and stable for several months. The formation of manganese dioxide was confirmed by UV-visible spectrophotometer and determination of oxidation state of Mn species in manganese dioxide. The effect of different concentration of sodium thiosulphate on the formation of manganese dioxide was also studied. The nano-sized colloid manganese dioxide was characterized by transmission electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer. The formed soluble colloidal manganese dioxide was used as an oxidant in oxidation of ciprofloxacin in perchloric acid medium at 35 ºC. The reaction was first-order concerning to concentration of manganese dioxide and hydrogen ion but fractional order with ciprofloxacin. The results suggest formation of complex between ciprofloxacin and manganese dioxide. The oxidation products were also identified based on stoichiometric and characterization results. Copyright © 2020 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

The purpose of this study was to obtain cellulolytic bacterial isolates isolated from leaf litter in absorption holes biopori FMIPA Unesa and obtain the most optimal cellulolytic bacterial isolates in cellulose degradation. This research was an observational study and the data were analyzed descriptively. Stages of the study began with bacterial isolation, cellulolytic ability testing, and characterization of cellulolytic bacterial isolates. Bacterial isolation was carried out by the pour plate method, isolation was carried out by the streak plate method, cellulolytic testing was carried out using Carboxy Methyl Cellulose media which was given Congo red 1%. While the isolation characterization was done morphologically, physiologically, and biochemically. The results obtained 15 isolates of cellulolytic bacteria that were tested for their ability to degrade cellulose. Cellulolytic test results showed that 6 isolates, namely BS1, BS7, BS10, BS11, BS14, and BS15 had a cellulolytic index of 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8, 0.8. and 1. Isolates BS15 is the most optimal isolate in cellulose degradation with characteristics of the punctiform colony, yellow pigmentation, entire edge, convex elevation, optical opaque and smooth surface, produces catalase enzymes, is non-motile and can ferment in glucose and starch but cannot ferment lactose and also a Gram-negative

Cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) is a species of chili that is usually consumed daily and used by the food industry. Although cayenne pepper has important roles, it is often found rotting before it is reached by consumers. Postharvest handling that did not apply good handling practices can cause decomposition of cayenne peppers. This decayed can be caused by the activity of microorganisms, such as bacteria. This study aims to isolate and examine the biochemical properties of spoilage bacteria in cayenne pepper. The stages of the experiment involved: isolation and purification of the bacteria, observation of cell morphology and colonies, and biochemical examination. The results showed that bacterial isolates in cayenne pepper had rod-shaped cell characteristics, shiny colony surfaces, and jagged colony edges. Biochemical characteristics show that these bacteria have enzyme catalase activity, phosphatase enzyme activity, are able to produce carotenoid and lecithinase. However, these bacteria can not hydrolyze starch and pectin. These biochemistry characteristics were not identic with Xanthomonas campestris. Based on the assessment of lactose fermentation, indole, methyl red, and Voges-proskauer, these bacteria could not be identified as Erwinia carotovora.

Pediocin production by Pediococcus pentosaceus 2A2 was done in 30% molasses based medium at 37°C for 24 hours. The culture was then centrifuged to separate the cells and yield cell-free supernatant (CFS). Purification of the CFS was carried out by stepwise ammonium sulfate precipitation to achieve a 90% concentrate, followed by dialysis using membrane with a molecular weight cut off 2.0 kDa resulting in pediocin crude extract (PCE). The PCE was purified by cation exchange chromatography using SP Se-phadex C-25 and eluted with sodium acetat buffer at pH of 5.5; 6.0; 6.5; and 7.0 successively resulting in 4 fractions (F1, F2, F3, F4). Each purification step resulted in the increase in antimicrobial activity against Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644. The PCE had specific antimicrobial activity up to 5 fold higher than the CFS. F4 fraction, which showed the largest inhibition zone among the other fractions, had a very high specific activity up to 435 fold higher than the CFS. The SDS-PAGE analysis suggested that the molecular weight of F4 was approximately 5.9 kDa. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of F4 to inhibit 1 log (90%) of L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644 was 143 ppm. The inhibitory phenomenon observed under scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that L. monocytogenes’s cells exposed to F4 experience morphological changes such as cells shrinkage.

Tumbuhan sekilang (Embelia borneensis Scheff.) merupakan salah satu tumbuhan yang dimanfaatkan masyarakat Dayak untuk menangkap ikan , pengusir lintah dan sebagai bahan untuk perawatan rambut. Pemanfaatan tumbuhan secara empiris dapat dikembangkan menjadi suatu produk berbasis bahan alam. Hal ini harus didukung dengan adanya data penelitian. Sebagai langkah awal dilakukan karakterisasi simplisia dan ekstrak etanol kulit batang sekilang. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui karakteristik spesifik dan non spesifik simplisia dan ekstrak kulit batang sekilang. Tahap penelitian meliputi determinasi tumbuhan, pengumpulan bahan baku, pembuatan simplisia, pembuatan ekstrak, uji organoleptik, uji mikroskopik, skrining fitokimia, penetapan kadar sari larut air, penetapan kadar sari larut etanol, penetapan kadar air, penetapan kadar abu total dan kadar abu tidak larut asam . Hasil uji mikroskopi serbuk kulit batang sekilang menunjukkan adanya fragmen pengenal serabut sklerenkim, sel batu, kristal oksalat bentuk prisma. Kadar sari larut air rata-rata untuk simplisia dan ekstrak kulit kayu sekilang adalah 7,5% dan 80%. Kadar sari larut etanol rata-rata untuk simplisia dan ekstrak adalah 6% dan 30%. Kadar air rata-rata untuk simplisia dan ekstrak adalah 9,5% dan 12%. Kadar abu total rata-rata untuk simplisia dan ekstrak 5 % dan 8,5 %. Kadar abu tidak larut asam rata-rata untuk simplisia dan ekstrak adalah 1% dan 0,5%.

The aims of this research are to identify the representations of the Other in one of the main characters in Chris Cleave’s The Other Hand novel named Little Bee and to describe the way the author characterized those representations to the character. In this research, the researcher used qualitative research methodology and postcolonialism approach in analyzing the novel. Further, the theories that are used in this analysis are the theories of the representation of the Other in reference to four experts (Said, Bertens, Al-Saidi and Tyson) and Kenan’s theory of characterization. The result of this thesis shows that Little Bee as one of the most important character in the novel reflected the representations of the Other within herself. Those representations of the Other are different, foreign, inappropriate, inferior, irrational, passive, primitive, savage and unauthorized. In this case, the findings show that those representations are characterized in Little Bee’s character mostly in indirect presentation and it is found that only two data which are characterized in direct presentation. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi representasi Liyan dalam salah satu karakter utama dalam novel Chris Cleave the Other Hand bernama Little Bee dan menggambarkan cara penulis mengkarakterisasikan representasi-representasi tersebut kedalam karakternya. Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti menggunakan metodologi penelitian kualitatif dan pendekatan poskolonial. Selanjutnya, teori yang digunakan adalah representasi Liyan dengan referensi empat ahli (Said, Bertens, Al-Saidi, dan Tyson) dan teori karakterisasi Kenan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Little Bee sebagai salah satu karakter utama dalam novel merefleksikan representasi Liyan dalam dirinya. Representasi tersebut adalah berbeda, asing, tidak pantas, rendah, tidak rasional, pasif, primitif, biadab dan tidak sah. Dalam hal ini, representasi-representasi tersebut dikarakterisasikan kedalam karakter Little Bee rata-rata dalam presentasi secara tidak langsung dan ditemukan bahwa hanya dua data yang mengkarakterisasi Little Bee dalam presentasi secara langsung.

Orchid is one ofthe flowering plants with a very high level of diversity, including the diversity of morphological characters it has. This study aims to determine the diversity of orchids (orchidaceae) seen morphologically in the Ngalian sub-district forest in Semarang city. The method used in this study is cruise method and characterization techniques. Analysis of research data was carried out descriptively and displayed in the form of tables and photos. Orchids in the teak forest cover 940 ha, spread in 4 villages, namely Wonosari village, Gondoriyo village, Podorejo village and Wates village. The results showed that there were 3 types of orchid plants (orchidaceae). The types of orchids include Rhynchostylis retusa (L.) Bi., Rhynchostylis gigantea (Lindl.) Rindl. and Dendrobium crumenatum (L.) Sw. The diversity of morphological characters in each species of orchid such as diversity in leaf color, leafshape, leaftip shape, stem color, root type etc.

Mangrove plant is a local plant that specific roots, because it is generally only found on the beach is relatively small wavy. Mangrove has an important role as a natural shelter of the beach, because it has solid roots that can reduce waves and resist sediment. Bedono is one of the villages in Sayung District, Demak District. This location is chosen as a place of study because it has uniqueness. Mangunharjo Beach was chosen as a research location because it is influenced by chemical factors that have the same tendency, the interaction of land and waves, hence both need to be examined. This study aims to determine the morphological diversity of mangrove plants on the beach of Mangkang Mangunharjo and Bedono Village Demak. This research is an observational research with exploration and field observation technique. Sampling of mangrove plants was conducted at Mangkang Mangunharjo beach in Semarang and Bedono village of Demak. The study was conducted in January - April 2017. The results obtained from this study from Mangkang Mangunharjo Beach are Avicenia marina and Rhizopora mucronata. While 5 species are from Bedono Demak Village: Sonneratia caseolaris, Acanthus ilicofiolis, Rhizopora mucronata, Rhizopora apiculata, and Avicenia marina.

Streptokinase is a extracellular enzyme which is extracted from strains of beta Hemolytic streptococcus. The enzyme is a non-protease plasminogen activator that activates plasminogen to plasmin and degrades fibrin clot through its specific lysine binding site which is used in thrombolytic therapy. Purification of streptokinase produced from S.equisimilis in E.coli with N-terminal methionine was carried out in 3 Chromatography purification steps, 1) CM-Sepharose-FF at pH 4.2 followed by concentration and dialysis over night with Tris-HCl pH 8.0. Partially purified dialyzed enzyme sample was loaded on to 2) DEAE-Sepharose-FF column. The Purified fractions of DEAE column were pooled and applied on to Sephadex G-100 column. Enzyme purity was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and RP-HPLC.Its biological activity is determined by specific streptokinase assay and characterised the enzyme by Peptide mapping, MALDI-TOF, Isoelectric-focusing and RP-HPLC. The isoelectric point (pI) of streptokinase is around 4.98.The results of characterization shows that it contains two forms (Isomers) of streptokinase expressed in E. coli which was analyzed by RP-HPLC and chromogenic assay. The variation is formed by isomer-1 in which 85% of Streptokinase expressed without methionine (85000IU/mg) and Isomer-2 in which 15% of streptokinase expressed with methionine (nil activity) in E. coli. This phenomenon shows that the presence and absence of methionine in isomers of streptokinase varying the catalytic activity of the enzyme.

Selutui puka (Tabernaemontana macrocarpa Jack) is a plant that is efficacious for treating tumor diseases and blisters. Simplicia is said to be of high quality if it meets the simplicia requirements. The initial process to find out the quality of simplicia is characterization. The study aims to determine the specific, non-specific characteristics and content of chemical compounds. This research is non experimental. The research starts from sampling, determination, making simplicia, characterization which includes macroscopic test, microscopic test, determination of moisture content, soluble ethanol extract content, water soluble extract content, moisture content, ash content, acid insoluble ash content and phytochemical screening. Data were analyzed using descriptive methods. Specific characteristics in the macroscopic and organoleptic tests showed long round leaves, pinnate leaf bones, spiky rounded leaf tips, rounded base of leaves, flat leaf edges, thick leaf flesh, dark green color, leaf width of 4.5 cm long, 12.5 cm long. The powder is dark green, aromatic and has a bitter taste. Microscopic tests include cover hair, vessels, bundles of stairs, upper epidermis and lower epidermis with bidiastic type stomata, 12% soluble ethanol, 15% water soluble extract. Non-specific characteristics consisted of 8% moisture content, 6.51% ash content, acid insoluble ash content 0.246%. The results of phytochemical screening contain alkoloid, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and steroids.